Bernstein (1967) 提出自由度問題後，漸有較多研究採用動態系統與生態心理學觀點探討動作行為議題。動態系統觀點著重於探討肢體協調之關係，並以吸引子及複雜系統的狀態轉移等概念來解釋人體動作，Newell (1986) 認為協調形式來自個體、環境、及工作限制交互作用；然而生態心理學則以Gibson (1966, 1986) 所提出的「直接知覺」觀點探究個體與環境間的互動，以及知覺與行動之關係。本研究基於動態系統手段探討雙手多頻動作協調，並透過操弄環境訊息結構以探究知覺與動作協調之議題，另外藉由工作限制的操弄，了解其對個體知覺－行動的影響。本研究招募12名未受音樂或舞蹈訓練之健康成人為實驗參與者，於實驗中同步於多頻訊號表現拍擊動作。實驗操弄為聲音訊號之方位（左右0°、45°、及90°），工作限制為整體動作速度（恆常及加速）與多頻動作之頻率比（1:1反相位、2:1、及2:3）。以六自由度磁力追蹤儀擷取動作資料，由所擷取之資料中計算節奏誤差與變異係數，並計算正確鎖定、其他鎖定、與無鎖定次數，進一步以三因子變異數分析考驗並討論實驗所得資料，並探討拍擊動作動態；由手掌、手腕、及手肘之運動學資料，探討關節動相對移動形式以及腕關節角度改變形式。結果發現肢體間協調受到工作與環境限制之交互影響，進而產生不同協調形式，以及不同動作動態；訊號方位、頻率比及整體動作速度等自變項皆不影響關節相對移動形式，且僅有動作速度加快會引起部分腕關節角度改變形式轉換。

黃嘉君與楊梓楣（2007）。視聽覺訊號同步之多頻拍擊動作準確度與穩定性。稿件審查中。
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