隨著商業環境的成熟，產業分工之情形日益繁多，造就國際化程度與日俱增，創造許多國際企業的興起。但在國際人力資源管理的任務分工裡，不論是至外國開拓新的據點，或是洽談國際合作事務，都高度依賴外派人員的團隊績效。本研究以台灣國際企業的目前正經歷外派或曾有外派經驗之人員為研究對象，本研究重點探究外派人員具備之主動性人格、文化智商、跨文化溝通能力與團隊績效，透過問卷調查法蒐集資料並藉由結構方程模式（structural equation modeling）中的驗證性因素分析（confirmatory factor analysis）確認問卷信效度，再以潛在變項模式（latent variable modeling）檢驗各項研究假設。本研究在探討國際企業外派人員主動性人格、文化智商、跨文化溝通能力與團隊績效之關係時提出三種因徑模式（path analysis），使用競爭模型（competitive models）觀點分析何種理論模式具有較合理的解釋力，在各模型中釐清了多重中介效果（multiple mediations）的系絡，主要發現多重中介模型中透過跨文化溝通能力的輔助時，對於團隊績效的解釋力就會有明顯的提升，因此提供了更為充分的證據來促成理論模型的建立。研究結論亦有助於跨文化訓練與團隊建立之人力資源發展實務。

When a company engages in international business such as developing new branches abroad or negotiating international cooperation, its success is highly relied on its expatriate team performance. This study aimed to explore the relationships among proactive personality, cultural intelligence, intercultural communication competence and team performance of expatriates in international companies in Taiwan. A questionnaire survey method was used to collect necessary data and the validithy as well as reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by the confirmatory factor analysis in structural equation modeling. The hypotheses of this study were examined by latent variable modeling. When exploring the relationships among proactive personality, cultural intelligence, intercultural communication competence and team performance of international expatriates, three theoretical models of path analysis were proposed. Then, the viewpoint of competitive model was employed to identify the explanatory power and the multiple mediations of each model. Consequently, the main finding is that when the multiple mediation model is assisted by intercultural communication competence, the explanatory power of team performance will be significantly improved. The conclusions of this study are also useful for human resource development in cross-cultural training and team building practices.

李隆盛、孔心怡、陳芊妤、林坤誼（2019）。專題、問題與探究導向總整課程教學策略對學習成效的影響。課程與教學，22（3），55-76。
李隆盛、楊秀全（2019）。範例引導學習與問題導向學習之教學策略對國小學生機器人程式學習的影響。數位學習科技期刊，11（4），77-104。
林采霏、杜佩蘭、黃英忠、林龍生、黃維章、陳珮宸（2020）。跨文化訓練與外派適應的關係：地位特性的調節效果。管理實務與理論研究，14（1），1-17。
侯美卉、蔡文榮（2020）。在臺的大陸交換生跨文化人際交往之社交圈孤立問題－以臺灣中部的一所綜合性大學為例。教育研究學報，54（2），1-30。
郭彥谷、魏筱昀、張德永、王俊豪（2020）。農學院大學生其主動人格、職涯堅持與就業傾向之關係研究。管理資訊計算，9（1），97-102。
陳心懿、王秀敏（2017）。工作自我效能、工作投入之關係探討－跨文化適應之調節效果。企業管理學報，113（1），91-117。
陳琪婷、吳貞穎（2020）。海外實習對跨文化能力、生涯自我效能和就業力之影響。觀光旅遊研究學刊，15（2），25-41。
諸承明、藍雅馨、余坤東（2018）。外派人員跨文化訓練、跨文化能力與外派適應之關聯性研究－以中國大陸臺資企業為實證對象。中原企管評論，16（2），47-73。
黎士鳴、周虹羽、湯堯（2020）。如何培育科大生跨文化能力：以東協四國文化體驗課程為例。臺灣教育評論月刊，9（7），96-100。
顏士閔、黃仁宗（2017）。文化差異、生活適應與在地飲食體驗對外籍移工生活滿意度的影響：兼論族群特性與居留時間的影響效果。島嶼觀光研究，10（4），60-88。
Abugre, J. B., & Debrah, Y. A. (2019). Assessing the impact of cross-cultural communication competence on expatriate business operations in multinational corporations of a Sub-Saharan African context. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 19(1), 85-104.
Adekola, A., & Sergi, B. S. (2016). Global business management: A cross-cultural perspective. Routledge.
Aguilera-Caracuel, J., Guerrero-Villegas, J., & García-Sánchez, E. (2017). Reputation of multinational companies: Corporate social responsibility and internationalization. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 26(3), 329-346.
Ahmadi, Y., Shahmohamadi, A., & Araghi, M. M. (2011). The study of effect of socio-cultural factor on cultural intelligence (CQ)(Case Study: Sanandaj City). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(12), 161-168.
Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., & Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), 7-35.
Alfons, A., Ates, N., & Groenen, P.J.F. (2018), A Robust Bootstrap Test for Mediation Analysis, Social Science Electronic Publishing.
Algesheimer, R., Dholakia, U. M., & Gurău, C. (2011). Virtual team performance in a highly competitive environment. Group & Organization Management, 36(2), 161-190.
Alizadeh, S., & Chavan, M. (2016). Cultural competence dimensions and outcomes: a systematic review of the literature. Health & Social care in the community, 24(6), 117-130.
Altuntas, C., & Turker, D. (2015). Local or global: Analyzing the internationalization of social responsibility of corporate foundations. International Marketing Review, 32(5), 540-575.
Andresen, M., & Bergdolt, F. (2017). A systematic literature review on the definitions of global mindset and cultural intelligence–merging two different research streams. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(1), 170-195.
Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2015). Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 100-123.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., & Ng, K. Y. (2004). The measurement of cultural intelligence. Academy of Management Meetings Symposium on Cultural Intelligence in the 21st Century, New Orleans, LA.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization review, 3(3), 335-371.
Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L., (2015). Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C., (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 100-123.
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2006). Further testing of a new model of intercultural communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 23(2), 93-99.
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2015). Research in intercultural communication: reviewing the past decade. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 8(4), 290-310.
Arasaratnam, L. A., & Banerjee, S. C. (2011). Sensation seeking and intercultural communication competence: A model test. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(2), 226-233.
Arasaratnam-Smith, L. A. (2016). An exploration of the relationship between intercultural communication competence and bilingualism. Communication Research Reports, 33(3), 231-238.
Badiane, K. (2016). A study on career plateauing, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior of Taiwan-based expatriates: a holistic approach to international mobility. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(2), 134-166.
Bakker, A. B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(10), 1359-1378.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Macmillan.
Barker, G. G. (2016). Cross-cultural perspectives on intercultural communication competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45(1), 13-30.
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational behavior, 14(2), 103-118.
Bell, S. T., Villado, A. J., Lukasik, M. A., Belau, L., & Briggs, A. L. (2011). Getting specific about demographic diversity variable and team performance relationships: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 37(3), 709-743.
Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling.Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78-117.
Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., Onrust, M., van Hoorn, A., & Slangen, A. (2015). Cultural distance in international business and management: from mean-based to variance-based measures. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(2), 165-191.
Bird, A., & Mendenhall, M. E. (2016). From cross-cultural management to global leadership: Evolution and adaptation. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 115-126.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316.
Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 270-283.
Brewster, C., Houldsworth, E., Sparrow, P., & Vernon, G. (2016). International Human Resource Management. Kogan Page Publishers.
Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 64-75.
Bures, A. L., & Vloeberghs, D. (2001). Cross cultural patterns of internationalization and human resource management issues. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 11(2), 48-56.
Caniëls, M. C., Semeijn, J. H., & Renders, I. H. (2018). Mind the mindset! The interaction of proactive personality, transformational leadership and growth mindset for engagement at work. Career Development International, 23(1), 48-66.
Ceri-Booms, M., Curşeu, P. L., & Oerlemans, L. A. (2017). Task and person-focused leadership behaviors and team performance: A meta-analysis. Human Resource Management Review, 27(1), 178-192.
Chao, M. M., Takeuchi, R., & Farh, J. L. (2017). Enhancing cultural intelligence: The roles of implicit culture beliefs and adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 257-292.
Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Cultural intelligence and export performance of small and medium enterprises in Thailand: Mediating roles of organizational capabilities. International Small Business Journal, 34(1), 105-122.
Chen, H. L., Chang, C. Y., & Hsu, W. T. (2017). Does Board Co-Working Experience Influence Directors’ Decisions Toward Internationalization?. Management International Review, 57(1), 65-92.
Chen, H. L., Hsu, W. T., & Chang, C. Y. (2016). Independent directors’ human and social capital, firm internationalization and performance implications: An integrated agency-resource dependence view. International Business Review, 25(4), 859-871.
Chen, H. M., & Chang, C. C. (2016). Contingent Expatriate Training Strategies with Examples of Taiwan MNEs. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 4, 1-14.
Chen, L. W., & Yu, H. Y. (2017). Corporate governance, political involvement, and internationalization: An empirical investigation in Japan and Taiwan. Research in International Business and Finance, 39, 640-655.
Chen, S., Wang, D., Zhou, Y., Chen, Z., & Wu, D. (2017). When too little or too much hurts: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between team faultlines and performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 34(4), 931-950.
Chi, R., & Suthers, D. (2015). Assessing intercultural communication competence as a relational construct using social network analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 108-119.
Chiu, C.-Y., Owens, B. P., & Tesluk, P. E. (2016). Initiating and utilizing shared leadership in teams: The role of leader humility, team proactive personality, and team performance capability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(12), 1705-1720.
Choi, S. Y., Lee, H., & Yoo, Y. (2010). The impact of information technology and transactive memory systems on knowledge sharing, application, and team performance: a field study. MIS Quarterly, 855-870.
Collier, M. J. (2015). Intercultural communication competence: Continuing challenges and critical directions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 9-11.
Constantinou, A., & Fenton, N. (2017). Towards smart-data: Improving predictive accuracy in long-term football team performance. Knowledge-Based Systems, 124, 93-104.
Cooke, F. L., Wu, G., Zhou, J., Zhong, C., & Wang, J. (2018). Acquiring global footprints: Internationalization strategy of Chinese multinational enterprises and human resource implications. Journal of Business Research, 93, 184-201.
Croucher, S. M., Sommier, M., & Rahmani, D. (2015). Intercultural communication: Where we’ve been, where we’re going, issues we face. Communication Research and Practice, 1(1), 71-87.
D’Innocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., & Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadership–team performance relations. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1964-1991.
Dabic, M., González-Loureiro, M., & Harvey, M. (2015). Evolving research on expatriates: what is ‘known’after four decades (1970–2012). The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(3), 316-337.
Daniel, R. M., De Stavola, B. L., Cousens, S. N., & Vansteelandt, S. (2015). Causal mediation analysis with multiple mediators. Biometrics, 71(1), 1-14.
Darvishmotevali, M., Altinay, L., & De Vita, G. (2018). Emotional intelligence and creative performance: Looking through the lens of environmental uncertainty and cultural intelligence. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 73, 44-54.
Dau, L. A. (2016). Biculturalism, team performance, and cultural-faultline bridges. Journal of International Management, 22(1), 48-62.
De Jong, B. A., Dirks, K. T., & Gillespie, N. (2016). Trust and team performance: A meta-analysis of main effects, moderators, and covariates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(8), 1134-1150.
De Stobbeleir, K. E., Ashford, S. J., & Buyens, D. (2011). Self-regulation of creativity at work: The role of feedback-seeking behavior in creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4), 811-831.
Dell’Anno, D., Evangelista, F., & Del Giudice, M. (2018). Internationalization of science-based start-ups: Opportunity or requirement?. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 9(2), 649-664.
Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2012). When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior? The role of autonomy and role breadth self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 194-202.
Desai, S. V., Jabeen, S. S., Abdul, W. K., & Rao, S. A., (2018). Teaching cross-cultural management: A flipped classroom approach using films. The International Journal of Management Education, 16(3), 405-431.
Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2016). Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 471-482.
Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford University Press.
Earley, P. C., & Singh, H. (1995). International and intercultural management research: what's next?. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 327-340.
Farrell, A. M. (2010). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324-327.
Felício, J. A., Caldeirinha, V. R., & Ribeiro-Navarrete, B. (2015). Corporate and individual global mind-set and internationalization of European SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 797-802.
Felício, J. A., Meidutė, I., & Kyvik, Ø. (2016). Global mindset, cultural context, and the internationalization of SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 4924-4932.
Ferraro, G. P., & Briody, E. K. (2017). The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor & Francis.
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2016). Personality: Classic theories and modern research. Pearson.
Fuller Jr, B., & Marler, L. E. (2009). Change driven by nature: A meta-analytic review of the proactive personality literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 329-345.
Grant, A. M., Gino, F., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Reversing the extraverted leadership advantage: The role of employee proactivity. Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 528-550.
Groves, K. S., Feyerherm, A., & Gu, M. (2015). Examining cultural intelligence and cross-cultural negotiation effectiveness. Journal of Management Education, 39(2), 209-243.
Gurung, A., & Pratter, E. (2014). A research framework for the impact of cultural differences on it outsourcing. Information Technology, 9(1), 24-43.
Hackman, R. (1983). A normative model of work team effectiveness. Technical report No. 2. New Haven, CT: Yale School of Organization and Management.
Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104-121.
Hörisch, J., Burritt, R. L., Christ, K. L., & Schaltegger, S. (2017). Legal systems, internationalization and corporate sustainability. An empirical analysis of the influence of national and international authorities. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 17(5), 861-875.
Huff, K. C., Song, P., & Gresch, E. B. (2014). Cultural intelligence, personality, and cross-cultural adjustment: A study of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 151-157.
Humphrey, S. E., Aime, F., Cushenbery, L., Hill, A. D., & Fairchild, J. (2017). Team conflict dynamics: Implications of a dyadic view of conflict for team performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 142, 58-70.
Hung, W. H., Chen, K., & Lin, C. P. (2015). Does the proactive personality mitigate the adverse effect of technostress on productivity in the mobile environment?. Telematics and Informatics, 32(1), 143-157.
Ihtiyar, A., & Ahmad, F. S. (2015). The Role of intercultural communication competence on service reliability and customer satisfaction. Journal of Economic & Social Studies (JECOSS), 5(1), 145-168.
Ihtiyar, A., Ahmad, F. S., & Baroto, M. B. (2013). Impact of intercultural competence on service reliability and customer satisfaction in the grocery retailing. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99(6), 373-381.
Imahori, T. T., & Lanigan, M. L. (1989). Relational model of intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13(3), 269-286.
Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., & Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 1-56.
Jafri, M. H., Dem, C., & Choden, S. (2016). Emotional intelligence and employee creativity: Moderating role of proactive personality and organizational climate. Business Perspectives and Research, 4(1), 54-66.
Jawahar, I. M., & Liu, Y. (2016). Proactive personality and citizenship performance: The mediating role of career satisfaction and the moderating role of political skill. Career Development International, 21(4), 378-401.
Jiang, X., Flores, H. R., Leelawong, R., & Manz, C. C. (2016). The effect of team empowerment on team performance: A cross-cultural perspective on the mediating roles of knowledge sharing and intra-group conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 27(1), 62-87.
Jonasson, C., Lauring, J., & Guttormsen, D. S. (2018). Inclusive management in international organizations: How does it affect local and expatriate academics?. Personnel Review, 47(2), 458-473.
Jyoti, J., & Kour, S. (2015). Assessing the cultural intelligence and task performance equation: Mediating role of cultural adjustment. Cross Cultural Management, 22(2), 236-258.
Kang, H., Shen, J., & Benson, J. (2017). Not all expatriates are the same: non-traditional South Korean expatriates in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(13), 1842-1865.
Kealey, D. J. (2015). Some strengths and weaknesses of 25 years of Research on Intercultural Communication Competence: Personal Reflections. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 14-16.
Kenny, D. A. (1979). Correlation and causality. New York: Wiley, 1979.
Khan, K., Khan, M. J., & Ali, J. (2018). Expatriates'adjustment challenges: A case study of Chinese expatriates in Pakistan. City University Research Journal, 8(2), 261-270.
Kim, Y. Y. (2015). Achieving synchrony: A foundational dimension of intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 27-37.
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Koester, J., & Lustig, M. W. (2015). Intercultural communication competence: Theory, measurement, and application. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 20-21.
Kolk, A. (2016). The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 23-34.
Koveshnikov, A., Wechtler, H., & Dejoux, C. (2014). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates: The role of emotional intelligence and gender. Journal of World Business, 49(3), 362-371.
Krupnikov, Y., & Levine, A. S. (2019). Cross-Sample Comparisons and External Validity–CORRIGENDUM. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 1-4.
Lakshman, S., & Lakshman, C. (2017). The dynamic change in expatriate roles: strategy type and stage of internationalization. Management Decision, 55(8), 1770-1784.
Lam, W., Lee, C., Taylor, M. S., & Zhao, H. H. (2018). Does proactive personality matter in leadership transitions? Effects of proactive personality on new leader identification and responses to new leaders and their change agendas. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 245-263.
Lee, J. M. (2017). Managing complex multinational enterprises: internal network structure and expatriation strategies. AIB Insights, 17(3), 14-17.
Lee, P., Gillespie, N., Mann, L., & Wearing, A. (2010). Leadership and trust: Their effect on knowledge sharing and team performance. Management Learning, 41(4), 473-491.
Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., & Allen, J. A. (2014). How fun are your meetings? Investigating the relationship between humor patterns in team interactions and team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(6), 1278-1287.
Li, N., Harris, T. B., Boswell, W. R., & Xie, Z. (2011). The role of organizational insiders' developmental feedback and proactive personality on newcomers' performance: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1317-1327.
Li, N., Liang, J., & Crant, J. M. (2010). The role of proactive personality in job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior: A relational perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 395-404.
Li, W. D., Fay, D., Frese, M., Harms, P. D., & Gao, X. Y. (2014). Reciprocal relationship between proactive personality and work characteristics: A latent change score approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(5), 948-965.
Liao, P. Y. (2015). The Role of Self‐Concept in the Mechanism Linking Proactive Personality to Employee Work Outcomes. Applied Psychology, 64(2), 421-443.
Lieberman, D. A., & Gamst, G. (2015). Intercultural communication competence revisited: Linking the intercultural and multicultural fields. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 17-19.
Lin, C. P., Baruch, Y., & Shih, W. C. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and team performance: The mediating role of team efficacy and team self-esteem. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(2), 167-180.
Linder, C. (2015). Expatriates’ willingness to adjust their symbolic leadership abroad. An analysis of how culture affects expatriates’ use of symbolic interaction. Journal of Global Mobility, 3(3), 244-272.
Littlefield, R. S., Rick, J. M., & Currie-Mueller, J. L. (2016). Connecting intercultural communication service learning with general education: Issues, outcomes, and assessment. The Journal of General Education, 65(1), 66-84.
Lorenz, M. P., Ramsey, J. R., & Richey Jr, R. G. (2018). Expatriates’ international opportunity recognition and innovativeness: The role of metacognitive and cognitive cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business, 53(2), 222-236.
Lvina, E. (2015). The Role of Cross-Cultural Communication Competence: Effective Transformational Leadership Across Cultures. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 3(1), 1-18.
Lyubovnikova, J., Legood, A., Turner, N., & Mamakouka, A., (2017). How authentic leadership influences team performance: The mediating role of team reflexivity. Journal of Business Ethics, 141(1), 59-70.
Mahajan, A., & Toh, S. M. (2014). Facilitating expatriate adjustment: The role of advice-seeking from host country nationals. Journal of World Business, 49(4), 476-487.
Major, D. A., Turner, J. E., & Fletcher, T. D. (2006). Linking proactive personality and the Big Five to motivation to learn and development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 927-935.
Marler, L. E., Botero, I. C., & De Massis, A. V. (2017). Succession-related role transitions in family firms: The impact of proactive personality. Journal of Managerial Issues, 29(1), 57-81.
Martin, J. N., & Hammer, M. R. (1989). Behavioral categories of intercultural communication competence: Everyday communicators' perceptions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13(3), 303-332.
Matveev, A. V. (2002). The advantages of employing quantitative and qualitative methods in intercultural research: Practical implications from the study of the perceptions of intercultural communication competence by American and Russian managers. Theory of Communication and Applied Communication, 1(6), 59-67.
McGrath, J. E. (1964). Social psychology: A brief introduction. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Meneghel, I., Salanova, M., & Martínez, I. M. (2016). Feeling good makes us stronger: How team resilience mediates the effect of positive emotions on team performance. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 239-255.
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & DeChurch, L. A. (2009). Information sharing and team performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 535-546.
Meyer, B., Meyer Jr, V., da Silva, K. V., & Brandão, L. M. F. A. (2016). Managing expatriates: Analyzing the experience of an internationalized Brazilian Company. Revista de Ciências da Administração, 1(3), 137-147.
Meyer, K. E., & Xin, K. R. (2018). Managing talent in emerging economy multinationals: Integrating strategic management and human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(11), 1827-1855.
Moreira, M. Z., & Ogasavara, M. H. (2018). Formal and informal institutions and the expatriation assignment: The case of Japanese subsidiaries in Latin America. Japan and the World Economy, 47, 18-26.
Mulyana, D., & Zubair, A. (2015). Intercultural communication competence developed by Chinese in communicating with Malays in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Sino-US English Teaching, 12(4), 299-309.
Nadeem, M. U., Mohammed, R., & Dalib, S. (2017). A proposed model of intercultural communication competence (ICC) in Malaysian context. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 2(2), 11-20.
Nair-Venugopal, S. (2015). Issues of language and competence in intercultural business contexts. Language and Intercultural Communication, 15(1), 29-45.
Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 49-62.
Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2019). Speaking out and speaking up in multicultural settings: A two-study examination of cultural intelligence and voice behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 151, 150-159.
Ni, L., Wang, Q., & De la Flor, M. (2015). Intercultural communication competence and preferred public relations practices. Journal of Communication Management, 19(2), 167-183.
Oetzel, J. G. (2017). Effective intercultural workgroup communication theory. The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communication, 1-5.
Okpara, J. O. (2016). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates: Exploring factors influencing adjustment of expatriates in Nigeria. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 16(3), 259-280.
Okpara, J. O., & Kabongo, J. D. (2011). Cross-cultural training and expatriate adjustment: A study of western expatriates in Nigeria. Journal of World Business, 46(1), 22-30.
Ott, D. L., & Michailova, S. (2018). Cultural intelligence: A review and new research avenues. International Journal of Management Reviews, 20(1), 99-119.
Paillé, P., Chen, Y., Boiral, O., & Jin, J. (2014). The impact of human resource management on environmental performance: An employee-level study. Journal of Business Ethics, 121(3), 451-466.
Paparoidamis, N. G., Tran, H. T. T., & Leonidou, C. N. (2019). Building Customer Loyalty in Intercultural Service Encounters: The Role of Service Employees’ Cultural Intelligence. Journal of International Marketing, 27(2), 56-75.
Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633-662.
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827-856.
Penbek, Ş., Şahin, D. Y., & Cerit, A. G. (2012). Intercultural communication competence: A study about the intercultural sensitivity of university students based on their education and international experiences. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 11(2), 232-247.
Peng, A. C., Van Dyne, L., & Oh, K. (2015). The influence of motivational cultural intelligence on cultural effectiveness based on study abroad: The moderating role of participant’s cultural identity. Journal of Management Education, 39(5), 572-596.
Peng, R. Z., & Wu, W. P. (2016). Measuring intercultural contact and its effects on intercultural competence: A structural equation modeling approach. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 53, 16-27.
Perry, L. B., & Southwell, L. (2011). Developing intercultural understanding and skills: Models and approaches. Intercultural Education, 22(6), 453-466.
Potter, R. E., & Balthazard, P. A. (2002). Virtual team interaction styles: Assessment and effects. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 56(4), 423-443.
Presbitero, A. (2016). Cultural intelligence (CQ) in virtual, cross-cultural interactions: Generalizability of measure and links to personality dimensions and task performance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 50, 29-38.
Presbitero, A. (2016). Culture shock and reverse culture shock: The moderating role of cultural intelligence in international students’ adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 53, 28-38.
Presbitero, A., & Quita, C. (2017). Expatriate career intentions: Links to career adaptability and cultural intelligence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 118-126.
Ramsey, J. R., & Lorenz, M. P. (2016). Exploring the impact of cross-cultural management education on cultural intelligence, student satisfaction, and commitment. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 15(1), 79-99.
Redmond, M. V. (2000). Cultural distance as a mediating factor between stress and intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 24(1), 151-159.
Reiche, B. S., Mendenhall, M. E., & Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2016). Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor & Francis.
Richter, N. F., Sinkovics, R. R., Ringle, C. M., & Schlaegel, C. (2016). A critical look at the use of SEM in international business research. International Marketing Review, 33(3), 376-404.
Romani, L., Barmeyer, C., Primecz, H., & Pilhofer, K., (2018). Cross-cultural management studies: state of the field in the four research paradigms. International Studies of Management & Organization, 48(3), 247-263.
Ruben, B. D. (2015). Intercultural communication competence in retrospect: Who would have guessed?. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 48, 22-23.
Saeed, A., Yousaf, A., & Alharbi, J. (2017). Family and state ownership, internationalization and corporate board-gender diversity: Evidence from China and India. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 24(2), 251-270.
Şahin, F., Gurbuz, S., & Köksal, O. (2014). Cultural intelligence (CQ) in action: The effects of personality and international assignment on the development of CQ. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 39, 152-163.
Salas, E., Cooke, N. J., & Rosen, M. A. (2008). On teams, teamwork, and team performance: Discoveries and developments. Human factors, 50(3), 540-547.
Schaubroeck, J., Lam, S. S. K., & Peng, A. C. (2011). Cognition-based and affect-based trust as mediators of leader behavior influences on team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 863-871.
Schlägel, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Assessing the measurement invariance of the four-dimensional cultural intelligence scale across countries: A composite model approach. European Management Journal, 34(6), 633-649.
Seibert, S. E., Crant, J. M., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416-427.
Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Crant, J. M. (2001). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54(4), 845-874.
Sekiguchi, T., Froese, F. J., & Iguchi, C. (2016). International human resource management of Japanese multinational corporations: Challenges and future directions. Asian Business & Management, 15(2), 83-109.
Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2015). Host country language ability and expatriate adjustment: The moderating effect of language difficulty. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(3), 401-420.
Setti, I., Dordoni, P., Piccoli, B., Bellotto, M., & Argentero, P. (2015). Proactive personality and training motivation among older workers: A mediational model of goal orientation. European Journal of Training and Development, 39(8), 681-699.
Shaw, J. B. (1990). A cognitive categorization model for the study of intercultural management. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 626-645.
Shiraev, E. B., Shiraev, E. B., & Levy, D. A. (2016). Cross-cultural psychology: Critical thinking and contemporary applications. Taylor & Francis.
Shu, F., McAbee, S. T., & Ayman, R. (2017). The HEXACO personality traits, cultural intelligence, and international student adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 21-25.
Spitzberg, B. H. (2000). A model of intercultural communication competence. Intercultural Communication: A reader, 9, 375-387.
Stahl, G. K., & Tung, R. L. (2015). Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), 391-414.
Stewart, G. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of relationships between team design features and team performance. Journal of Management, 32(1), 29-55.
Stone, D. L., & Deadrick, D. L. (2015). Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 25(2), 139-145.
Street, S. E., Navarrete, A. F., Reader, S. M., & Laland, K. N. (2017). Coevolution of cultural intelligence, extended life history, sociality, and brain size in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(30), 7908-7914.
Sun, J. M., Guo, F., Jack, R., & Huang, Y. (2015). Special issue on'IHRM implications of the internationalization of Chinese banking and financial institutions'. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(9), 1283-1286.
Symeou, P. C., Zyglidopoulos, S., & Williamson, P. (2018). Internationalization as a driver of the corporate social performance of extractive industry firms. Journal of World Business, 53(1), 27-38.
Thomas, D. C., & Peterson, M. F. (2017). Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications.
Thomas, D. C., Liao, Y., Aycan, Z., Cerdin, J. L., Pekerti, A. A., Ravlin, E. C., ... & Moeller, M. (2015). Cultural intelligence: A theory-based, short form measure. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(9), 1099-1118.
Thompson, J. A. (2005). Proactive Personality and Job Performance: A Social Capital Perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 1011-1017.
Ting-Toomey, S., & Dorjee, T. (2015). Intercultural and intergroup communication competence: Toward an integrative perspective. The handbook of communication science: Communication competence, 22, 503-538.
Tjosvold, D. (2017). Cross-cultural management: foundations and future. Routledge.
Tornau, K., & Frese, M. (2013). Construct clean‐up in proactivity research: A meta‐analysis on the nomological net of work‐related proactivity concepts and their incremental validities. Applied Psychology, 62(1), 44-96.
Turban, D. B., Moake, T. R., Wu, S. Y. H., & Cheung, Y. H. (2017). Linking extroversion and proactive personality to career success: The role of mentoring received and knowledge. Journal of Career Development, 44(1), 20-33.
Vagts, D. F., Koh, H., Dodge, W. S., & Buxbaum, H. L. (2015). Transnational business problems. West Academic.
Van der Heijden, B. I., Van Vuuren, T. C., Kooij, D. T., & de Lange, A. H. (2015). Tailoring professional development for teachers in primary education: The role of age and proactive personality. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 22-37.
Van der Hoek, M., Groeneveld, S., & Kuipers, B., (2018). Goal setting in teams: Goal clarity and team performance in the public sector. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(4), 472-493.
Vermooten, N., Boonzaier, B., & Kidd, M. (2019). Job crafting, proactive personality and meaningful work: Implications for employee engagement and turnover intention. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45(1), 1-13.
Wei, S. Y., Lin, L. W., & Gan, S. M. (2019). The Influence of Internationalization Degree on the Performance of Industry-Specific Companies: A Case Study of Taiwan (2001-2017). International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9(4), 212-227.
Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., & Han, J. C. (2014). International business. Pearson Education Limited.
Wiseman, R. L., & Koester, J. (Eds.). (1993). Intercultural Communication Competence. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Xiong, L., & King, C. (2018). Too much of a good thing? Examining how proactive personality affects employee brand performance under formal and informal organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 68, 12-22.
Yeke, S., & Semerciöz, F. (2016). Relationships between personality traits, cultural intelligence and intercultural communication competence. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 313-319.
Zhang, M. M., Zhu, C. J., De Cieri, H., Dowling, P. J., & Chen, Z. (2019). A corporate entrepreneurship perspective of pre‐entry strategies for internationalization: A case study of a Chinese business conglomerate. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61(2), 243-254.
Zhang, Y. (2015). Intercultural communication competence: Advising international students in a Texas community college. The Journal of the National Academic Advising Association, 35(2), 48-59.
Zhang, Y., Crant, J. M., & Weng, Q. (2019). Role stressors and counterproductive work behavior: The role of negative affect and proactive personality. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 27(3), 267-279.
Zhu, J., Wanberg, C. R., Harrison, D. A., & Diehn, E. W. (2016). Ups and downs of the expatriate experience? Understanding work adjustment trajectories and career outcomes. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(4), 549-568.
Zimmermann, S. (1995). Perceptions of intercultural communication competence and international student adaptation to an American campus. Communication Education, 44(4), 321-335.