研究生: |
孫淑琴 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
學童依附關係、內在運作模式和同儕衝突處理策略之相關研究 |
指導教授: | 蔡順良 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育心理與輔導學系 Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling |
論文出版年: | 2000 |
畢業學年度: | 88 |
語文別: | 中文 |
中文關鍵詞: | 國小六年級學童 、依附關係 、內在運作模式 、同儕衝突 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:483 下載:85 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
中 文 摘 要
本研究主要是根據依附理論,探討國小六年級學童與父母的依附關係對其同儕衝突處理策略的徑路關係。探討的重點是:(一)學童的依附關係、內在運作模式和同儕衝突處理策略的性別差異;(二)以學童的父母依附預測同儕依附的徑路;(三)以學童的父母和同儕依附預測內在運作模式的徑路;(四)以學童的父母、同儕依附和內在運作模式預測同儕衝突處理策略的徑路;(五)學童的父母依附對同儕衝突處理策略的間接影響徑路。
本研究採用問卷調查法進行資料蒐集,並以台北市十所國民小學918名六年級學童為對象,進行研究。使用「父母與同儕依附量表」、「了解自己-他人量表」,和「你會怎麼做量表」等三種量表作為研究工具。將所得的研究資料以多變項變異數分析和多元迴歸分析統計法進行資料分析,重要發現如下:
一、 學童的依附關係、內在運作模式和同儕衝突處理策略的性別差異
不同性別學童的父親依附、同儕依附、自我表徵、他人表徵和同儕衝突處理策略有顯著差異。主要的差異顯現在對父親和同儕的信任、與同儕的溝通品質、自我表徵和他人表徵的信賴和利他向度,和衝突處理策略之抗爭和合作策略上,除了抗爭策略分數男生大於女生外,其餘上述變項,男生分數均略小於女生;而男女學童在母親依附則無顯著差異。
二、以學童的父母依附預測同儕依附的徑路關係
父母依附對同儕依附有直接影響。對父親和母親越信任、與母親溝通品質越好的學童對同儕也越信任;與母親溝通品質越好的學童和同儕溝通品質也越好;與父母越疏離的學童和同儕也越疏離。
三、以學童的父母和同儕依附關係預測內在運作模式的徑路關係
(一)以學童的父母和同儕依附關係預測自我表徵的徑路關係
父母和同儕依附對自我表徵有直接影響。與父母及同儕溝通品質越好,對同儕越信任的學童自我價值越高;與父母、同儕越疏離的學童,自我信賴感越低;與父親、同儕溝通品質越好、對同儕越信任、與母親越不疏離的學童,其自我利他傾向越高。
(二)以學童的父母、同儕依附關係預測他人表徵的徑路關係
學童的父母和同儕依附對他人表徵有直接影響。對母親、同儕越信任、和父親、同儕溝通品質越好或與父親越疏離的學童對他人的價值有越高的評價;和母親、同儕越不疏離或與母親溝通品質越不好的學童,越能信賴他人;與父親、同儕溝通品質越好,對母親越信任,或與母親溝通品質越不好的學童,越認為他人利他程度越高。
四、以學童的依附關係和內在運作模式預測同儕衝突處理策略的徑路關係
依附關係和內在運作模式對同儕衝突處理策略之抗爭、忍讓、合作、和尋求教師支持等四個策略有直接影響。與父親越疏離,自我價值越高,對自我和他人信賴感越低,自我利他傾向越低的學童,面對同儕衝突越傾向使用「抗爭策略」;對母親越信任,和母親溝通品質越不好,自我信賴感越低,自我利他傾向越高,對他人的評價越高的學童,面對同儕衝突越傾向使用「忍讓策略」;對母親越信任,越能自我信賴,自我利他傾向越高的學童,面對同儕衝突越傾向使用「合作策略」;與母親溝通品質越好,自我利他傾向越高的學童,面對同儕衝突越傾向使用「尋求教師幫忙策略」。
五、學童的父母依附對同儕衝突處理策略的間接影響徑路:
整體而言,學童的父母依附會先透同儕依附影響內在運作模式之自我表徵,再間接影響各同儕衝突處理策略。從徑路係數來看,可發現兩條父母依附對同儕衝突處理策略的主要影響路徑:
1.與母親的溝通品質先影響與同儕的溝通品質,再經由自我表徵的利他向度,分別影響同儕衝突處理策略的「抗爭」、「忍讓」、和「合作」等三策略。
2.與父親、母親的疏離程度先影響與同儕的疏離程度,再經由自我表徵的信賴向度,分別影響同儕衝突處理策略的「抗爭」、「忍讓」、和「合作」等三策略。
最後,研究者根據以上的研究結果加以討論,並提出親職、輔導上的應用與未來的研究建議。
The Relationships among Early Adolescent’s Attachment , Internal Working Model and Peer Conflict Management Strategies
Sun Shu-Chin
Abstract
The purposes of the study were to explore: (1)the gender differences of adolescent’s attachment, internal working model and peer conflict management strategies;(2) the path relationships among attachment, internal working model and peer conflict management strategies.
This study adopted a survey method to collect data. 918 sixth grade students were sampled from 10 elementary schools in Taipei. Instruments used in the study were: “ Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment”, ”Inventory of Understanding Self and Others ”,and ”How Will You Do Inventory”. Data obtained in the study were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis. The main findings were as follows:
1..Significant gender differences were found on father attachment, peer attachment, self representation, other representation, and peer conflict management strategies.
2.Early adolescent’s peer attachment could be significantly predicted by their parent attachment.
3. Early adolescent’s self representation could be significantly predicted by their parent and peer attachment.
4. Early adolescent’s other representation could be significantly predicted by their parent and peer attachment.
5. Early adolescent’s peer conflict management strategies could be signifi-cantly predicted by their attachment and internal working model.
6.There is an indirect effect of early adolescent’s parent attachment on their peer conflict management strategies via the mediate effects of internal working model.
Based on the results, implications of this study for parenting and guidance were discussed, and suggestions for future research were proposed.
參 考 文 獻
一、中文部份
王慶福、林幸台、張德榮 (民86): 人際依附風格、性別角色取向與人際親密能力之評量。 測驗年刊,44輯2期, 63-78。
李文瑄 (民88): 客體關係心理治療講座(八)。 諮商與輔導,164期, 26-31。
林清山 (民82): 多變項統計分析法近十年的發展與應用。心理測驗的發展與應用- 中華民國測驗學會成立六十週年慶論文集。台北:心理出版社。
侯雅齡 (民87): 國小兒童自我概念量表編制及相關因素研究。 國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
范見星 (民87譯): 如何解決衝突。 台北:桂冠圖書股份有限公司。
孫世維 (民83): 青少年與父母的情感關係:依附的性質與重要性。 法商學報,29期,頁259-304。
張春興 (民84): 現代心理學。 台灣:東華書局。
陳金定 (民87): 依附行為與情緒調適之因果模式探討暨情緒調適團體對不安全依附者依附相關變項之實驗研究。 國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
陳慶福,鍾寶珠 (民87):單親與雙親兒童在自我觀念、行為困擾與學業成就表現之研究。 國民教育研究,2,1-136。
黃宗顯(民84): 學校行政對話的主體地位處理及其出路。八十四學年度師範學院教育學術論文發表會論文集。
黃惠玲 (民84): 兒童依附行為量表與成人依附行為量表之編製。 行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告, NSC 84- 2413- H037- 004。
黃鈴喬 (民87): 不同依附風格夫妻之關係期望、婚姻溝通與婚姻調適之關係研究。 國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
黃德祥 (民83): 青少年發展與輔導。 台北:五南。
楊芳彰 (民86): 國小六年級學童依附關係與敵意、社交地位之相關研究。 國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
楊淑萍 (民84): 青少年依附關係、自我尊重與生涯發展之相關研究。 國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
蔡秀玲 (民86): 大學男女學生依附關係、個體化與適應之相關研究。 國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
蔡素玲 (民86): 青少年依附品質、社會支持與自殺傾向之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系碩士論文。
蔡順良 (民89): 從內在運作模式看青少年的「自我」與「他人」人格建構發展。 未發表。
鄭居安 (民84): 成人依附量表之編製。 私立高雄醫學院行為科學研究所碩士論文。
鍾鳳嬌 (民86): 親子溝通對幼兒社會行為的影響。 台東師院學報,八期,133-176。
蘇建文 (民86): 對父母及對友伴的依附關係與青少年的內在運作模式及個人適應之研究。 行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告, NSC 86- 2413- H- 003- 009- G10 。
二、西文部份
Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(2), 333-341.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. J. (1971). Individual differences in strange-situation behavior of one-year-olds. In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.), The Origins of Human Social Relations.(pp.15-57). London:Academic Press.
Akyel, H. B.(1986). Altruistic Behavior and Prosocial Moral Reasoning Among Trukish High School Students. University of Maryland. DAO No. AAC 8620740.
Allen, J. P., Moore, C., Kuperminc, G., & Bell, K. (1998). Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Developmenr, 69, 5, 1406-1419
Armsden ,G. C. & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427-453.
Baldwin, M. W., & Sinclair, L. (1996). Self-esteem and “if …then” contin-gencies of interpersonal acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1130-1141.
Barrett , M., & Trevitt , J. (1991). Attachment behavior and the schoolchid. New York: Tavistock/ Routledge.
Bartholomew, K. & Griffin, D. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement:The case of adult attachment. In K. Bartholomew., & D. Perlman. (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships: Vol. 5. Attachment Process in Adulthood, (p17-53). London: Jessica- Kingsley.
Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 17-53.
Biller, H. B., & Trotter, R. J. (1994). The Father Factor. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Blake, R. & Mouton, J. (1964). The Managerial Grid. Houston: Gulf.
Boivin, M. & Hymel, S. (1997). Peer experiences and social self-perception: A sequential model. Developmental Psychology, 33(1), 135-145.
Booth, C. L., Rubin, K. H., & Rose-Krasner, L. (1998). Perceptions of emotional support from mother and friend in middle childhood: Links with social-emotional adaptation and attachment security. Child Development, 69(2), 427-442.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1981, 1973, 1980a) Attachment and Loss(Vol. Attachment; Vol.2. Separation: anxiety and anger; Vol 3: Loss: sadness and depression). New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980b). By ethology out of psycho-analysis: An experiment in interbreading. Animal Behavior, 28, 649-656.
Brennan, K. A. & Morris, K. A. (1997). Attachment styles, self esteem, and patterns of seeking feekback from romatic partners. Personality and Social Psychology Bulliten, 23(1), 23-31.
Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In I. Brethertion, & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research(pp.3-38). Monographs of the Soceity for Research in Child Development, Serial No.209, 50(1-2).
Bretherton, I. (1988). Open communication and internal working models: Their role in the development of attachment relationships. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp.57-113). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Bretherton, I. (2000, January). The Origins and Development of Attachment Theory. 國立台灣大學心理系演講資料。
Buchanan, D. L. (1998). The relationship between maternal communication style and children’s outcome expections for conflict resolution strategies in peer conflict situations. DAI-B 59/06, PP3088. DAO No. AAC 9835778.
Cassidy, J. (1988). Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year-olds. Child-Development, 59, 121-134.
Cassidy, J., Scolton, K. L., Kirsh, S. J., & Parke, R. D. (1996). Attachment and representations of peer relationships. Development Psychology, 32, 892-904.
Chan, D. D. (1992). Conflict in Intimate Relationships. New York: Guilford.
Chapman, M., & McBride, M. L. (1992). The education of reason: Cognitive conflict and its role in intellectual development. In Shantz, C.U. & Hartup, W. W. (1992). Conflict in Child and Adolescent Development. (pp. 36- 69).
Chung, T. Y. & Asher, S. R. (1996). Children’s goal and strategies in peer conflict situations. Merrill-Palmer, 42(1), 125-147.
Clair, M. S. (1996). Object relations and self psychology: An introduction. (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA. : Brooks/ Cole Publishing Company.
Collins, K. K. (1996a). Parent-child attachment and family factors mediating peer outcome at adolescence. ST. John’s University(New York). DAO No. AAC 9703642.
Collins, N. L. & Read, S. J. (1994). Cognitive representation of attachment: The structure and function of working models. In Bartholomew, K., & Perlman, D. (Eds), Advances in personal relationships: Vol 5. Attachment Processes in Adulthood(p53-92). London: Jessica-Kingsley.
Collins, N. L. (1996b). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation、emotion and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 71(4), 810-832.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663.
Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescene. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1380-1397.
Cummings, E. M. (1990). Classification of attachment on a continuum of felt security: Illustrations from the study of children of depressed parents. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings(Eds.), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp. 311-338). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 31-48). New York: Plenum.
Eason , A. P. (1993). Perceptions of parenting and models of self and other in early adolescent emotional functioning. University of Denver. DAO No. AAC 9327759.
Eberly, M. B., Montemayor, R., & Flannery, D. J. (1993). Variation in adolescent helpfulness toward parents in a family context. Journal of Early Adolescence, 13, 228-244.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents’ reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67, 2227-2247.
Elicker, J., Englund, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Predicting peer competence and peer relationships in childhood from early parent-child relationships. In R. D. Parke, & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Family-peer Relationships: Modes of Linkage (pp.77-106). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Erwin, P. (1993). Friendship and peer relations in children. New York: Wiley.
Escher-Graeub, D., & Grossmann, K. E. (1983). Bindungssicherheit imzweiten lebensjahr- die Regensburger Querschnittuntersuchung (Attachment security in the second year of life: the Regensburg cross-sectional study). University of Regensburg.
Feeney, J., & Noller, P. (1990). Attachment styles as predictor of adult romatic relationships. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 58(2), 281-293.
Feeney, J., & Noller, P. (1996). Adult attachment. London:SAGE publications.
Feeney, J., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment: Developments in the conceptualization of security and insecurity. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in Adults: Theory Assessment, and Treatment (pp. 128-152). New York: Guilford.
Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (1998). Theories of personality (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Finnegan, R. A., Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67, 1318-1328
Fish, B. (1996). Clinical implications of attachment narratives. Clinical Social Work Journal, 24(3), 139-153.
Fletcher, G. J. O., & Fitness, J. (1996). Introduction. In G. J. O. Fletcher & J. Fitness (Eds.), Knowledge Structures in Close Relationships: A Social Psychological Approach (pp. xi-xv). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Froming, W. J., Nasby, W., & McManus, J. (1998). Prosocial self-schemas, self-awareness, and children’s prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 766-777.
George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Department of Psychology, Berkeley.
Gottman, J., & Mettetal, G. (1986). Speculations about social and affective development:Friendship and adquaintanceship through adolescence. In J. M. Gottman, & J. G. Parker (Eds.), Conversations of friends:Speculations on affective development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Grady, K. E. (1979). Androgyny reconsidered. In: J. H. Williams (Ed.), Psychology of Women: Selected Readings. New York: Norton.
Grossman, K., & Grossman, K. (1991). Attachment quality as an organizer of emotional and behavioural responses in a longitudinal perspective. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the Life Cycle. London: Routledge.
Grossmann, K. E., & Grossmann, K. (1984, September). The development of conversational styles in the first year of life and its relationship to maternal sensitivity and attachment quality between mother and child. Paper presented at the Congress of the German Society for Psychology, Vienna.
Hall, J. (1969). Conflict Management Survey: A Survey of One’s Characteristic Reaction to and Handling of Conflicts Between Himself and Others. Conroe, TX: Teleometrics.
Hamilton, N. G. (1990). Self and Others: Object relations Theory in Practice. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romatic love conceptualized as an attachment precess. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.
Hazan, C., & Zeifman, D. (1994). Sex and psycological tether. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships: Vol. 5. Attachment Processes in Adulthood (pp. 151-178). London:Jessica-Kingsley.
Holmes, J. (1993). John Bowlby and attachment theory. London: Routledge.
Hopmeyer, A. & Asher, S. R. (1997). Children’s responses to peer conflicts involving a rights infracton. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43, 235-254.
Hopmeyer, A. (1996). An examination of children’s strategy responses to two types of conflict situation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, DAO No. AAC 9712311.
Hosley, C. A., & Montemayor, R. (1996). Fathers and adolescents. In M. E.Lamb (Ed.), The Role of the Father in Child Development (3nd ed., pp162-178). New York: Wiley.
Huston, A. C. (1983). Sex typing. In P. H. Mussen, & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (Vol. 4): Socialization, Personality, and Social Development. New York: WILEY.
Jeremy, H. (1993). John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. London: Routledge.
Karine, V., Alfon, M., & Veerle, S. (1996). The internal working model of the self, attachment, and competance in five-year-olds. Child Development, 67, 2493-2511.
Kesner, J. E. (1997). Conflict management in children’s play: The role of parent-child attachment. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 417021.
Kobak, R. R. & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development,59,135-146.
Kobak, R. R., & Hazan, C. (1991). Attachment in marriage: Effects of security and accuracy of working models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6),861-869.
Kobak, R. R., Cole, H. E., Rerenz-Gillies, R., Fleming, W. S., & Gamble, W. (1993). Attachment and emotion regulation during mother-teen problem solving: A control theory analysis. Child Development, 64, 231-245.
Koon, J. O’. (1997). Attachment to parents and peers in late adolescence and their relationship with self-image. Adolescence, 32(126), 471-483.
Lackovic-Grgin, K., Dekovic, M. & Opacic, G. (1994). Pubertal status, interaction with significant others, and self-esteem on adolescent girls. Adolescence, 29(115), 691-700.
Lamb, M. E. (1997). The Role of the Father in Child Development. New York: Wiley.
Lamb, M. E., Hwang, C. P., Ketterlinus, R. D., & Fracasso, M. P. (1999). Parent-child relationships: Development on the context of the family. In M. H. Bornstein, & M. E.Lamb, (Eds.), Developmental Psychology an Advanced Textbook (pp. 411-450). London: Lawtence Erlbaun Associates publishers.
Lau, S., Li, W. L., Chen, X., Cheng, G., & Siu, C. K. K. (1998). The self-perception of ability by Chinese children in China and Hong Kong: Gender and grade differences. Social Behavior and Personality, 26(3), 275-286.
Lee, B. D. (1998). The Relationship Between Maternal Communication Style and Children’s Outcome Expectations for Conflict Resolution Strategies in Peer Conflict Situations.California School of Professional Psychology (Sandiego). DAO No. AAC 9835778.
Levy, K. N., Blatt, S. J., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment style and parental representation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 407-419.
Lieberman, M., Doyle, A. B., & Markiewicz, D. (1999). Developmental patterns on security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence: Associations with peer relations. Child Development, 70(1), 202-213.
Lopez, F. G. (1995). Contemporary attachment theory :An introduction with implications for counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 23(3), 395-415.
Lu, W. Y. (1997). Preshool conflict: Boys and girls in free play. The University of Texas at Austin. DAO No. AAC 9825013.
Lytton, H. & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents’ differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psycholigical Bulletin, 109, 267-296.
Main, M. & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24, 415-426.
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. C. (1985). Security in infancy,childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In Bretherton. J. & Waters. E. (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research (pp.66-104). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2,Serial No.209).
Marsh, H. W. (1984). Age and sex effects in multiple dimensions of preadolescent self-concept. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 252 600.
McAdams, D. P. (1988). Personal needs and personal relationships. In S. Duck (Eds.), Handbook of Personal Relationships: Theory, Research, and Interventions(pp.7-22). New York: Wiley.
Mccallum, K. A. (1996). Attachment Styles in Late Adulthood: Internal Working Model of Friendships among Elderly Residents in A Domiciliary. Pacific Graduate School of Psychology. DAO No. AAC 9723948.
McCormick, B., & Kennedy, H. (1994). Parent-child attachment working models and self-esteem in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23(1), 1-17.
Mikulincer, M. (1995). Attachment style and the mental representation of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 1203-1215.
Mikulincer, M. (1998). Attachment working models and sense of trust: An exploration of interaction goals and affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1209-1224.
Mikulincer, M., & Orbach, I. (1995). Attachment style and repressive defensiveness: The accessibility and architecture of affective memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), 917-925.
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller, A. (1993). Attachmtnt style, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 817-826.
Miller, J. B. & Lane, M. (1991). Relations between young adults and their parents. Journal of Adolescence, 14, 179-194.
Murphy, B., & Eisenberg, N. (1996). Provoked by a peer: Children’s anger-related responses and their relation to social functioning. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 42, 103-124.
Noller, P., & Bagi, S. (1985). Parent-adolescent communication. Journal of Adolescence, 8, 125-144.
O’keefe, D. J. (1982). The concepts of argument and arguing. In J. R. Cox & C. A. Willard (Eds.), Advances in Argumentation Theory and Research (pp. 3-23). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Opotow, S. (1991). Conflict of interests. Eduaction & Urban Society, 23(4), 416-442.
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low accepted children at risk?. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 357-389.
Pervin, L. A., & John, O. P. (1996). Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Wiley.
Pistole, M. C. (1989). Attachment in adult romantic relationships: Style of conflict resolution and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 6, 505-510.
Plancherel, B., Bolognini, M., & Halfon, O. (1998). Coping strategies in early and mid-adolescence: Differences according to age and gender in a comminity sample. European Psychologist, 3(3), 192-201.
Rahim, A. & Bonoma, T. V. (1979). Managing organizational conflict: A model for diagnosis and intervention. Psycholigical Reports, 44, 1323-1344.
Rahim, M. A. (1983). A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 368-376.
Raja, S. N., McGee, R. & Stanton, W. R. (1992). Perceived attachment to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(1), 471-485.
Regina, A. F. (1996). Preoccupied and avoidant coping during middle childhood. Child Development, 67(4), 1318-1328.
Rice, K. G. (1995). Cross-sectional and longitudinal examination of attachment, separation-individualization, and college student adjustment. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73(4),463-474.
Roberts, W. L. (1999). The socialization of emotional expression: Relations with prosocial behaviour and competence in five samples. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31(2), 72-85.
Roseanne, D. (1985). Subjective meanings that socially identified altruistic persons assign to their altruistic behaviors and to phenomena that they experience. United States International University. DAO No. AAC 8516332.
Rose-Krasner, L., Rubin, K. H., Booth, C. L., & Coplan, R. (1996). The relation between maternal directiveness and child attachment security to social competence in preschoolers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 309-325.
Rothbard, J. M., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Continuity of attachment across the life span. In M.B. Sperling & W.H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in Adult. New York: The Guilford Press.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child paychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (5th ed.,pp 619-700). New York: Wiley.
Ryan, R. M. & Lynch, J. H. (1989). Emotional autonomy versus detachment: Revising the vicissitudes of adolescent and young adulthood. Child Development, 60, 340-356.
Sanford, K. (1997). Two dimensions of adult attachment: Further validation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(1), 133-143.
Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., & Shearin, E. N. (1986). Social support as an individual difference variable: Its stability, origins, and relational aspects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 845-855.
Scharfe, E. & Bartholomew, K. (1995). Accomodation and attachment representations in young couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(3), 389-401.
Shantz, C. U. (1987). Conflicts between children. Child Development, 58, 283-305.
Shantz, C. U., & Shantz, D. W. (1985). Conflicts between children: Social-cognitive and sociometric correlates. In M. W. Berkowitz (Ed.), Peer Conflict and Psychological Growth: New Directions for Child Development (pp.3-21). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Shantz, D. W. (1986). Conflict, aggession, and peer status: An observational study.. Child Development , 57, 1322-1332.
Shaver, P. R., Papalia, D., Clark. C.L., Koski, L. R., Tidwell, M. C., & Nalbone, D. (1996). Androgyny and attachment security: Two related models of optimal personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 582-597.
Shockley-Zalabak, P. (1988). Assessing the Hall Conflict Management Survey. Management Communication Quarterly, 1(3), 302-320.
Snow, M. E., Jacklin, C. N., & Maccoby, E. E. (1983). Sex of child differences in father-child interaction at one year of age. Child Development, 54, 227-232.
Sperling , M. B., & Lyons, L. S. (1994). Representations of attachment and psychotherapeutic change. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds), Attachment in Adults(pp331-347). New York: The Guiford Press.
Sroufe, L. A. (1997a). Emotional Development:The organization of Emotional Life in The Early Years. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sroufe, L. A. (1997b). Psychopathology as an outcome of development. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 251-268.
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiartry. New York: Norton.
Thomas, K. W., & Kilmann, R. H. (1974). The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.: Xicom, Inc.
Tiffany, F. & Claudia, L. (1995). Adolescents’ intimacy with parents and friends. Adolescence, 30(117), 133-141.
Turner, P. J. (1991). Relations between attachment, gender, and behavior with peers in preschool. Child Development, 62,1475-1488.
Underwood, M. K., Coie, J. D., & Herbsman, C. R. (1992). Display rules for anger and aggression in school-aged children. Child Development, 63, 366-380.I
Underwood, M. K., Hurley, J. C., Johanson, C. A., & Mosley, J. E. (1999). An experimental, observational investigation of children’s responses to peer provacation: Developmental and gender differences in middle childhood. Child Development, 70(6), 1428-1446.
Valsiner, J., & Cairns, R. B. (1992). Theoretical perspectives on conflict and development. In C. U. Shantz, & W. W. Hartup. (Eds.), Conflict in Child and Adolescent Development. (pp. 15-35). New York: Cambridge University Press.
van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental reponsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387-403.
Verschueren, K., & Marcoen, A. (1999). Representation of self and soceoemotional competence on kindergartners: differential and combined effects of attachment to mother and to father. Child Development, 70(1), 183-201.
Verschueren, K., Marcoen, A., & Schoefs, V. (1996).The internal working model of the self, attachment, and competence in five-year-olds. Child Development, 67, 2493-2511.
Volkema, R. J., & Bergmann, T. J. (1995). Conflict style as indicator of behavioral patterns in interpersonal conflicts. The Journal of Psychology, 135(1), 5-15.
Vondra, J. I., Shaw, D. S., Swearingen, L., Cohen, M., & Owens, E. B. (1999). Early relationship quality from home to school: A longitudinal study. Early Eduaction and Development, 10(2), 163-190.
Wartner, U. G., Grossman, K., Fremmer-Bombik, E., & Suess, G. (1994). Attachment patterns at age six in south germany:Predictability from infancy and implications for preschool behavior. Child Development, 65, 1014-1027.
Waters, E., & Deane, K. E. (1985). Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationship: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. In J. Bretherton, & E. Waters. (Eds.), Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research (pp.41-65). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Serial No.209, 50(1-2).
Waters, E., Merrick, S. K., Albersheim, W., & Treboux, D. (1995, March). Attachment security from infancy to early adulthood: A 20-year longitudinal study. Poster session presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis, IN.
Wheeler, E. J. (1994). Peer conflicts in classroom. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 372874.
Wiley, L. S. (1991). Impact of story-based and problem-solving character education on altruistic behavior in the preschool classroom. Boston College. DAO No. AAC 9211782.
Yang, W.G. (楊文貴) (1998). Children’s Relational Schema: A Predictor of Peer Conflict in Middle Childhood. University of Kentucky. DAO No. AAC 9831535.
Youngblade, L. M., & Belsky, J. (1992). Parent-child antecedents of five-year old close friendships: A longitudinal analysis. Developmental Psychology, 28, 700-713.