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研究生: 蘇慧生
Su, Hui-Sheng
論文名稱: 虛擬實境眼動儀系統研發
Research and Development of Eye Tracker for Virtual Reality System
指導教授: 林政宏
Lin, Cheng-Hung
何宏發
Ho, Hong-Fa
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年: 2017
畢業學年度: 105
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 132
中文關鍵詞: 虛擬實境眼動儀瞳孔追蹤方法眼動資料分析眼動校正自動校正
英文關鍵詞: Eye tracker for virtual reality, tracking pupils and the methods, auto calibration
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202202131
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:172下載:0
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  • 本研究旨在研發一套精準性高、成本低、校正時間與操作時間皆能降低的虛擬實境眼動儀系統。目前市面上有販售的虛擬實境眼動儀價錢都相當的昂貴【表2-12】,且此類商品目前在市面上僅有九種,故期望能以較低成本且能夠達到與同類產品水平相當,甚至超越的一套系統,並將實驗室既有的眼動資料分析軟體整合在此系統內。
    測試者反應本實驗室已研發的眼動儀可以改善一些問題。本實驗室所研發的眼動儀內存在瞳孔映射的精準度不足、校正時間長以及操作時間長的問題,這些問題是本研究待改善的問題。
    本論文詳述實現虛擬實境眼動儀的方法及解決上述問題的方法與結果。本研究提出了新的追蹤瞳孔的方法,在進行眼動儀校正之前,先藉由框選眼睛的方式,去除多餘非必要的影像,提高瞳孔抓取的精準度與減少瞳孔抓取的平均時間;本研究也改良了判斷映射象限的方法,利用計算座標象限角的方式,能準確地計算出瞳孔實際所凝視的位置;本研究還提出新的自動抓取瞳孔的方式,利用計算瞳孔位置的座標點,判斷是否位於中心的區域來自動抓取瞳孔,此方法可以降低整體操作的平均時間;在分析軟體方面,本研究整合了目前實驗室現有的眼動數據分析軟體,能夠將虛擬實境眼動儀得到的資料進行分析。
    本研究針對各項新方法及功能進行實驗來檢測其效能,經由數據分析結果後,獲得結論如下:
    一、 成功研發出一套虛擬實境眼動儀。
    二、 本研究在計算瞳孔實際所凝視的位置之準確度達95.98%。
    三、 本研究採用框選眼睛的方法後,與未使用框選眼睛的方法相比平均校正時間減少43.08秒,加速73.57%的校正過程。
    四、 手持式裝置(外觀長度132.4mm~152.5mm,寬度65.5mm~77.2mm之間)能放入本研究的設備內;手持式裝置(螢幕長度103.2mm~120.5mm,寬度59.0mm~67.9mm之間)能讓受測者完整的看見其畫面,故選擇範圍內的手持式裝置皆能在本系統中使用。
    五、 本研究採用自動化操作功能後,與未使用自動化操作功能相比,其整體操作校正時間減少3.3秒,加速52.74%的操作過程。

    The purpose of this study was to develop an eye tracker for a virtual reality system. There are only nine mainstream products of the available in the market and they are too expensive. This study further aimed to make a product that is low-cost, with high accuracy and have the high performance by making less in the correction and operating time. In addition, the system also comes with a software tool that will be used for the data analysis.
    User feedback and suggestions were taken into consideration in improving the eye tracking system functionality. These issues were addressed by doing the following: First, a new method of pupil detection was used. The noise was reduced by having a feature that could select the area of the eye in the image. By using this, accuracy was improved and correction time was reduced. Second, quadrant determination was improved by using the quadrant angle to calculate the coordinate of the pupil. Third, a new method of automatic pupil detection was used. The coordinate of the pupil was detected if it is in the center or not. This resulted in a faster operating time. Fourth, an additional feature of in the system was added that makes data analysis much easier.
    The significant findings and conclusions of this study are as follows:
    1. We successfully made an eye tracker for virtual reality system.
    2. The accuracy has reached 95.98% by using the quadrant angle to calculate the coordinate of the pupil.
    3. Selecting the area of an eye in the image yielded better results than having no eye area selection option. It can cut correction time by 43.08 seconds and accelerate by 73.57%.
    4. The appearance of the device (length: 132.4mm~152.5mm, width: 65.5mm~77.2mm) can be placed in this system. The screen of the device (length: 103.2mm~120.5mm, width: 59.0mm~67.9mm) can be seen by the users.
    5. The automated function yielded better results. It can reduce operating time by 3.3 seconds and accelerate by 52.74%.

    摘要 I ABSTRACT III 誌謝 V 目錄 VI 圖目錄 IX 表目錄 XIII 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景與動機 1 1.2 研究問題 2 1.3 研究目的與方法 3 1.4 研究限制 3 1.5 論文架構 4 第二章 文獻探討 5 2.1 VR的應用 5 2.1.1 VR訓練提高手術室效能 5 2.1.2 VR應用於遊戲 6 2.1.3 VR治療公開演講的恐懼 6 2.1.4 VR應用於上肢運動康復 6 2.1.5 VR應用於成人中風後治療 7 2.1.6 VR用於診斷自閉症 7 2.2 擷取瞳孔特徵之方法 8 2.2.1 Purkinje影像追蹤法(Dual-Purkinje-Image,DPI) 8 2.2.2 霍夫圓轉換(Circular Hough Transform) 9 2.2.3 Starburst演算法(Starburst Algorithm) 12 2.2.4 眼電圖法(Electro-Oculogrphy,EOG) 13 2.2.5 瞳孔中心/角膜亮點法(Pupil-Center/Corneal-Reflection,PCCR) 15 2.2.6 大津演算法(OTSU Algorithm) 15 2.2.7 低分辨圖像眼睛精確定位方法 16 2.2.8 各種擷取瞳孔的方法比較 17 2.3 單應性(HOMOGRAPHY) 18 2.3.1 理論 18 2.3.2 公式與應用 19 2.4 眼動分析資料 20 2.4.1 路徑分析 20 2.4.2 熱區圖 21 2.4.3 其他分析數據 22 2.5 VR眼動儀產品介紹 26 2.5.1 產品介紹 26 2.5.2 產品比較 37 2.5.3 目前市售VR眼動儀之眼動變項介紹 38 2.6 現有相關專利 39 第三章 VR眼動儀系統的實現 55 3.1 VR眼動儀硬體架構 55 3.1.1 硬體架構 55 3.2 VR眼動儀軟體架構 59 3.2.1 VR眼動儀軟體流程 61 3.2.2 眼睛框選 61 3.2.3 影像辨識處理 62 3.2.4 瞳孔自動化偵測 66 3.2.5 凝視點校正 66 3.2.6 映射瞳孔座標 67 3.2.7 眼動資料輸出 73 3.3 VR眼動儀眼動資料分析軟體 75 3.3.1 眼動凝視資料定義 76 3.3.2 眼動凝視資料 77 3.3.3 眼動變項資料 78 第四章 實驗 85 4.1 眼動校正的準確度 85 4.2 快速獲取瞳孔功能的實用性 94 4.3 播放器尺寸與解析度量測 96 4.4 瞳孔自動化抓取的實用性 99 第五章 結論與未來展望 105 參考文獻 106 附錄一 眼動專利 115 自傳 130 學術成就 130

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