搭配詞在過往的研究已被認為是成功的學術英文寫作的要點之一，這個論點對學習者特別重要的原因有一: 如學習者將搭配詞正確地使用於學術英文寫作時，將意味著學習者對學術英文有深刻了解以及有所認識。研究指出，學習者使用搭配詞的方式與母語者有所不同，但對於研究學習者在學術英文上之搭配詞使用錯誤卻尚無較多文獻。
有鑑於此，本文旨在分析台灣碩士生在學術英文中之錯誤動名詞搭配詞。因搭配詞在不同學科下會有所不同，所以本文特別挑選兩個學科來討論學習者錯誤動名詞搭配詞，此二學科為:應用英語以及英語教學。本文以三個研究問題為論文主軸。第一個問題在於辨認出在應用英語以及英語教學碩士論文裡，常見的錯誤動名詞搭配詞。第二問題在於發掘台灣學習者的錯誤動名詞搭配詞之錯誤類別。第三問題而是探討學習者之錯誤動名詞搭配詞背後造成的可能原因。

以便於回答上述研究問題，本文使用兩個大型語料庫，該語料庫為學習者碩士論文語料庫，以及參照語料庫。學習者碩士論文語料庫是由Yang在2015年建構而成。該語料庫包含494 篇碩士論文，分別來自10間不同的應用英語以及英語教學研究所。另一方面，參照語料庫則是包含兩個來自COCA 與BNC 之學術子語料庫。學習者碩士論文語料庫以及參照語料庫的大小分別為一千一百萬字與十二億字。至於研究工具，則是使用線上查詢系統 (Sketch Engine)來搜尋錯誤動名詞搭配詞。

本文經比對學習者碩士論文語料庫以及參照語料庫後，發現總共有171項、1171筆的錯誤動名詞搭配詞。將所有的錯誤動名詞搭配詞依照錯誤類型分類後，可以大約概括分成四種錯誤類型，此四種錯誤類型分別為: 動詞錯誤、名詞錯誤、介係詞錯誤或遺失，以及搭配詞不存在。142項(946筆)錯誤動名詞被歸類於錯誤動詞；16項 (124筆)為錯誤名詞；6項(36筆)為介係詞錯誤或遺失；7項 (75筆)為搭配詞不存在。除此四大錯誤分類外，因錯誤動詞數眾多，三種類型之錯誤動詞也可在本研究中發現:同義動詞錯誤(62項、443筆)、短語動詞錯誤 (2項、8筆)、其他動詞錯誤 (78項、495筆)。

於錯誤成因之分析下，七種錯誤成因也概括解釋所有171項錯誤動名詞搭配詞。第一項錯誤成因是母語影響-直接翻譯，共有95項(608筆)錯誤動名詞搭配詞直接由母語翻譯為英語。第二錯誤成因母語影響-分類別錯誤 (split category)包含10項 (88筆) 錯誤動名詞搭配詞。第三錯誤成因為同義詞混淆，有39項 (261筆) 錯誤搭配詞為同義詞選錯誤。第四錯誤成因是錯誤類比，有9項 (38筆) 錯誤搭配詞被歸類於此成因。第五錯誤成因是語意過度延伸，包含7項 (40筆) 錯誤搭配詞。第六錯誤成因是拼字類似，有9項 (52筆) 錯誤搭配詞因拼字類似而造成學習者混淆。最後，有1項 (39筆)為動名詞皆錯誤。

本文研究結果顯示，台灣學習者對在學術英文搭配詞中，錯誤動詞的頻率最高，表示台灣學習者在搭配詞中，動詞選擇最為困難，尤其是針對同義詞的選擇，對學生來說更加容易造成混淆。另外，根據錯誤成因研究結果顯示，母語負面影響為造成錯誤搭配詞的主要原因，需要學習者多加注意。研究者最後依據實驗結果，建議學術英文教學者將常見錯誤動名詞納入教學，並提醒學生母語與英語間的差異。

Collocation has been recognized as the key to successful academic writing. This fact is especially true for learners because it signifies that learners are prepared and well-acquainted with the culture of academic writing. Several studies have reported the differences of collocational use by advanced learners and native speakers, however, the literature for learner miscollocations in academic writing is few.

As a result, this study aims to investigate verb-noun miscollocation in master theses by Taiwanese EFL learners. Since collocations are highly discipline-specific, two disciplines were chosen in this study, namely, Applied Linguistics and English Teaching. There were three research questions governing this present study. The first question is to identify the common miscollocations made by Taiwanese master students in Applied Linguistics and English Teaching. The second question is to uncover the type of errors made by learners most. The last question is to investigate the possible causes of the miscollocations found in the academic prose.

To answer the aforementioned research questions, two corpora, a learner corpus and a reference corpus, were utilized in this study. The learner corpus, which was composed of 494 master theses from 10 different Applied Linguistics and English Teaching programs in Taiwan, were compiled by Yang (2015). On the other hand, the reference corpus contained two academic subcorpora from BNC and COCA. The sizes of the learner and reference corpus were 11 million and 1.2 billion words respectively. As for instruments, an online query system, Sketch Engine, was adopted to identify target nouns and miscollocations.

Altogether, 171 miscollocations with a total frequency of 1171 tokens were discovered in the research. All miscollocations were categorized into four main error types: misused verb, misused noun, misused or missing preposition, and combination non-existent. 142 types (946 tokens) of miscollocations were categorized as misused verb; 16 types (124 token) were misused noun; 6 (36 tokens) types were misused or missing preposition and 7 (75 tokens) types of collocations were non-existent. For the first type, misused verb, three patterns of misuse were also detected, which were, synonymous verb, phrasal verb and other verb. The number of miscollocations of these three sub-types were 62 types (443 tokens), 2 types (8 tokens), and 78 types (495 tokens).

The analysis of causes yield seven possible explanations for miscollocations, L1 transfer-direct translation, L1 transfer-split category, misused synonym, false analogy, overgeneralization, approximation and others. 95 types (608 tokens) of miscollocations were influenced by a direct translation from Chinese. 10 types (88 tokens) of miscollocations were labeled as L1 transfer-split category. 39 types (261 tokens) of miscollocations were caused by selecting the wrong synonyms. 9 types (83 tokens) of miscollocations were false analogy. 7 types (40 tokens) of miscollocations contained verbs/nouns that were used over-extensively. 9 types (52 tokens) of miscollocations were categorized in approximation, and 1 type (39 tokens) of miscollocation had both erroneous nouns and verbs.

Several interesting findings were observed. First of all, according to the result of error types, misused verbs was the most common error type in this study, indicating that proper verb usage poses the most difficulty for learners. Most of the misused verbs were also caused by confusion of synonymous verbs. Secondly, echoing with previous studies, there were several verbs that often baffled learners, such as gain, get, obtain, attain and reach. Lastly, based on the analysis of possible causes, the high frequency of miscollocation under L1 influence suggested that first language played a crucial role in learner collocations. Several pedagogical implications and future research directions were also raised at the end of this thesis.

Ackermann, K., & Chen, Y.-H. (2013). Developing the Academic Collocation List (ACL) – A corpus-driven and expert-judged approach. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12(4), 235-247. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2013.08.002

Ädel, A., & Erman, B. (2012). Recurrent word combinations in academic writing by native and non-native speakers of English: A lexical bundles approach. English for specific purposes, 31(2), 81-92.

Arnaud, P. J., & Savignon, S. J. (1997). Rare words, complex lexical units and the advanced learner. Second language vocabulary acquisition, 157-173.

Bahns, J., & Eldaw, M. (1993). Should we teach EFL students collocations? System, 21(1), 101-114.

Baratta, A. M. (2010). Nominalization development across an undergraduate academic degree program. Journal of pragmatics, 42(4), 1017-1036.

Barfield, A., & Gyllstad, H. (2009). Researching collocations in another language-multiple interpretations: Palgrave Macmillan.

Benson, M., Benson, E., & Ilson, R. (1987). The BBI combinatory dictionary of English: A guide to word combinations.

Bhatia, V. K. (2002). A generic view of academic discourse. Academic discourse, 21-39.

Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus linguistics: Investigating language structure and use: Cambridge University Press.

Biskup, D. (1992). L1 influence on learners’ renderings of English collocations: A Polish/German empirical study Vocabulary and applied linguistics (pp. 85-93): Springer.

Chang, Y.-C., Chang, J. S., Chen, H.-J., & Liou, H.-C. (2008). An automatic collocation writing assistant for Taiwanese EFL learners: A case of corpus-based NLP technology. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 21(3), 283-299.

Cowie, A. P. (1981). The treatment of collocations and idioms in learners' dictionaries. Applied linguistics, 2(3), 223-235.

Darwin, C. M., & Gray, L. S. (1999). Going after the Phrasal Verb: An Alternative Approach to Classification.
TESOL Quarterly, 33(1), 65-83. doi: 10.2307/3588191

Díaz-Negrillo, A., & Domínguez, J. F. (2006). Error tagging systems for learner corpora. Revista española de lingüística aplicada(19), 83-102.

Durrant, P. (2009). Investigating the viability of a collocation list for students of English for academic purposes. English for specific purposes, 28(3), 157-169. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2009.02.002

Durrant, P., & Schmitt, N. (2009). To what extent do native and non-native writers make use of collocations? IRAL - International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Vol. 47, pp. 157).

Ellis, N. C. (1995). The psychology of foreign language vocabulary acquisition: Implications for CALL. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 8(2-3), 103-128.

Fan, M. (2009). An exploratory study of collocational use by ESL students – A task based approach. System, 37(1), 110-123. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2008.06.004

Farghal, M., & Obiedat, H. (1995). Collocations: A neglected variable in EFL. IRAL-International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 33(4), 315-332.

Ferraro, G., Nazar, R., Ramos, M. A., & Wanner, L. (2014). Towards advanced collocation error correction in Spanish learner corpora. Language Resources and Evaluation, 48(1), 45-64.

Firth, J. R. (1957). Papers in linguistics, 1934-1951: Oxford University Press.

Gardner, D., & Davies, M. (2013). A New Academic Vocabulary List. Applied linguistics. doi: 10.1093/applin/amt015

Granger, S. (1998). Prefabricated patterns in advanced EFL writing: Collocations and lexical phrases. Phraseology: theory, analysis and applications. Oxford: OUP.

Gyllstad, H. (2005). Words that go together well: Developing test formats for measuring learner knowledge of English collocations. The Department of English in Lund: Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 5.

Halliday, M. A. (1966). Lexis as a linguistic level. In memory of JR Firth, 148-162.

Hornby, A. S., & Wehmeier, S. (1995). Oxford advanced learner's dictionary (Vol. 1428): Oxford university press Oxford.

Howarth, P. (1998). Phraseology and second language proficiency. Applied linguistics, 19(1), 24-44.

Hsu, J.-y. (2007). Lexical Collocations and Their Impact on the Online Writing of Taiwanese College English Majors and Non-English Majors. Online Submission.

Hymes, D. (1962). The ethnography of speaking. Anthropology and human behavior, 13(53), 11-74.

Kilgarriff, A., & Grefenstette, G. (2003). Introduction to the special issue on the web as corpus. Comput. Linguist., 29(3), 333-347. doi: 10.1162/089120103322711569

Kilgarriff, A., Rychly, P., Smrz, P., & Tugwell, D. (2004). The Sketch Engine. 105, 105-116.

KUO, C.-L. (2009). AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF COLLOCATION BY INTERMEDIATE EFL COLLEGE STUDENTS IN TAIWAN. Annual Review of Education, Communication and Language Sciences.

Laufer, B., & Waldman, T. (2011). Verb-Noun Collocations in Second Language Writing: A Corpus Analysis of Learners’ English. Language Learning, 61(2), 647-672. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00621.x

Leech, G. (1992). 100 million words of English: the British National Corpus (BNC). Language Research, 28(1), 1-13.

Li, J., & Schmitt, N. (2010). The development of collocation use in academic texts by advanced L2 learners: A multiple case study approach. Perspectives on formulaic language: Acquisition and communication, 22-46.

Liu, L. E. (2002). A Corpus-based Lexical Semantic Investigation of Verb-Noun Miscollocations in Taiwan learners' English. (Master), Tamkang University.

Liu, Y. C. (2013). A Semi-Automated Corpus-Based Method of Comparing Verb-Noun Collocations Between Native and Non-Native English Speakers. National Taiwan Normal University.

Martyńska, M. (2004). Do English language learners know collocations. Investigationes linguisticae, 6, 1-12.
Meara, P. (1983). Word associations in a foreign language. Nottingham Linguistics Circular, 11(2), 29-38.

Moon, R. (1987). The analysis of meaning. Looking Up: An Account of the COBUILD Project in Lexical Computing and the Development of the Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, 86-103.

Nattinger, J. R., & DeCarrico, J. S. (1992). Lexical phrases and language teaching: Oxford University Press.

Nesselhauf, N. (2003). The use of collocations by advanced learners of English and some implications for teaching. Applied linguistics, 24(2), 223-242.

Nesselhauf, N. (2005). Collocations in a learner corpus (Vol. 14): John Benjamins Publishing.

Panahifar, F. (2013). A Corpus-based Analysis of Collocational Errors in the Iranian EFL Learners' Oral Production. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 4(4), 53-78.

Peacock, M. (2012). High-frequency collocations of nouns in research articles across eight disciplines. Ibérica: Revista de la Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos (AELFE)(23), 29-46.

Ramos1a, M. A., Wanner2b, L., Veigaa, N. V., Vinczea, O., Suáreza, E. M., & Gonzáleza, S. P. (2010). Tagging collocations for learners. ELexicography in the 21st Century: New Challenges, New Applications: Proceedings of ELex 2009, Louvain-la-Neuve, 22-24 October 2009, 7, 375.

Schmitt, N. (2004). Formulaic sequences: Acquisition, processing, and use (Vol. 9): John Benjamins Publishing.
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance, collocation: Oxford University Press.

Wang, Y., & Shaw, P. (2008). Transfer and universality: Collocation use in advanced Chinese and Swedish learner English. ICAME Journal, 32, 201-232.

Ward, J. (2007). Collocation and technicality in EAP engineering. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 6(1), 18-35. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2006.10.001

Woolard, G. (2000). Collocation-encouraging learner independence. Teaching collocation: Further developments in the lexical approach, 28-46.

Wray, A. (2005). Formulaic language and the lexicon: Cambridge University Press.

Wu, J.-C., Chang, Y.-C., Mitamura, T., & Chang, J. S. (2010). Automatic collocation suggestion in academic writing. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the ACL 2010 Conference Short Papers.

Yang, T.-Y. (2015). Corpus-Based Study on Verb-Noun Collocations and Adjective-Noun Collocations in Published Authors' and Taiwanese EFL Learners' Academic Writing. (Master), National Taiwan Normal University. Retrieved from http://etds.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dstdcdr&s=id=%22G060121065L%22.&searchmode=basic