研究生: |
尤嫣嫣 Yen-Yen Yu |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
大學生體型及其身體意象相關因素之研究-以中原大學新生為例 The Study of Somatotype and Body Image Related Factors Among the Students in Chung Yuan Christian University |
指導教授: | 黃松元 |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
健康促進與衛生教育學系 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education |
論文出版年: | 2002 |
畢業學年度: | 90 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 145 |
中文關鍵詞: | 體型 、身體意象 |
英文關鍵詞: | Somatotype, Body Image |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:2125 下載:376 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究主要在探討大學生體型及影響大學生身體意象之相關因素。體型分析以中原大學九十學年度新生2016人為對象,實際測量體型分類指標,分析學生體型特性。身體意象之探討以分層隨機抽樣抽出500名新生為對象,研究工具包括身體意象量表、自尊量表、受嘲笑經驗量表、性別角色量表、內外控量表及媒體接觸經驗量表,所得資料以描述性統計、CHAID、MDS、t檢定、變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、典型相關等統計方法進行分析,得到下列重要結果:
一、 三分之一的男生體重超過標準,四分之一的女生體重過輕。
二、 男女生體型上半身多為M,下半身則多為L,體型分類時,下半身類別影響大。
三、 大學生滿意的身體部位為頭髮、臉部及上半身,不滿意的身體部位為腰腹部、下半身、肌肉張力、體重及身高。
四、 大學女生在外表評價及身體部位滿意度低於男生,對外表的在意程度卻高於男生,均達顯著差異。
五、 大學生身體意象與自尊呈顯著正相關,內控型在外表評價及身體部位滿意度高於外控型,達顯著差異。
六、 三分之一的大學生具兩性化特質,其中男生以兩性化特質為多,女生以女性化特質為多,而具兩性化特質者對外表的滿意度較高,具女性化特質者對外表的重視程度較高。
七、 性別、BMI、自尊及受嘲笑經驗為影響身體意象的重要因素。
為了提升大學新生身體意象滿意度,建議相關單位應積極定義國人各成長階段之理想體型標準,同時加強媒體教育努力建構一個健康環境,學校則加強自我肯定訓練,提升個人自信心,強化自尊。
The purpose of this study was to investigate the somatotype and body image related factors among university students. The subjects were 2016 freshmen in CYCU. Data were collected through a self-report survey instrument consisting of The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Self-Esteem Scale, POTS, Sex Role Inventory, Locus of Control Scale and Media Exposure Scale, and anthropometric measures to assess somatotype. The data were analyzed by frequency distribution, CHAID, MDS, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and Canonical correlation.
The results indicated that:
(1) One third of the male is over-weight, while one fourth of the female is under-weight.
(2) Medium was mostly the size of upper parts of both female and male, while large was usually for lower parts. The size of lower parts became the significant factor.
(3) Hair, face, and upper parts were what satisfy subjects, while waist, lower parts, muscle tone, weight, and height were the parts subjects may felt dissatisfied with.
(4) Females felt less satisfied with appearance evaluation and body area satisfaction than males, and males had lower scores of appearance orientation than females.
(5) There was a significant positive relationship between body image and self-esteem.
(6) One third of the subject was androgynous. Most of males were androgynous, and most of females are feminine. Androgyny felt satisfied with appearance evaluation and body area satisfaction. Feminine had higher scores of appearance orientation than the others.
(7) Gender, BMI, self-esteem, and teasing were significant factors related to body image.
The findings of this study suggest that it’s important to develop the standards of somatotype fit Chinese people. Media education needs to be reinforced for the sake of establishing a healthy environment. The assertion training programs should be conducted on campus in order to emphasize esteem-building among the students.
參考文獻
中文部分
王保進(1999)。視窗版SPSS與行為科學研究。台北:心理出版社。
王震武、林文瑛、林烘煜、張郁雯、陳學志,(2001)。心理學。台北:學富文化事業公司。
行政院衛生署(1998)。1993-1996年國民營養調查。台北:行政院衛生署。
伍連女(1998)。台北市高職學生身體意象與運動行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
李美枝(1990)。社會心理學:理論研究與應用。台北:大洋出版社。
李美枝(1981)。性別特質問卷的編製及男女大學生四種性別特質類型在成就動機、婚姻、事業及性態度上的比較。中華心理學刊,23卷1期,23-27。
李美枝、鍾秋玉(1996)。性別與性別角色析論,本土心理學研究,第六期
,260-299。
李復惠(1987)。某大學學生對死亡及瀕死態度之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
李錦楓(1993)。厭食症的人有增無減,健康世界,216期,88-89。
李曉蓉(1997)。青少年身體意象與自尊、沮喪相關之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
李沛良(1997)。社會研究的統計分析。台北:巨流圖書公司。
何秀珠(1994)。國小男女教師性別角色與學生學校適應、學業成就之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
何英奇(1981)。大學生性別角色與自我概念的關係,教育心理學報,14期,221-230。
余玉眉(1975)。身體心像。護理雜誌,22(4),39-46。
吳慧嫺(1996)。台北縣國中生肥胖盛行率調查、體重控制行為及其相關之探討。國立陽明大學社區護理研究所碩士論文。
余昭(1979)。人格心理學。台北:三民書局。
林正常(1996)。運動生理學實驗,3版,台北:師大書苑。
林邦傑(1981)。性別角色與自我防衛、生活適應認知能力的關係。中華心理學刊,23卷2期,107-129。
林宜親、林薇(2000)。青少年體型意識與節制飲食行為之研究。中華衛誌,19(1),33-40。
林月美、朱志良、洪清霖、黃伯超(1985)。台灣地區青少年之營養狀態評估第一報:身高與體重。中華營誌,10(3-4),91-105。
林晉榮、康風都(1995)。體型分類法在運動員選才上之應用。大專體育,19期,91-100。
林旭龍(1994)。國立台北護專八十二學年度新生女子減肥意識、體型誤認有關之健康科學研究。國立台北護專學報,11期,67-95。
林清財(1984)。自我統整與心理特質關係之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
邱皓政(2000)。量化研究與統計分析。台北:五南圖書出版公司。
周玉真(1992)。青少年的身體意象滿意度與其自我概念、班級同儕關係之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
周雯翎(1998)。具身體形象廣告訊息之效果研究。私立世新大學傳播研究所碩士論文。
洪有義(1975)。內外在制握與洛氏制握量表簡介。測驗年刊,22期,99-103。
洪琬卿(2001)。「身」援美麗,「哈」瘦第一?!張老師月刊,288期,8-35。
洪嘉謙(2001)。大專女生性別角色與身體形象關係之研究。私立靜宜大學青少年兒童福利系碩士論文。
洪建德、鄭淑慧(1992)。台北地區女學生的身體形象和飲食行為。中華衛誌,11(4),316-326。
高木蘭(1997)。減重女性的身體形象構成與實踐。私立高雄醫學院行為科學研究所碩士論文。
殷童娟(2000)。兩性平等教育融入式有效性教學策略之研究:以高中家政課為例之個案分析。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
教育部(2001-2003)。學校健康促進計畫。
莊文芳(1998)。影響台北市青少年對身體意象認知相關因素之探討。國立陽明大學衛生福利研究所碩士論文。
陸振芳(1995)。台灣北部大專女護生體型體重態度與身心困擾之相關探討。私立長庚醫學暨工程學院護理研究所碩士論文。
許玉雲(1999)。身體心像概念分析。護理雜誌,46(6),103-106。
許惠謹(1984)。家庭內聚型態與兒童自尊行為困擾及性別角色之相關研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
許勝雄(1991)。人因工程學。台北:揚智文化事業股份有限公司。50-59。
許德發(2000)。專科學生對科學態度、生物學科自我效能與其營養健康信念表徵、學業成就之關係研究。國立台灣師範大學科學教育研究所博士論文。
陳端容、黃文鴻(2001)。社會關係、身體意象與婦女自服美容或減肥藥品之相關性。台灣衛誌,20(4),311-320。
陳美芳、李少華(1991)。剪裁打版技巧法。台北:藝風堂出版社。14-24。
黃文三(1994)。青少年性別角色發展及其相關因素研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所博士論文。
黃安邦(1988)。社會心理學。三版,台北:五南圖書出版公司。
黃俊英(1995)。多變量分析,5版,台北:中國經濟企業研究所。
黃雅婷(2000)。國中女生早晚熟與身體意象、自尊及生活適應之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
張春興(1989)。張氏心理學辭典。台北:東華書局。
張淑珍(1987)。某大學女生體型意識、肥胖度、健康與飲食生活之關係研究,公共衛生,13期,81-101。
郭美英(1996)。女性外表吸引力、自我監控與瘦身美容消費行為關係之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
郭為藩(1996)。自我心理學。台北:師大書苑。
郭靜如(1999)。國小六年級學童之身體意象-以一個班級為例之質性研究。國立台東師範學院教育研究所碩士論文。
賈文玲(2001)。青少年身體意象與自尊、社會關係之研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
趙瑞雯(1996)。高中生體型意識,健康控握與飲食行為間之關係研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
蔡季蓉(1990)。台北市國中生體型意識滿意度與健康知識、健康行為相關性之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
蔡佳靜(2000)。應用三度空間人體計測資料於成衣尺碼分類系統之建立。國立清華大學工業工程研究所碩士論文。
劉秀娟(1999)。兩性教育。台北:揚智。
劉俊昌(2000)。師院學生的體型、體型意識以及有關行為之研究。國立臺中師院學報,14期,111-124。
劉偉平(1997)。減重者的身體意像滿意度與減重動機之研究-以女性大學生為例。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
劉翠華(1994)。男女大學生的外表吸引力知覺與自我檢校、自我意識關係之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。。
盧秋雲(1995)。消費者在吃到飽餐廳食物取用行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
蕭芳惠(1998)。台北市高中女生的體型意識及飲食異常傾向之研究。衛生教育學報,11期,107-127。
聶西平(1998)。瘦身廣告之內容分析。國立台灣大學公共衛生學研究所碩士論文。
藺寶珍(1996)。肥胖國中生的體重控制行為及其相關因素。私立高雄醫學院護理研究所碩士論文。
蘇丁、沙里譯(1992)。做個美麗自由的女人。台北:方智出版公司。
英文部分
Altabe, M., & Thompson, J. K.(1996). Body image: a cognitive self-schema construct ?. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20(2), 171-193.
Abell, S. C., & Richards, M. H. (1996). The relationship between body shape satisfaction and self-esteem: an investigation of gender and class differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(5), 691-703.
Abraham & Lewellyn-Jones (1997). Eating Disorders:the Facts. Oxford, NewYork:Oxford University Publication.
Adame, D. D., Johnson, T. C., & Cole, S. P. (1989). Physical fitness, body image, and locus of control in college freshman men and women. Perceptual & Motor Skill, 68(2), 400-402.
Allison (1995).Handbook of Assessment Methods for Eating Behaviors and Weight-Related Problems. Thousand Oaks, Ca:SAGE. Publication.
Amann-Gainotti, M., & Antenore, C. (1990). Development of internal body image from childhood to early adolescence. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71,387-393.
Bartle-Haring, S. (1997). The relationship among parent adolescent differentiation, sex role orientation and identity development in late adolescent and early adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 20(5), 553-565.
Bem, L. M. (1981).Gender schema theory:A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354-364.
Beren, S., Hayden, H., Wilfley, D., & Grilo, C. (1996). The influence of sexual orientation on body dissatisfaction in adult men and women, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 135-141.
Bordo, S. (1993). Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Brodie, D.A., Drew, S. C., & Jackman, C. (1996). Influence of preconception on body image. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 571-577.
Brannon, L. (1999). Gender: Psychological Perspectives, 2nd/Ed, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Brown, T. A., Cash, T. F., & Mikulka, P. J. (1990). Attitudinal body-image assessment: factor analysis of the body-self relations questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(1ž), 135-144.
Brownell, K. D. (1991). Dieting and the search for the perfect body: where physiology and culture collide. Behavior Therapy, 22, 1-12.
Byrne, N. M., & Hills, A. P. (1996). Should body-image scales designed for adults be used with adolescents? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 747-753.
Cash, T. F. (1990). The psychology of physical appearance: Aesthetics, attributes, and images. In T. F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds), Body Images: Development, deviance, and change (51-79). New York: Guilford Press.
Cash, T. F., Winstead, B. A., & Janda, L. H. (1986).Body image survey report: The great American shape-up. Psychology Today, 24, 30-37.
Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Body Images:Development, Deviance and Change. New York:The Guilford Press.
Cook, M. Z. (1998). Locus of Control and Body Image Esteem: Association with Eating Attitudes. MSW , Long Beach:California State University.
Crook, M. (1994). The Body Image Trap.Canada: International Self- counselpress.
Cusumano, D. L., & Thompson, J. K. (1997). Body image and body shape ideals in magazines : exposure, awareness and internalization. Sex Roles, 37,701-721.
Deborah, J. (1998). Physical activity and body image of female adolescents. JOPERD, 69(5), 27-31.
Deurenberg-Yap, M., Yian, T. B., Kai, C. S., Deurenberg, P., & Staveren, W. A. (1999). Manifestation of cardiovascular risk factors at low levels of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in Singaporean Chinese. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinic Nutrition, 8(3), 177-183.
Dillon, W. R., & Goldstein, M. (1984). Multivariate Analysis, New York: Wiley.
Drench, M. E. (1994). Changes in body image secondary to disease and injury. Rehabilitation Nursing, 19(1), 31-36.
Fabian, L. J., & Thompson, J. K. (1989). Body image and eating disturbance in young females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 63-74.
Featherstone, M. (1991). The body : social processes and cultural theory. London : Sage.
Fox, K. R. (1997). The physical self: from motivation to well-being, New Zealand: Human Kinetics.
Franzoi, S. L. (1991). Gender role orientation and female body perception, paper presentation at American Psychological Association , San Francisco.
Furnham, A., & Greaves, N.(1994).Gender and locus of control correlates of body image dissatisfaction. European Journal of Personality, 8, 183-200.
Furnham, A., Dias, M., & McClelland, A. (1998). The role of body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, and breast size in judgements of female attrativeness. Sex Role, 39(3/4), 311-326.
Garner, D. M. (1997). Body image. Psychology Today, 32-84.
Garner, D. M., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1981). Body image in anorexia nervosa: measurement, theory and clinical implication. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 11, 263-284.
Gitter, A., Lomranz, J., Saxe, L., & Bar-Tal, D. (1983). Perception of female physique characteristics by American and Israeli students. Journal of Social Psychology, 121, 7-13.
Grogan, S. (1999). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children, London: Routledge.
Guinn, B., Semper, T., Jorgensen, L., & Skaggs, S.(1997). Body image perception in female Mexican American adolescents. Journal of School Health, 67,112-115.
Heinberg, L. J. & Thompson, J. K. (1992). The effects of figure size feedback and target comparison group on body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 12,441-448.
Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
Irving, L. M. (2001). Media exposure and disordered eating: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(3), 259.
Jackson, L. A., Sullivan, L. A., & Rostker, R. (1988). Gender, gender role, and body image. Sex Roles, 19(7/8), 429-443.
Jacobi, L., & Cash, T. F. (1994). In pursuit of perfect appearance: discrepancies among self-ideal percepts of multiple physical attributes, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(5), 379-396.
Kann, L., Kinchen, S. A., & Williams, B. I. et al (1998). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States 1997, Journal of School Health, 68(9), 355-369.
Keel, P. K., Fulkerson, J. A., & Leon, G. R. (1997). Disordered eating precursors in pre-and early adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 203-215.
Kleinke, C., & Staneski, R. (1980). First impressions of female bust size. Journal of social Psyhology, 110, 123-134.
Ko, G. T. C., Chan, J. C. N., Cockram, C. S., & Woo, J. (1999). Prediction of hypertention, diabetes, dyslipidaemia or albuminuria using simple anthropometric indexes in Hong Kong Chinese. International Journal of Obesity, 23(ii), 1136-1142.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for reseach activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 88.
Lafriniere, M. L. (1998). Cultural influences on body image perception of native American women. The University of North Dakota, PHD Dissertation.
Levine, M. P., & Smolak, L. (1996). Developmental psychopathology of eating disorders:implications for research, prevention, and treatment. 235-237.Mahwah, NJ: Lawarence Erlbaum Association.
Love, M. B., Davoli, G. W., & Thurman, Q. C. (1996). Normative belief of health behavior professionals regarding the psychosocial and environmental factors that influence health behavior change related smoking cessation, regular exercise, and weight loss, Journal of Health Promotion, 10(5), 371-379.
Madej, P. (1998). The impact of female adolescents’ attitudes toward advertising,locus of control, self-efficacy on body image and eating habits. PHD , Wayne State University.
Maijaliisa Rauste-Von Wright. (1989). Body image satisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: a longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(1),71-83.
Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.
Markus, H., Hamill, R., & Sentis, K. P. (1987). Thinking fat: Self-schema for body weight and the processing of weight relevant information. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 60-71.
Mars, E., Wooley, S. F., & Northrop, D. (1998). Health is Academic: A Guide to Coordinated School Health Programs. New York: Teachers College Press.
Mcallister, R., & Caltabiano, M. L. (1994). Self-esteem, body image and weight in noneating-disordered women, Psychology Report, 75, 1339-1343.
McCaulay, M., Mintz, L. & Glenn, A. A.(1988).Body image, self-esteem, and depression-proneness: closing the gap, Sex Roles,18,381-391.
Mishkind, M., Rodin, J., Silberstein, L., & Striegel-Moore, R. (1986). The embodiment of masculinity: cultural, psychological, and behavioral dimensions, American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 545-562.
Monteath, S. A., & McCabe, M. P. (1997). The influence of social factors on female body image. Journal of Social Psychology, 137(6), 708-727.
Moretti, M. M., & Higgins, E. T. (1990). Relating self-discrepancy to self –esteem: The contribution of discrepancy beyond actual-self ratings. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 108-123.
Myers, P. N., & Biocca, F. A. (1992). The elastic body image: the effect of televion advertising and programming on body image distortions in young women. Journal of Communication, 42(3), 108-133.
Nemeroff, C. J., Stein, R. I., Diehl, N. S., & Smilack, K. M. (1994). From the Cleavers to the Clintons :Role choices and body orientation as reflected in magazine article content. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16,167-176.
Neumark-Sztainer, D. (1996). School-based programs for preventing eating disturbances. Journal of School Health, 66(2), 64-71.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Faibisch, L., Ohlson, J., & Adamiak, M. (1999). Issues of self-image among overweigh African-American and Caucasian adolescent girls: a qualitative study, Journal of Nutrition Education, 31(6), 311-320.
Nielson, A. C. (1979). Who is dieting and why? Chicago, IL: Nielson Company, Research department.
O’Dea, J., & Maloney, D.(2000). Preventing eating and body image problems in children and adolescents using the health promoting schools framework, Journal of School Health, 70(1), 18-21.
Page, A., & Fox, K. R. (1994a). Adolescent weight management: to what extent are weight concerns founded in fatness? International Journal of Obesity, 18(suppl.2), 162.
Page, A., & Fox, K. R. (1994b). Psychological and physical factors associated with adolescent weight management, International Journal of Obesity, 18(12), 838.
Patricia, M. (1998). The impact of female adolescents’ attitudes toward advertising, locus of control, self-efficacy on body image and eating habits( girls, hight school students). Wayne State University PHD Dissertation.
Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., Gibbons, K., Szmukler, G. I., Hillier, L., & Petrovich, J. L.(1991). Body image satisfaction, Dieting beliefs, and weight loss behaviors in adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20(3), 361-379.
Pesa, J. (1999). Psychosocial factors associated with dieting behavior among female adolescence, journal of School Health, 69(5), 196-201.
Pritchard, M. E., King, S. L. & Cazjka-Narins, M. E. (1997). Adolescent body mass indexs and self-perception. Adolescence, 32(128), 863-880.
Posavac, H. D. (1998). Reducting the impact of exposure to idealized media images of feminine attractives on college-afe women with psychoeducational intervenctions. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering. 58(8-B), 4466.
Posavac, H. D., Posavac, S.S., & Posavac, E. J. (1998). Exposure to media images of female attractiveness and concern with body weight among young women. Sex Roles, 38(3/4), 187-201.
Rabak-Wagener, J., Eickhoff-Shemek, J., & Kelly-Vance, L. (1998). The effect of media analysis on attitudes and behaviors regarding body image among college students. College Health, 47, 29-35.
Roberts, D. F., Foehr, U. G., Rideout, V. J., & Brodie, M. (1999). Kids & media @ the new millennium: A comprehensive national analysis of children’s media use. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Robison, T., Killen, J., Litt, I., Hammer, L., Wilson, D., Haydel, F., Hayward, C., & Taylor, B. (1996). Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction: are Hispanic and Asia girls at increased risk for eating disorders? Journal of Adolescent Health, 19, 384-393.
Rolland, K., Farnill, D.,& Driffiths, R. A. (1996). Children’s percetion of their current and ideal body sizes, and body mass index . Perceptual and Motor Skill, 82,651-656.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1),609.
Schlundt, D. G., & Johnson, W. G. (1990). Eating Disorders: Assessment and Treatment. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Siever, M. (1994). Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 252-260.
Silberstein, L. R., Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Rodin, J. (1987). The Role of Shame in Symptom Formation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Association.
Singh, D., & Young, R. K. (1995). Body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, breasts, and hips: role in judgements of female attrativeness and desirability for relationships. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 483-507.
Slade, P. D. (1994). What is body image? Behavior Research and Therapy, 32,497-502.
Stoutjesdyk, D., & Jevene, R. (1993). Eating disorders among high performance athlete. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22(3), 271-282
Thompson, J. K. (1990). Body Image Disturbance: Assessment and Treatment. New York: Pergamon Press.
Thompson, J. K., & Heinberg, L. J. (1999). The media’s influence on body image disturbance and eating disorders: we’re reviled them, now can we rehabilitate them? Journal of Social issues, 55(2), 339-353.
Thompson, J. K., Cattarin, J., Fowler, B. & Fisher, E. (1995). The Perception of Teasing Scale (POTS) : A revision and extension of the physical appearance related teasing scale (PARTS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(1), 146-157.
Tiggemann, M. (1996). ”Thinking” versus “feeling” fat: coorelates of two indices of body image dissatisfaction. Australian Journal of Psychology, 48, 21-25.
Usmiani, S., & Daniluk, J. (1997). Mothers and their adolescent daughters: relationships between self-esteem, gender role identity, and body image, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(1), 45-62.
Vitousek, K. B. & Hollon, S. D. (1990). The investigation of content and processing in eating disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 191-214.
Wardle, J., & Marsland, L. (1990). Adolescent concerns about weight and eating: a social-developmental perspective, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 34, 377-391.
Wooley, S. C., & Wooley, O. W. (1984). Feeling fat in a thin society. Glamour, 198-252.