本研究目的在探討不同背景變項之高中生在生涯自我概念、生涯自我效能與生涯決定困難間的差異與關係。研究過程採用分層隨機抽樣方法，共抽取臺北縣市12所國立、市立、縣立普通高中及完全中學高中部高一、高二、高三男女學生，有效樣本共1033人。研究工具包括「生涯自我概念量表」、「生涯決策自我效能預期量表」及「生涯決定困難量表」。所得資料以描述統計、單因子多變項變異數分析、典型相關分析與多元逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行處理。研究結果如下：
一、高中生整體生涯自我概念，因性別、年級、就讀類組、決定狀態等背景變項不同而有顯著差異存在，但不因家庭社經地位等變項不同而有顯著差異存在。
二、高中生整體生涯自我效能，因性別、年級、就讀類組、決定狀態等背景變項不同而有顯著差異存在，但不因家庭社經地位變項不同而有顯著差異存在。
三、高中生整體生涯決定困難，因性別、年級、就讀類組、決定狀態等背景變項不同而有顯著差異，但不因家庭社經地位等變項不同而有顯著差異。
四、生涯自我概念與生涯自我效能間有三組典型相關因素存在，且達顯著意義。
五、生涯自我概念與生涯決定困難間有四組典型相關因素存在，且達顯著意義。
六、生涯自我效能與生涯決定困難間有六組典型相關因素存在，且達顯著意義。
七、生涯自我概念與生涯自我效能對整體生涯決定困難有顯著預測力，其中以職業自我評量層面對整體生涯決定困難之預測力最高。
最後，研究者依據本研究結果加以討論，並提出具體建議以做為高中生生涯輔導工作及未來研究之參考。

The purpose of the study was to explore the differences and relations among career self-concept, career self-efficacy, and career decision-making difficulties of high-school students in terms of their different backgrounds. We also examined the predictability of career self-concept and career self-efficacy to career decision-making difficulties for high-school students.

Participants were 1033 high-school students (482 males and 551 females) from twelve high schools in Taipei. The instruments included Career Self-concept Scale, Career Self-efficacy Scale, and Career Decision-making Difficulties Scale. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, one-way MANOVA, canonical correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results were as follows:

1.The career self-concepts of high-school students varied significantly in terms of gender, grade, major subjects, and state of decision-making, but not the family social economic status.
2.The career self-efficacies of high-school students varied significantly in terms of gender, grade, major subjects, and state of decision-making, but not the family social economic status.
3.The career decision-making difficulties of high-school students varied significantly in terms of gender, grade, major subjects, and state of decision-making, but not the family social economic status.
4.The canonical correlation between career self-concept and career self-efficacy was significant.
5.The canonical correlation between career self-concept and career decision-making difficulties was significance.
6.The canonical correlation between career self-efficacy and career decision-making difficulties, was significance.
7.The predictabilities of career self-concept and self-efficacy on career decision-making difficulties were significant. Among which the occupation of career self-efficacy is the most predictable.

Based on the results, suggestions for career guidance and future researches were discussed and proposed.

于曉平(2007)。高中數理資優女生性別角色、生涯自我效能與生涯發展之關聯及角色楷模課程實驗之影響研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所博士論文，未出版，臺北市。
王玉珍（1998）。生涯探索團體對高二女學生職業建構系統及生涯自我效能之影響研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
田秀蘭（1998）。「生涯阻礙因素量表」之編製及其因素結構。屏東師院學報，11，81-104。
田秀蘭（1999）。多元入學？多元應考？多元的生涯輔導？。測驗與輔導，155，3235-3236。
田秀蘭（2000）。生涯決定問題評量系統之探究。測驗與輔導，162，3397-3401。
田秀蘭（2001）。青少年生涯發展中的重要議題及輔導策略。中等教育，52（5），38-52。
田秀蘭（2003）。社會認知生涯理論之興趣模式驗證研究。教育心理學報，34(2)， 247-266。
沈彩梅（1994）。青少年家庭功能、職業自我概念與生涯發展之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育與心理輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
李育文（1993）。音樂資優生及舞蹈資優生職業價值觀與職業自我概念之研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
李茂興（譯）(1999)。Gerald Corey 著。諮商與心理治療的理論與實務（Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy, 5th ed）。臺北市：揚智。
李詠秋（2001）。原住民大學生生涯發展狀況、生涯自我效能與其生涯阻隔因素之關係研究。國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹市。
吳怡君（2000）。高中新生的生涯困擾與實施團體輔導之改變效果。國立政治大學心理系碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
吳芝儀（1991）。五專五年級學生生涯決定信念、情境－特質焦慮與生涯決定行動之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
吳芝儀（譯）(1996)。Vernon G. Zunker 著。生涯發展的理論與實務（Career counseling：applied concepts of life planning）。臺北市：揚智。
吳芝儀（2000）。生涯諮商與輔導理論與實務。台北：濤石。
吳劍雄（1997）。專科生職業認知、生涯自我效能和生涯決定程度關係之研究－以雲嘉南地區為例。國立中正大學勞工研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義市。
何麗儀（1990）。生涯試探計劃對國中三年級男生職業自我概念、生涯成熟、生涯決定之影響研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育與心理輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
林生傳（2000）。教育社會學。高雄市：復文。
林宏熾、陳麗如、林巾凱、鄭淑芬（2000）。臺灣地區身心障礙青年生涯自我概念與轉服務之研究（1）。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告（NSC89-2413-H-018-014）。彰化市：國立彰化師範大學特殊教育學系。
林幸台（1976）。影響國中學生職業選擇態度的家庭因素。國立臺灣教育學院輔導學報，1，91-124。
林幸台（1983）。我國高中及大一學生職業決策行為之調查實驗與研究。輔導學報，6，91-124。
林幸台（1987）。生計輔導的理論與實施。臺北市：五南圖書出版公司。
林幸台、吳天方、林清文、劉淑慧（1997）。生涯發展量表編制報告。中華輔導學報，5，19-41。
林香君（1992）。生涯未定向類型與團體諮商策略交互作用效果之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
林惠瑜（2004）。大學生知覺之家庭親子界限與其生涯自我效能的關係。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
林清文（1994）。大學生生涯確定狀態及其因徑模式驗證之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文，未出版，彰化市。
林蔚芳（1990）。青少年生涯發展問題的輔導。諮商與輔導，53，33-36。
林錦坤（2001）。青少年生涯自我概念之研究—以台南市國中學生為例。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺南市。
邵俊德（1995）。高中音樂資優生生涯自我效能與生涯決定之研究。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
邱卉綺（2005）。高中生生涯決定困難、生涯自我效能與焦慮憂鬱情緒之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學所在職進修碩士班碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
邱志賢（1997）。高中生涯輔導的實施。諮商與輔導，133，7-9。
金樹人（1986）。理情治療原則在生涯決定的應用（上）。諮商與輔導，11，27-29。
金樹人（1997）。生涯諮商與輔導。臺北市：東華。
金樹人、林清山、田秀蘭(1989)。我國大專學生生涯發展定向之研究。教育心理學報，22，167-190。
洪晟晏、張儷馨、鄭益青（2006）。普通高級中學課程暫行綱要生涯規劃Q&A手冊。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學教育研究中心。
侯月瑞（1986）。生計發展課程對高中（職）學生生計成熟與職業自我概念之輔導效果研究。國立臺灣大師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
侯靜里（2001）。臺北地區大學生自我概念對愛情關係適應與婚前性行為影響之研究。中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
許以恆（2006）。生涯團體對國中女生生涯自我概念、職業興趣與職業性別刻板印象輔導效果研究。國立屏東教育大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，屏東市。
許淑穗（1998）。生涯自我效能、個人變項、與環境因素對大學生生涯選擇的影響-生涯選擇之路徑分析。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文，未出版，彰化市。
郭玟嬨（2003）。科技大學學生生涯決策自我效能、工作價值觀與未來進路調查之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育系碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
郭佩菁(2007)。生涯規劃課程對高一男生生涯決定困難、生涯自我效能及決策型態之實驗效果研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
莊珮真（2003）。高中生因應大學多元入學方案生涯決策之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
區雅倫、陳清平（2001）。2001年版大學入學考試中心興趣量表使用手冊。臺北市：大學入學考試中心。
曹榮勳（1994）。影響國中生職業自我概念的家庭因素之研究-以嘉義地區為例。國立中正大學勞工研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義市。
張仁家（1994）。我國高級職業學校工業類科學生家庭背景因素、職業自我概念與生涯決策行為之相關。國立彰化師範大學工業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化市。
張春興（1998）。現代心理學。臺北市：東華。
張添洲（1998）。臺灣地區高級職業學校學生生涯成熟之研究。國立臺灣師範大學工業教育研究所博士論文，未出版，臺北市。
張紹勳（1997）。專科生人格特質、職業性向、職業自我概念及其相關因素之研究。管理評論，16（2），111-138。
張錦弘（2006）。我選錯系了嗎？半數大一生徬徨。2006年9月28日，取自http://mag.udn.com/mag/campus/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=47830
陳兆君（2003）。高級職業學校特殊教育班綜合職能科學生職業自我概念相關因素之研究。國立彰化師範大學工業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化市。
陳秀婷（2003）。國中學生生涯自我概念之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
陳欣怡（2000）。依附關係與生涯探索、 生涯不確定源、生涯定向狀態之相關研究—以大學三、四年級學生為例。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化市。
陳金定（1987）。生計決策訓練課程對高一男生生計決策行為之實驗研究。國立臺灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
陳美鳳（1999）。高職生職業自我概念與參加職業訓練意願之研究—以嘉南地區為例。國立中正大學勞工研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義市。
陳貞夙（1998）。生涯團體輔導對犯罪青少年生涯信念、生涯自我效能輔導效果。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
陳惠怡（2005）。臺北市高中生依附關係及自我概念影響生涯定向之相關研究。國立臺北教育大學教育心理與諮商學系碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
陳淑琦（1999）。大學理工科系學生生涯自我效能、結果預期、職業興趣與職業選擇之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
陳淑娟（2003）。臺北市高職學生職業自我概念與學習動機之相關研究。國立臺北科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
陳麗娟(1982)。中學生職業成熟發展之研究。國立臺灣教育學院輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化市。
陳麗娟（1983）。影響學生職業成熟發展的父母因素之預測研究。國立臺灣教育學院學報，6，195-224。
陳麗娟（1989）。師範院校大一學生生計決策行為、生計發展取向和職業自我概念的調查與實驗研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文，未出版，臺北市。
黃小真（2004）。單親高中職學生生涯自我概念之相關因素研究。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺南市。
黃炤容（2001）。生涯探索團體方案對高職二年級女學生生涯發展及生涯自我效能之影響研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
黃淑桃（1997）。生涯發展課程對國小高年級學童生涯成熟、職業自我概念與職業刻板印象之輔導效果。國立嘉義師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義市。
黃淑敏（1999）。師院生生涯自我效能、生涯動機、生涯成熟相關因素之研究。國立台南師範學院國民教育所碩士論文，未出版，臺南市。
黃瑛琪（1997）。生涯探索團體對高一生涯不確定型學生生涯定向與生涯決策自我效能預期程度之影響研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
黃瑛琪、連廷嘉、鄭承昌（2006）。生涯輔導課程方案對高三學生生涯自我效能及生涯定向之效果研究。諮商輔導學報，14，36-63。
黃瑛琪、戴嘉南、張高賓、連廷嘉（2005）。臺灣青少年生涯團體諮商效果之整合分析研究。諮商輔導學報，12，71-100。
黃德祥（1994）。青少年發展與輔導。臺北市：五南。
溫崑明（2004）。臺北市高職生自我概念與生涯發展之相關研究。國立臺北科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
楊淑萍（1995）。青少年依附關係、自我尊重與生涯發展之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
楊智馨（1997）。大學生生涯發展狀況與自我認定狀態之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
廖述茂、朱崑中（2000）。大學多元入學新方案對高中生生涯輔導的影響及因應之道。輔導通訊，63，13-19。
鄭淑芬（1998）。國中特教技藝班學生生涯自我概念相關因素之研究。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化市。
鄧志平（1996）。高中生選擇大學主修科系決策歷程之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
厲瑞珍（2002）。南部地區大學應屆畢業生自我統合危機與生涯自我效能之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
黎麗貞（1997）。大學女生性別角色、生涯自我效能、生涯阻礙與職業選擇之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
劉雅惠（1997）。國小教師生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展狀況相關之研究。國立臺北師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
劉德生（1988）。中等學校學生職業觀念與職業態度發展之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育研究所博士論文，未出版，臺北市。
謝宏惠（1990）。大專生性別角色、場地獨立性、決策型態、生涯自我效能與生涯不確定程度之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北市。
Bandura, A. (1977a). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1977b). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Bakar, A. R., & McCracken, J. D. (1994). Youth organization and supervised agricultural experience participation as predictors of the career maturity of agricultural education students. (Eric Document Reproduction Service No. ED 369917)
Barrett, T. C., & Tinsley, H. E. A. (1977). Vocational self-concept crystallization and vocational indecision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24(4), 301-307.
Bergeron, L. M., & Romano, J. L. (1994). The relationships among career decision-making self-efficacy, educational indecision, vocational indecision and gender. Journal of College Student Development, 35, 19-24.
Betz, N. E., Borgen, F. H., & Harmon, L. W. (1996). Skills Confidence Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1981). The relationship of career related self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 399-410.
Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1983). The relationalship of mathematics self-efficacy expectations to perceived career options in college women and men. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 23, 329-345.
Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1986). Applications of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 279-289.
Betz, N. E., & Voyten, K. K. (1997). Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness. Career Development Quarterly, 46(2), 179-189.
Blustein, D. L. (1989). The relationship of career-related self-efficacy in the career exploration process. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35, 194-203.
Borgen, F. H. (1984). Counseling psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 579-604.
Cohen, C. R., Chartrand, J. M., & Jowdy, D. P. (1995). Relationship between career indecision subtypes and ego identity development. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 440-447.
Crites, J. O. (1965). The measure of vocational maturity in adolescence: I. The attitude test of the vocational development inventory. Psychological Monographs, 79(1).
Crites, J. O. (1969). Vocational Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Crites, J. O. (1974). A reappraisal of vocational appraisal. Vocational Guidance
Quarterly, 22(4), 272-279.
Crites, J.O.（1981）. Career counseling-models, methods, and materials. New York:
Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
Downing, K. R., & Dowd, E. T. (1988). Career Indecision: A Summary of the Researce and Implications for Counseling. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 16, 145-156.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.
Galotti, K. M., & Kozberg, S. F. (1996). Adolescents experience of life-framing decision. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 25(1), 3-16.
Gati, I., Fassa, N., & Houminer, D. (1995). Applying decision theory to career counseling practice: The sequential elimination approach. The Career Development Quarterly, 43, 211-220.
Gati, I., Krausz, M., & Osipow, S. H. (1996). A taxonomy of difficulties in career decision making. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 43, 510-526.
Gelatt, H. B. (1962). Decision-making：A conceptual frame of reference for counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 9, 240-245.
Gianakos, I. (2001). Predictors of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 9(2), 101-114.
Gilesl, M., & Rea, A. (1999). Short research mote Career self efficacy: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 72, 393-398.
Ginzberg, E., Ginsburg, S. W., Axelrad, S., & Herma, J. L. (1951). Occupational choice: An approach to a general theory. NY: Columbia University Press.
Goodstein, L. D. (1965). Behavior theoretical views of counseling, In B.Stefflre & W.H.Grant（Eds.）Theories of Counseling. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A development theory of
occupational aspirations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 545-579.
Gottfredson, L.S. (1996). Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development (3rd ed., pp.179-232). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Guerra, A. L., & Braungart-Rieker, J. M. (1999). Predicting career indecision in college students: The roles of identity formation and parental relationship factors. Career Development Quarterly, 47(3), 255-266.
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18, 326-339.
Hackett, G., Betz, N. E., & Casas, J. M. (1992). Gender, ethnicity, and social cognitive factors predicting the academic achievement of students in engineering. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39(4), 527-538.
Hargrove, B. K., Creagh, M. G., & Burgess, B. L. (2002). Family interaction patterns as predictors of vocational identity and career decision-making self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 185-201.
Havighurst, R. J. (1953). Developmental tasks and education. New York: Longmans, Green.
Herr, E. L., & Cramer, S. H. (1988). Career guidance and counseling through the life span: Systematic approaches(3eds). Glenview IL: Scott, Foresman.
Herr, E. L., & Cramer, S. H. (1996). Career guidance and counseling through life span : Systematic approaches (5th ed.). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
Herr, E. L., & Lear, P. B. (1984). The family as an influence on career development. Family Therapy Collections, 10, 1-5.
Hijazi, Y., Tatar, M., & Gati, I. (2004). Career decision-making difficulties among
Israeli and Palestinian Arab high-school seniors. Professional School Counseling, 8(1), 64-72.
Holland, J.L., Daiger, D., & Power, P.G.（1980）. My vocational situation. Palo Alto, CA：Consulting Psychologists Press.
Holland, J. L., & Holland, J. E. (1977). Vocational Indecision: More Evidence and Speculation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 404-414.
Kristina, T., Ricciardelli, L. A., & Robert, W. J. (2000). Gender Traits and Self-Concept
as Indicators of Problem Eating and Body Dissatisfaction among Children. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 43, (7-8)441-458.
Krumboltz, J. D. (1983). Private rules in career decision making. Ohio State University. Columbus. National Center for Research in Vocational Education.
Krumboltz, J. D. (1994). Improving career development theory from asocial learning perspective. In M. L. Savickas & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Convergence in Career Development theories：Implications for Science and Practice, 9-31.Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Lancaster, B. P., Rudolph, C. E., Perkins, T. S., & Patten, T. G. (1999). The reliability and validity of the Career Decision Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of Career Assessment, 7, 393-413.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive
theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of
Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1996). Career development from a social
cognitive perspective. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and
development (pp. 373-422). CA: Jossey-Bass.
Lent, R. W., & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30, 347-382.
Lent, R. W., Hackett, G., & Brown, S. D. (2000). Contextual supports and barriers to
career choice: a social cognitive analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 36-49.
Lewis, R. A., & Gilhousen, M. R. (1981). Myths of career development: A cognitive approach to vocational counseling. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 59, 296-299.
Lokan, J. J., & Biggs, J. B. (1982). Students characteristics and motivational and process factors in relation to styles of career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 18-33.
Lui, H. W. (1989). The effectiveness of career guidance approaches, research papers.
（ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 349 523）
Luzzo, D. A. (1993a). Evaluating the Relationship between College Students’ Vocational Congruence, Academic Success, and Career Maturity: Career Counseling Implications and Future Directions.（ERIC ED 369947）
Luzzo, D. A. (1993b). Value of career-decision-making self-efficacy in prediction career-decision-making self-efficacy in prediction career-decision-making attitudes and skills. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 194-199.
Luzzo, D. A. (1995). The relative contributions of self-efficacy and locus of control to the prediction of career maturity. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 61-66.
Luzzo, D. A., & Taylor, M. (1994). The effects of verbal persuasion on the career self-efficacy of college freshmen. California Association for Counseling and Development Journal, 14, 31-34.
Luzzo, D. A., & Taylor, M. (1995). Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Self-Administered Career Exploration Systems.（ERIC ED 495791）.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551-558.
Marsh, H. W. (1989). Age and sex effects in multiple dimensions of self-concept: Preadolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 417-430.
Mau, W. C. (2000). Cultural Differences in Career Decision-Making Styles and Self-Efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57(3), 365-378.
Mau, W. C. (2004). Cultural dimensions of career decision-making difficulties. Career Development Quarterly, 53, 67-78.
McCann, E. J., & Garcia, T. (1999). Maintaining motivation and regulating emotion: measuring individual differences in academic volitional strategies. Learning & Individual Differences, 11, 259-279.
Mitchell, L. k. & Krumboltz, J. D. (1990). Social learning approach to career decision making: Krumboltz’s theory. In D. Brown, L. Brooks (Eds.). Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice (2nd ed., pp.145-196). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Munson, W. W. (1992). Self-esteem, vocational identity, and career salience in high
school students. The Career Development Quarterly, 40(4), 361-368.
Neice, D. E., & Bradly, R. W.（1979）. Relationship of age, sex, and educational groups to career decisiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 271-278.
Nevo, O. (1987). Irrational expectations in career counseling and their confronting arguments. The Career Development Quarterly, 35, 239-249.
Niles, S. G., & Sowa, C. J. (1992). Mapping the nomological network of career
selfpefficacy. The Career Development Quarterly, 41, 13-21.
O’Hare, M. M., & Tamburri, E. (1986). Coping as a Moderator of the Relation Between Anxiety and Career Decision Making. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 255-264.
Oliver, L. W., & Spokane, A. R. (1988). Career-intervention outcome: What contributes to client gain? Journal of Counseling Psychology,35(4), 447-462.
O’Neil, J. M., Ohlde, C., Tollefson, N., Barke, C., Piggott, T., & Watts, D. (1980). Factors, correlates, and problem area affecting career decision making of a cross-sectional sample of students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27(6), 571-580.
Osborn,S.D., Howard,K. D., & Leierer, J. S. (2007).The effect of a career development course on the dysfunctional career thoughts of racially and ethnically diverse college freshmen. The Career Development Quarterly, 55, 365-377.
Osipow, S. H., Carney, C., & Barak, A. (1976). A scale of educational-vocational undecidedness: A typological approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 9, 233-243.
Osipow, S. H., & Gati, I. (1998). Construct and concurrent validity of the Career Decision-making Difficulties Questionnaire. Journal of Career Assessment, 6, 347-364.
Paulsen, A. M. (2002). Construct validity of measures of career-related self-efficacy expectations. Dissertation Abstract International, 63(4-B), p.2098. (Publication No. AAT3049099)
Peterson, G. W., Sampson, J. P., & Reardon, R. C. (1991). Career development and services: A cognitive approach. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks & Cole.
Peterson, S. L. (1993). Career decision-making self-efficacy and social and academic Integration of under prepared college students: Variations based on background characteristics. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 18, 77-115.
Piaget, J. (1977). The development of thought: Equilibration of cognitive structure. New York: Viking.
Resnick, H., Fruble, M. L., & Osipow, S. H. (1970). Vocational crystallization and self-esteem in college student. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 17, 465-467.
Roe, A. (1956). The psychology of occupations. New York: Wiley.
Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Cambridge, Mass: Houghton Mifflin.
Rojewski, J. W. (1993). Theoretical Structure of Career Maturity for Rural Adolescents with Learning Disabilities. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 16(1), 39-52.
Salomone, P. R. (1982). Difficult cases in career counseling: II-the indecisive client. The Personal and Guidance Journal, 60(8), 496-500.
Sharf, R. S. (1992). Applying career development theory to counseling. California: Wadsworth.
Stead, G. B., Watson, M. B., & Foxcroft, C. C. (1993). The relation between career indecision and irrational beliefs among university students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42, 155-169.
Stein, T. S. (1991). Career exploration strategies for the elementary school counselor. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 26 (2), 153-157.
Super, D. E. (1957). The psychology of career. New York: Harper & Row.
Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space to career development. In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career Choice and Development: Applying Contemporary Theories to Practice (pp.197-261). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Super, D. E. (1991). Career choice and development. San Francisco, Oxford: Jossey Bass.
Super, D. E., & Overstreet, P. L. (1960). The vocational maturity of ninth-grade boys. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
Super, D. E., Starishevsky, R., Matlin, N., & Jordaan, J. P. (1963). Carrere development Self-concept theory. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
Swanson, J. L., & Tokar, D. M. (1991). Development and initial validation of the career barriers inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 39, 344-361.
Tang, M. (1999). Asian Americans’ Career Choice: A Path Model to Examine Factors Influencing Their Career Choices. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 142-157.
Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 63-81.
Taylor, K. M., & Popma, J. (1990). An examination of the relationships among career decision-making self-efficacy, career salience, locus of control, and vocational indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 37, 17-31.
Tiedeman, D. V., & O’Hara, R.P. (1963) . Career development : Choice and adjustment . New York : College Entrance Examination Board .
Tierney, R. J., & Herman, A. (1973). Self-estimate ability in adolescence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 20(4), 208-302.
Turner, S., & Lapan, R. T. (2002). Career self efficacy and perceptions of parent support in adolescent career development. The career Development Quarterly, 51(1), 44-55.
Vondracek, F. W., Schulenberg, J., Skorikov, V., Gillespie, L. K., & Wahlhem, C. (1995). The relationship of identity status to career indecion during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 17-29.
Weiss, K. I. (2001). The social cognitive model of career choice: A cross-cultural analysis. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61(9-B), p.5012.
Whiston, S. C. (1996). The relationship among family interaction patterns and career indecision and career decision-making self-efficacy. Journal of Career Development, 23(2), 137-149.
William, T. H. (1972). Educational aspirations: Longitudiual evidence on their development in Canadian youth. Sociology of Education, 45, 107-133.
Zhang, S., & Zheng, R. (2002). Decision making on career selection among undergraduate students. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 16(11), 776-778.