研究生: |
王柏鈞 Wang, Po-Chun |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
3×2 成就目標對競賽狀態焦慮強度與方向性之預測 The prediction of 3×2 achievement goal on the intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety |
指導教授: |
季力康
Chi, Li-Kang |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
體育學系 Department of Physical Education |
論文出版年: | 2016 |
畢業學年度: | 104 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 55 |
中文關鍵詞: | 個人逃避 、個人趨近 、他人逃避 、他人趨近 、工作逃避 、工作趨近 |
英文關鍵詞: | self-avoidance, self-approach, other-avoidance, other-approach, task-avoidance,, task-approach |
DOI URL: | https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202205178 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:118 下載:3 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
有關成就目標理論的研究大多以 2×2成就目標架構為主軸,但近期的研究中證實2×2成就目標存在著理論概念化爭論,以精熟目標定義不明確為其重要,因此Elliot、Murayama 與 Pekrun (2011) 提出了3×2 成就目標模式來解決上述的問題,而本研究目的:以成就目標新觀點: 3×2 成就目標,來探討競賽狀態焦慮強度與方向性之預測情形。本研究參與者為大專甲組代表隊選手,共 250 位。其中男生135位、女生115位,平均年齡為:20.24 歲、平均訓練年資為:9.25 年。本研究採用調查法,以「3×2 成就目標量表」、「競賽狀態焦慮量表」為研究工具,並分為兩個時間點施測,第一次在練習時施測 3×2 成就目標量表、第二次在比賽前施測競賽狀態焦慮量表,資料收齊後在進行統計分析,以基本描述性統計、皮爾森績差相關、多元迴歸進行各項統計分析。研究結果顯示:個人逃避目標與他人逃避目標能夠正向預測競賽狀態焦慮強度。在競賽狀態焦慮方向性上,個人逃避目標能夠顯著的負向預測。由此得知選手認為自己無法超越過去的表現或不具備未潛能時會有較高的焦慮而且此焦慮會阻礙於表現,以及選手害怕自己是常模能力低下時也會產生較高的焦慮情況,本研究針對研究結果提出了討論,亦對於實際應用上與未來研究方向上進一步提出建議。
Most researches of achievement goal theory focused on 2×2 achievement goal construct. However, the definition of mastery goal is lack of precision so that the theory conceptualization of 2×2 achievement goal was questioned. Therefore, Elliot, Murayama, and Perkrun (2011) proposed a 3×2 achievement goal model, tried to resolve the question mentioned above. In the present research, a 3×2 model of achievement goal was used to explore the prediction of intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety. Participants are 250 collegiate student athletes from Division I (M = 135, F = 115), average year was 20.24, and average training year was 9.25. The 3×2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory was used as research tools, the participants was asked to complete self-report questionnaire at 2 different time. Participants were asked to complete the 3×2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire during training, and complete Competitive State Anxiety Inventory before competition. The results indicated avoidance-goal positively predict the intensity of competitive state anxiety, whereas, avoidance-goal negatively predict the direction of competitive state anxiety. Hence, when athlete is not competent to transcend self-performance or feel high anxiety, the anxiety hiders performance. Current research proposed discussion based on the results and also provided suggestions for practical application and future research direction.
引用文獻
中文部分
江依芳 (2009)。大學生學業拖延模式分析 (未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學, 臺南市。
江羽慈 (2010)。2×2 成就目標之因素結構 與預測效用研究(未出版之博士論文)。 國立交通大學,新竹市。
李氤華、黃英哲 (2005)。2×2 成就目標在運動領域中發展的可能性。中華體育季刊,19,47-54。
李烱煌 (2004)。目標涉入和能力知覺對賽前焦慮強度和方向性之預測,台灣運動心理學報,4 期,1-20 頁。
李炯煌 (2014)。2×2 運動成就目標和競賽狀態焦慮對運動表現之預測(E97021)【原始數據】。取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫https://srda.sinica.edu.tw。doi:10.6141/TW-SRDA-E97021-1
李烱煌、季力康、江衍宏 (2005a)。2×2 運動成就目標之建構效度。大專體育學刊,7卷 4期,61-70頁。
季力康 (1996)。運動員的壓力管理。國民體育季刊。 25卷 4期,頁 51-57。
林宴瑛 (2006)。個人目標導向、課室目標 結構與自我調整學習策略之關係及潛在改 變量分析(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成 功大學,臺南市。
林易慧 (2005)。課室目標線索與個人目標 導向對國小學童解題成就及自我調整學習 之影響(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功 大學,臺南市。
陳虹瑾 (2007)。國中生社會目標歷程分析: 環境─社會與成就目標模式之檢驗(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學,臺南市。
黃英哲 (2002)。運動成就目標與賽前狀態焦慮的關係:以目標涉入為主軸之研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系博士學位論文。
黃英哲、季力康 (1994)。運動動機氣候與自覺能力對賽前狀態性焦慮和滿足感的相關研究。體育學報,18,321-332。
陳由平 (1997)。以大災難理論探討籃球運動員焦慮對投籃表現的影響。國立體育學院運動科學研究所之碩士論文。
張春興 (1984)。心理學。台北市:臺灣東華。
賴冠成 (2011)。大專運動員運動自信心、能力和 2×2 成就目標之關係研究。國立臺灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
謝岱陵 (2003)。國中生四向度目標導向之 中介效果分析(未出版之碩士論文)。國 立成功大學,臺南市。
蕭玉琴 (2003)。大專女子排球運動員之賽前狀態焦慮、領導信任、自評表現與團隊績效之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
蘇嘉鈴 (2004)。國中生行動/狀態導向、 目標導向與動機調整策略之關係(未出版之碩士論文)。國立成功大學,臺南市。
西文部分
Aiken, L. R. (1997). Questionnaires and inventories: Surveying opinions and assessing personality. New York, NY: Wiley.
Ames, C. (1984). Achievement attributions and self-instructions under competitive and individualistic goal structures. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 478-487.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York Freeman.
Biddle, S. (1999). Exercise, emotions, and mental health. In Y. L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 267-291). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower?
Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 45-61.
Barron, K. E., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2001). Achievement goals and optimal motivation Testing multiple goal models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 706-722
Bird, A. M., & Horn, M. A. (1990). Cognitive anxiety and mental errors in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 217-222.
Boyd, M. P., Weinmann, C., & Yin, Z. (2002). The relationship of physical self perceptions and goal orientations to intrinsic motivation for exercise. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25, 1-18.
Barnes, M. W., Sime, W., Dienstbier, R., & Plake. B. (1986). A test of construct validity of the CSAI-2 questionnaire on male elite college swimmers. In ternational Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 364-374.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1986). Functional and dysfunctional responses to anxiety: The interaction between expectancies and self-focused attention. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Selfrelated cognitions in anxiety and motivation (pp. 111-141).
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1991). Self-regulation and the self. In J. Goethals & G. R. Goethals (Eds.), The self: Interdisciplinary approaches(pp. 168-207). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
Caruso, C. M., Dzewaltows ki, D. A., Gill, D. L., & McElroy, M. A. (1990). Psychological and physiological changes in competitive state anxiety during noncompetition and competitive success and failure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 6-20.
Conroy, D. E., Elliot, A. J., Hofer, S. M. (2003). A 2 × 2 achievement goals questionnaire for sport: Evidence for factorial invariance, temporal stability, and external validity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 456-476.
Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1976). The psychology of relaxation and related states: A multi-process theory. In D. I. Mostofsky (Ed), Behavior control and modification of physiological activity (pp.339-442). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Duda, J. L. (1992). Motivation in sport settings: A goal perspective approach. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp.57-91). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Duda, J.L. (1989). The relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among male and female high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 318-335.
Duda, J. L. (2001). Achievement goal research in sport : Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp.129-182). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
Elliot, A. J. (1994). Approach and avoidance achievement goals: An intrinsic motivation analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Elliot, A. J. (1997). Integrating “class” and “contemporary” approaches to achievement motivation: A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. In P. Pintrich & M. Maehr (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vo l . 10, pp. 143-179). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Elliot, A. J. (1999). Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals. Educational Psychologist, 34, 149-169.
Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 218-232.
Elliot, A. J., & Fryer, J. W. (2008). The Goal Construct in Psychology. In J. Y. Shah & W. L. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 235-250). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (1999). Test anxiety and the hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 628–644.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001). A 2×2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 501-519.
Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008). On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 613-628.
Elliot, A. J., Murayama, K., & Pekrun, R. (2011). A 3×2 achievement goal model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103, 632-648.
Forgas, J. P. (2011). She just doesn’t look like a philosopher...? Affective influences on the halo effect in impression formation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(7), 812-817. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.842
Gould, D., Petlichoff, L., Simons, H., & Vevera, M. (1987). The relationship between Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Subscale scores and pistol shooting performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9, 33-42.
Gould, D., Petlichoff, L., & Weinberg, R. S. (1984). Antecedents of temporal changes in and relationships between CSAI-2 components. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 289-304.
Hall, H. K., & Kerr, A. W. (1997) Motivational antecedents of precompetitive anxiety in youth sport. The Sport Psychologist, 11 (1), 24-42.
Harackiewicz, J. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1993). Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 904-915.
Hanin, Y., & Stambulova, N. (2002). Metaphoric description of performance states: An application of the IZOF model. The Sport Psychologist, 16, 396–415.
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S. (2007). Pre-competition anxiety and in-competition coping in experienced male swimmers. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 2, 181-189.
Harackiewicz, J. M., & Sansone, C. (1991). Goals and intrinsic motivation: You can get there from here. In M. Maehr & P. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 7, pp. 21-49). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Psychology. Wuhan, China: 1999.
Hall, H. K., Kerr, A. W., & Mathews, J. (1998). Precompetitive Anxiety in Sport: The contribution of achievement goals and perfectionism. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 194-217.
Higgins, E. T. (1995). Ideals, oughts, and regulatory focus: Relating affect and motivation to distinct pains and pleasures. In P. Gollwitzer & J. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action : Linking cognition and motivation for behavior (pp. 91-117). New York: Guilford Press.
Huang, Y., & Chi, L. (1999). The relationship of goal perspectives and perceived ability to multi-dimensional state anxiety in adolescent korfball players. Book of Abstracts. P. 112-114. [Abstract] Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Asian-South Pacific Association of Sport.
Horst, S. J., Finney, S. J., & Barron, K . E . (2007) . Moving beyond academic achievement goal measures: A study of social achievement goals. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32(4), 667-698. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.10.011
Jones, J. G. (1991). Rece nt developments and current issues i n competitive state anxiety research. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 152-155
Jones, G., (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
Jones, G., & Swain, G. (1992). Intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety and relationships with competitiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 467-472.
Jones, G., & Swain, G. (1995). Predispositions to experience facilitative and debilitative anxiety in elite and non-elite performers. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 201-211.
Jones, G., Swain, A., & Hardy, L. (1993). Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11, 533-542.
Karteroliotis, C., & Gill, D.L. (1987). Temporal changes in psychological and physiological components of state anxiety. Journal of sport Psychology, 9, 261-274.
Koestner, R., Zuckerman, M., & Koestner, J. (1987). Praise, involvement, and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 383-390.
Krane, V., & Williams, J. M. (1987). Performance and somatic anxiety, cognitive, and confidence changes prior to competition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 10, 47-56
Li, C. H., & Chi, L. (2007). Prediction of goal orientation and perceived competence on intensity and direction of precompetitive anxiety among adolescent handball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105, 83-101.
Liebert, R., & Morris, L. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20, 975-978.
Maehr, M. L., & Midgley, C. (1991). Enhancing student motivation: A school-wide approach. Educational Psychologist, 26, 399-427.
Martens, R. (1977). Sport competition anxiety test. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics Publishers.
McAuley, E. (1985). State anxiety: Antecedent or result of sport performance? Journal of Sport Behavior, 8, 71-77.
Miller, A., & Hom, H. L. (1990). Influence of extrinsic and ego incentive value on persistence after failure and continuing motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 539-545.
Middleton, M., & Midgley, C. (1997). Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An underexplored aspect of goal theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 710-718.
Mullena, R., Laneb, A., & Hanton , S. (2009). Anxiety symptom interpretation in high-anxious, defensive high-anxious, low-anxious and repressor sport performers. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 22, 91-100.
Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Martens, R., Burt on, D., Rivkin, F., & Simon, J. (1980). Reliability and validity of the competitive state anxiety inventory (CSAI). In C. H. Dadeau, W. C. Halliwell, K. M.
Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L. A, & Smith, D. E. (1990). The development of the Competitive state anxiety inventory-2R (CSAI-2R). In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 117-190) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Martin, J. J., & Gill, D. L. (1991). The relationship among competitive orientation, sport-confidence, self-efficacy, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 149-159.
Morewedge, C. K., & Kahneman, D. (2010). Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(10), 435- 440. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004
Newton, M., & Duda, J. L. (1995) Relations of goal orientations and expectations on multidimensional state anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 1107-1112.
Nicholls, J.G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review , 91, 328-346.
Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press.
Ntoumanis, N., & Biddle, S. J. H. (1998). The relationship between competitive anxiety, achievement goals, and motivational climates. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 176-187.
Neila, R., Wilsonb, K., Mellalieuc, S. D., Hantona, S., &Taylord, J. (2012). Competitive anxiety intensity and interpretation: A two-study investigation into their relationship with performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 96-111.
Orlick, T. (1986). Psyching for sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Parfitt, C. G., Jones, G., & Hardy, L. (1990). Multidimensional anxiety and performance. In G. Jones & L. Hardy (Eds), Stress and performance in sport . Chichester: Wiley.
Sideridis, G. D. (2008). The regulation of affect, anxiety, and stressful arousal from adopting mastery-avoidance goal orientations. Stress and Health, 24, 55-69.
Skaalvik, E. (1997). Self-enhancing and self-defeating ego orientations: Relations with task and avoidance orientation, achievement, self-perceptions, and anxiety. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 71-81.
Smith, M., Duda, J. L., Allen, J., & Hall, H. K. (2002). Contemporary measures of approach and avoidance goal orientations: Similarities and differences. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 155-190.
Smith, G. T., Fischer, S., & Fister, S. M. (2003). Incremental validity principles in test construction. Psychological Assessment, 15(4), 467-477. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.4.467
Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior (pp. 3-22). New York: Academic.
Sean, T. C., & Bruce, D. H. (2007). Competitive state anxiety and self-confidence: Intensity and direction as relative predictors of performance on a golf putting task. Anxiety Stress and Coping, 20, 197-207.
Sonstroem, R. J., & Bernardo. P. (1982). Intraindividual pregame state anxiety and basketball performance: A reexamination of the inverted-Ucurve. Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 235-245.
Swain, A., & Jones, J. G. (1996). Explaining performance variance: The relative contribution of intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 9, 1-18.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists press.
Vealey, R. S., & Campell, J. L. (1988). Achievement goals of adolescent figure skates: Impact on self-confidence, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Adolescence Research, 3, 227-243.
Vealey, R. S., & Campell, J. L. (1988). Achievement goals of adolescent figure skates: Impact on self-confidence, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Adolescence Research, 3, 227-243.
Van Yperen, N. W., Elliot, A. J., & Anseel, F. (2009). The influence of mastery-avoidance goals on performance improvement. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 932-943.
Wang, C. K. J., Biddle, S. J. H., & Elliot, A. J. (2007). The 2×2 achievement goal framework in a physical education context. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(2), 147-168. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.08.012
Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic process of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
Wentzel, K. R. (1999). Social-motivational processes and interpersonal relationships. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(1), 76-97.
Wentzel, K. R. (2000). What is it that I’m trying to achieve? Classroom goals from acontent perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 105-115. doi: 10.1006/ ceps.1999.1021
Williams, L. (1998). Contextual influences and goal perspective among female youth sport participants. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 47-57.
Wu, C. (2012). The cross-cultural examination of 3×2 achievement goal model in Taiwan. Prodedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 422-427.
Yang, Y.,Cao, L.(2013). Differential influences of achievement approach goals and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation on help-seeking in e-learning. Knowledge Management & E-Learning,5,153-196.
Zweig, D., & Webster, J. (2004). What are we measuring? An examination of the relationships between the big-five personality traits, goal orientation, and performance intentions. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(7), 1693-1708.