本研究旨在探討以跨理論模式的身體活動介入對大專肢體障礙與腦性麻痺學生在身體活動行為、認知及健康體適能之影響。研究參與者為5位大專學生(1位肢體障礙女生、2位腦性麻痺女生及2位腦性麻痺男生)。自變項為身體活動課程，依變項為身體活動行為與認知及健康體適能。課程介入三個月，並於課程結束後6個月進行後續追蹤。於研究開始、介入後及後續追蹤分別對身體活動行為、認知及健康體適能進行測量。量化資料以描述統計、視覺分析法與C統計進行分析；對運動指導員的相關資料進行社會效度。結果發現：(一)身體活動量、身體活動行為改變階段、自我效能與決策平衡於介入後有提升效果，運動改變方法則以意識覺醒、自我再評估及自我解放為主；(二)身體活動量、身體活動行為改變階段、自我效能與決策平衡於後續追蹤有維持效果，運動改變方法以自我再評估、社會解放及自我解放為主；(三)心肺適能、肌力與肌耐力與柔軟度於介入後有提升效果；(四)心肺適能、肌力與肌耐力與柔軟度於後續追蹤有維持效果。結論：(一)身體活動課程對身體活動量有介入與維持的效果；(二)身體活動課程對心肺適能、肌肉與肌耐力有介入與維持的效果。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity intervention on physical activity behavior and cognition, and health-related fitness of college students with disability based on the transtheoretical model. Participants were five college students (one girl with physical disability, two girls with cerebral palsy, and two boys with cerebral palsy). The independent variable in this research was the physical activity program, and the dependent variables were physical activity behavior, cognition, and health-related fitness. Three months of intervention was conducted. Physical activity behavior, cognition, and health-related fitness were assessed at the beginning of the study, after 3 months of intervention, and follow-up assessments were conducted six months after the intervention. Quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, visual analysis, and C statistic. Qualitative data from the exercise instructors were evaluated for social validity. Results were as follows: (1) physical activity program interventions were effective in enhancing level of physical activity, physical activity behavior and stage of change, self-efficacy and decision balance. Process of change was mainly based on consciousness-raising, self-reevaluation and self-liberation; (2) physical activity program interventions showed long-term effects on the level of physical activity, physical activity behavior and stage of change, self- efficacy and decision balance in the follow-up assessments. Process of change was mainly based on self-reevaluation, social liberation and self-liberation; (3) program intervention was effective in improving cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance and flexibility; (4) program intervention showed long-term effects on the cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance and flexibility in the follow-up assessments. It was concluded that: (1) physical activity program had intervening and maintaining effects on the level of physical activity; (2) physical activity program had intervening and maintaining effects on the cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance and flexibility.

參考文獻
內政部 (2007)。身心障礙者權益保障法。2013年11月10日取自全國法規資料庫http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawOldVer_Vaild.aspx?PCODE=D0050046
行政院教育改革審議委員會 (1996)。教育改革總諮議報告書。2013年11月10日取自中央研究院，網址http://www.sinica.edu.tw/info/edu-reform/farea2/
李佳倫、鄭景峰 (2010)。臺灣老年人身體活動量與功能性體適能的關係。大專體育學刊，12，79-89頁。
李淑惠、謝謨郁、洪國欽 (2009)。高屏地區大專院校進修部學生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。運動健康與休閒學刊，12，21-38頁。
李碧霞 (2001)。中年人運動階段、身體活動及其影響因素之研究－以臺北市中山區居民為例 (未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
李碧霞、周雨樺、賴香如 (2009)。運用跨理論模式於體重過重、肥胖學童運動行爲之研究。醫護科技期刊，11，71-86頁。
李麗晶 (2011)。生活型態和健身運動介入對成年人身體活動行為、認知及體適能之影響(未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
杜正治 (2006)。單一受試研究法。臺北市：心理。
林旭龍、呂昌明 (2002)。應用跨理論模式於大學女生身體活動之研究－改變階段模式之效度。衛生教育學報，18，127-140。
林素貞 (2006)。資源教室方案與經營。臺北市：五南。
林坤燦、羅清水 (2008)。台灣地區大專校院身心障礙學生對資源教室實施現況之調查研究。特殊教育學報，27，99-128。
紀依盡、林旭龍 (2008)。應用跨理論模式探討健走對高體脂女大學生運動行為及肥胖變化之研究。學校衛生，53，17-33。
胡蓉、嚴嘉楓、林金定 (2008)。智能障礙兒童主要照顧者壓力來源對其心理健康之影響。身心障礙研究季刊，6，211-221。
柯政良 (2002)。不同背景的運動指導員對其專業知能之需求研究。大專體育學刊，4，
47-54頁。
國立臺灣師範大學體育研究與發展中心 (2000)。各類身心障礙學生體適能檢測辦法研究報告。臺北市：教育部。
張佑宇、林金定 (2008)。智能障礙者健康體能活動：促進與阻礙。身心障礙研究季刊，6，273-285。
張春興 (2010)。張氏心理學辭典。臺北市：東華。
教育部 (1993)。發展與改進特殊教育五年計畫。臺北市：作者。
教育部 (1995)。中華民國身心障礙教育報告書。臺北市：作者。
教育部 (1998)。八十六學年度特殊體育教師體適能評量研習會-補充教材。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學體育研究與發展中心。
教育部 (1999)。中華民國特殊教育概況。臺北市：作者。
教育部 (2000)。大專校院輔導身心障礙學生實施要點。臺北市：作者。
教育部 (2003a)。增進適應體育發展方案。臺北市：作者。
教育部 (2003b)。Physical Best與失能者:融合式體適能檢測手冊。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學體育研究與發展中心。
教育部 (2013a)。特殊教育法。臺北市：作者。
教育部 (2013b)。特殊教育法施行細則。臺北市：作者。
教育部 (2013c)。身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定辦法。臺北市：作者。
教育部 (2013d)。體適能指導：定義及重要性。2013年11月10日，取自教育部特殊教育通報網，網址http://www.fitness.org.tw/direct01.php
教育部 (2013e)。101學年度大專院校各縣市特教類別學生數統計(身障)。2013年10月21日，取自教育部特殊教育通報網，網址https://www.set.edu.tw/sta2/frame_print.asp?
filename=stuF_city_spckind/stuF_city_spckind_20130528.asp
教育部 (2013f)。教育部補助大專校院招收及輔導身心障礙學生實施要點。臺北市：作者。
教育部體育署 (2013)。體育運動政策白皮書。臺北市：作者。
黃文慧、林幸台 (2007)。從ICF演變檢視我國特殊教育障別系統。特殊教育與復健學報，17，89-108。
黃月純 (2006)。1995-2004年臺灣家長參與學校教育的政策與學位論文研究分析。教育政策論壇，9，27-45頁。
黃政傑 (2014)。課程設計。臺北市:東華。
黃瑞琴（2001）。質的教育研究方法。臺北市：心理。
黃靄雯、劉淑雯 (譯) (2011)。活用ICF及ICF-CY：從嘗試到實踐-以特殊教育為中心。臺北市：華騰。 (獨立行政法人國立特別支援教育綜合研究所，2005)
楊昭慧 (2011)。計畫行為理論的預測效果及行動控制的中介作用-以規律運動行為為例(未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
廖華芳、黃靄雯 (2009)。「國際功能、障礙和健康分類」(ICF)簡介及其於台灣推廣之建議。物理治療，34，310-318。
陳秀芬、張正芬 (2012)。大專校院資源教室服務模式-以國立臺灣師範大學為例。特殊教育季刊，128，1-10頁。
陳俊忠 (2005)。現代生活與健康。載於姜慧蘭 (主編)，健康體適能手冊(1-17頁)。新北市：易利圖書。
陳建瑋、季力康 (2009)。大學生不同運動階段基本心理需求與主觀幸福感之相關研究。體育學報，42，25-38頁。
陳勇安、闕月清 (2010)。臺灣適應體育博碩士論文之內容分析：1993-2009。大專體育學刊，12，11-19頁。
陳萱芳 (譯)(2011)。伸展聖經。臺北市：天下文化。 (Anderson, B., 2010)。
高毓秀 (2002)。職場員工運動行為改變計劃之實驗研究-跨理論模式之應用 (未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
劉俐蓉 (2010)。臺北市國中學生身體活動教育介入成效研究-跨理論模式之應用 (未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2010)。臺灣健康體能指引。新北市：作者。
衛生福利部(2012)。新制(8類)與舊制(16類)身心障礙類別及代碼對應表。2013年11月10日，取自新北市政府資訊服務站，網址http://www.ntpc.gov.tw/web/AB?
groupId=0&sortType=2&scly=101000&pageNo=10
衛生福利部 (2013)。「國際衛生組織身體活動量表監測系統」成果說明會。2013年12月17日，取自國民健康署，網址http://www.hpa.gov.tw/Bhpnet/Web/News/News.
aspx?No=200712250383蔣憶德、黎玉東、施宛君 (2010)。不同運動階段學生自覺體適能、生活狀況及生活品質。運動研究，19，34-47頁。
臺北市政府 (2013)。臺北市就讀普通班身心障礙學生之適應體育教學合作模式實施計畫。臺北市：作者。
闕月清、游添燈 (1998)。適應體育理論與基礎。載於國立臺灣師範大學學校體育研究與發展中心(主編)，適應體育導論(頁3-51)。臺北市：教育部。
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. (1980). Health related physical fitness Test. Reston, VA: Author.
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. (1988). The AAHPERD Physical Best Program. Reston, VA: Author.
Allegrante, J. P., & Marks, R. (2003). Self-efficacy in management of osteoarthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 29, 747-768.
American College of Sports Medicine (2013). ACSM’sGuidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
Astroth, D. B., Cross-Poline, G. N., Stach, D. J., Tilliss, T. S. I., ＆ Annan, S. D. (2002). The trans-theoretical model: An approach to behavioral change. The Journal of Dental Hygiene , 76, 286-295.
Ayyangar, R. (2002). Health maintenance and management in childhood disability. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 13, 793-821.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Blair, S. N. (1984). How to assess exercise habits and physical fitness. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Borg, G. (1998). Borg’s Perceived Exertion Scales. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Biddle, J. H., & Mutrie, N. (2001). Psychology of physical activity. London: Routledge.
Bridle, C., Riemsma, R. P., Pattenden, J., Sowden, A. J., Mather, L., Watt, S., & Walker, A. (2005). Systematic review of the effectiveness of health behavior interventions based on the transtheoretical model. Psychology and Health, 20, 283–301.
Cardinal, B.J. (1997). Construct validity of stages of change for exercise behavior. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 68-74.
Carmeli, E., Barak, S., Morad, M., & Kodesh, E. (2009). Physical exercises can reduce anxiety andimprove quality of life among adults with intellectual disability. International Sport Medical Journal, 10, 77-85.
Carnegie, M. A., Bauman, A., Marshall, A. L., Mohsin, M., Westley-Wise, V., & Booth, M. L. (2002). Perceptions of the physical environment, stage of change for physical activity, and walking among Australian adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73, 146-15.
Casperson, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100, 126-130.
Crawford, A., Hollingsworth, H. H., Morgan, K., & Gray, D. B. (2008). People with mobility impairments: Physical activity and quality of participation. Disability and Health Journal,1, 7–13.
Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research (1992). The Prudential Fitnessgram test administer-
ation manual. Dallas: Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research.
DiRocco, P.J. (1999). Muscular strength and endurance. In J. P. Winnick& F. X. (Eds.), The Brockport Physical Fitness Training Guide (pp. 39-73). Champaign, IL: Human Kintics.
Dunn, A. L., & Blair, S. N. (2002). Translating evidenced-based physical activity intervene-
tions into practice: The 2010 challenge. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22, 8-9.
Dunn, J. C., & Dunn, J. G. H. (2006). Psychosocial determinants of physical education behavior in children with movement difficulties. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 23, 293-309.
Dwyer, G. B., & Davis, S. E. (2008). ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual (2nded.). Baltimore, MD: American College of Sports Medicine.
Fernhall, B., & Unnithan, V. B. (2002). Physical activity, metabolic issues, and assessment. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 13, 925-947.
Golubović, S., Maksimović, J.,Golubović, B.,&Glumbić, N. (2012) .Effects of exercise on physical fitness in children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 608-614.
Gorely, T., & Gordon, S. (1995). An examination of the transtheoretical model and exercise behavior in older adults. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 312 -324.
Heyward, V. H. (2010). Advanced fitness assessment and exercise Prescription (6thed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Hilgenkamp, T. I., van Wijck, R., & Evenhuis, H. M. (2010). Physical fitness in older people with ID-Concept and measuringinstruments: A review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31, 1027-1038.
Hoeger, W. W. K., & Hoeger, S. A. (2011). Lifetime physical fitness & wellness: a personalized program. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Horvat, M., Block, M.E. & Kelly, L.E. (2007). Developmental and adapted physical activity assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Johnson, R. E., & Lavay, B. (1988). Kansas Adapted/Special Physical Education Test Manual. Topeka, KS: Kansas State Department of Education
Jewett, A. E. , & Bain, L. L. (1994). The curriculum process in physical education. Dubuque, IA: Brown
Jones, J. C., & Rose, D. J. (2005). Physical activity instruction of older adults. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Kim, Y. H. (2004). Korean adolescents' exercise behavior and its relationship with psychological variables based on stages of change model. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34, 523-530.
Kim, Y. H. (2007). Application of the transtheoretical model to identify psychological constructs influencing exercise behavior: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44, 936–944.
Kohl III, H. W., Dunn, A. L., Marcus, B. H., & Blair, S. N. (1998). A randomized trial of
physical activity intervention: Design and baseline data from Project Active. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 275-283.
Kosma, M., Gardner, R. E., Cardinal, B. J., Bauer, J. J., & McCubbin, J. A. (2006). Psychosocial determinants of stages of change and physical activity among adults with physical disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 23, 49-64.
Laskin, J. J. (2009). Cerebral Palsy.In J. L. Durstine, G.E. Moore, P. L. Painter, & S. O. Roberts (Eds.), ACSM’S Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Diseases and Disabilities (3thed) (pp. 343-349).Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Latimer, A., Brawley, L. R., & Bassett, R. L. (2010). A systematic review of three approaches for constructing physical activity message: What message work and what improvements are needed? International Journal of Behavior Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 1-17.
Mahon, A. D., Woodruff, M. E., Horn, M. P., Marjerrison, A. D., & Cole, A. S. (2012). Effect of stimulant medication use by children with ADHD on heart rate and perceived exertion. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 29, 151-160.
Marcus, B. H., Rakowski, W., & Rossi, J. S. (1992). Assessing motivational readiness and decision balance making for exercise. Health Psychology, 11, 257-261.
Marcus, B. H., & Forsyth, L. H. (2008). Motivating People to be Physical Active (2nded.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Nigg, C. R., & Courneya, K. S. (1998). Transtheoretical model: Examining adolescent exercise behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 22(3), 214-224.
O’Conner, M. J. (1994). Exercise promotion in physical education: Application of the transtheoretical model. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 14, 2-12.
Oliver, M. (2009). Understanding disability: Form theory to practice (2nded.). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Opdenacker, J., Boen, F., Coorevits, N., & Delecluse, C. (2008). Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention and a structured exercise intervention in older adults. Preventive Medicine, 46, 518-524.
Pan, C. Y. (2008). School time physical activity of students with and without autism spectrum disorders during PE and recess. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25, 308-321.
Pinto, B. M., Friedman, R., Marcus, B. H., Kelley, H., Tennstedt, S., & Gillman, M. W. (2002). Effects of a computer-Based, telephone-counseling system on physical activity. American Journal of Prevention Medicine, 23, 113-120.
Porretta, D. L., & Sherrill, C. (2005). APAQ at twenty: A documentary analysis. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22, 119-135.
Prapavessis, H., Maddison, R., & Brading, F. (2004). Understanding exercise behavior among New Zealand adolescents: A test of the transtheoretical. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 346, e17-27.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stage and processes of self change of smoking: Toward an integrative model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390-395.
Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., & Fava, J. S. (1988). Measuring processes of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 521-528.
Prochaska, J. O., & Marcus, B. H. (1994).The transtheoretical model applications to exercise.In R. K. Dishaman (Ed.), Advances in exercise adherence (pp. 161-180). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Prochaska, J.O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997).The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 38-48.
Prochaska, J. O., & Prochaska, J. M. (1999).Helping cure healthcare systems: changing minds and behavior. Disease Management & Health Outcomes, 6, 335-341.
Prochaska, J. O., Norcross, J. C., & DiClemente, C. C. (2007). Changing for good: A Revolutionary Six-Stage Program for Overcoming Bad Habits and Moving Your Life Positively Forward. New York: HarperCollins..
Proper, K. I., Hilderbrandt, V. H., van der Beck, A. J., & Twisk, W. R. (2003). Effect of individual counseling on physical activity fitness and health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24, 218-226.
Rimmer, J. H., & Braddock, D. (2002). Health promotion for people with physical, cognitive,and sensory disabilities: An emerging national priority. American Journal of Health Promotion, 16, 220-224.
Ruuskanen, J. M., & Parkatti, T. (1994).Physical activity and related factors among nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42, 987–991.
Sallis, J. F., Haskell, W. L., Wood, P. D., Fortman, S. P., Rogers, T., & Blair, S. N. (1985). Physical activity assessment methodology in the five-city project. American Journal of Epidemiology, 121, 91-106.
Sallis, J. F., Haskell, W. L., Fortmann, S. P., Vranizan, K. M., Taylor, C. B., & Solomon, D. S. (1986). Predictors of adoption and maintenance of physical activity in a community sample. Preventive Medicine, 15, 331-341.
Scelza, W. M., Kalpakjian, C. Z., Zemper, E. D., & Tate, D. G. (2005).Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84, 576-584.
Sherrill, C. (2004). Adapted physical activity, recreation, and sport: Crossdisciplinary and lifespan (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Surburg, P. R. (1999). Flexibility range of motion. In J. P. Winnick & F. X. Short (Eds.), The Brockport Physical Fitness Training Guide (pp. 39-73). Champaign, IL: Human Kintics.
Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2009). Muscular dystrophy. In J. L. Durstine, G. E. Moore, P. L. Painter, & S. O. Roberts (Eds.), ACSM's exercise management for persons with chronic diseases and disabilities (3thed) (pp. 298-303). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Thomas, J. R., Nelson, J. K., & Silverman, S. J. (2011). Research methods in physical activity (6th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (1978). International charter of physical education and sport. Paris: International Fund for the Development of Physical Education and Sport.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: Author.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2000). Physical activity and fitness. In Healthy People 2010(Eds.), With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health (2nd ed.) (pp. 1-2), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
World Health Organization (WHO). (1980). International classification ofimpairments, disabilities, and handicaps. Geneva: Author.
World Health Organization (WHO). (1998). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: Author.
World Health Organization (WHO).(1999). ICIDH-2: Intemationa1 c1assification of functiona1 and disabi1ity, beta-2 draft, full version. Geneva: Author.
World Health Organization (WHO).(2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: Author.
Winnick, J. & Short, F. (1985). Physical Fitness Testing of the Disabled-Project UNIQUE. Champaign, IL: human Kinetics.
Winnick, J.P. & Short, F.X. (1999). The Brockport Physical Fitness Training Guide. Champaign: Human Kintics.
Winnick, J.P. (2010). Adapted physical education and sport (5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2007). Physiology of sport and exercise (4th ed.). Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
Wu, T. Y., & Pender, N. (2002). Determinants of physical activity among Taiwanese adolescents: An application of the health promotion model. Research in Nursing & Health, 25, 25-36.