研究生: |
吳卓容 Joanna Chu-Jung Wu |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
家庭友善政策與尊嚴勞動措施對員工性別平等知覺與組織承諾的影響 The influence of family-friendly policies and decent work measures on employees' perception of gender equality and organizational commitment |
指導教授: |
蔡錫濤
Tsai, Shir-Tau |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
論文出版年: | 2010 |
畢業學年度: | 98 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 138 |
中文關鍵詞: | 家庭友善政策 、尊嚴勞動 、性別平等 、組織承諾 |
英文關鍵詞: | family-friendly policies, decent work, gender equality, organizational commitment |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:185 下載:24 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
對組織而言,了解真正影響提升員工工作生活的因素是重要的。隨著雙薪家庭的增加,家庭友善政策因而萌生且被熱烈討論。此外,近年來歐盟將尊嚴勞動視為最重要的課題。而這兩者皆立基於性別平等的概念之上。因此,此研究欲提出一概念模型,藉家庭友善政策與尊嚴勞動措施的實施以預測員工的組織承諾,並了解員工的對性別平等的知覺在此一模型內的中介作用。
先以一試驗性研究探討家庭友善政策、尊嚴勞動措施、性別平等知覺與組織承諾各量表的適切性。再以修改後的問卷向研究主體-台灣民營企業員工,收集研究資料。描述性與推論性統計資料藉由SPSS軟體分析之,以t考驗與ANOVA分析各群組比較結果。此外,結構方程模型(SEM)亦被運用於瞭解此一假設模型是否成立與其中各構面之可能性關係。
結論證實此一以家庭友善政策及尊嚴勞動措施的實施,併以性別平等知覺為中介因素,欲預測員工之組織承諾之模型的可行性。然而,研究結果亦顯示相關友善政策在台灣的工作職場中仍待加強。
Identifying factors that make a real difference to employees is important for the organization to enhance the working life of staff. With the rise of dual-worker family, family-friendly policies were emerged and seriously discussed. Besides, decent work has been considered as the primary program in EU recently. Both are based on the concept of gender equality. Therefore, this study proposed a conception model aimed to predicted employees’ organizational commitment based on the implementation of family-friendly policies and decent work measures, and the moderating affecting of gender equality was also studied.
A pilot test of adopted instruments on family-friendly policies, decent work measures, perception of gender equality and organizational commitments was conducted. The validated instruments were then used to collect the research data from survey subjects. Afterwards, questionnaire was distributed to the research subjects – the Taiwanese employees in private sectors. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed and interpreted through SPSS software. To make comparisons, t-test and ANOVA were also performed. In addition, structural equation modeling (SEM) technique has been employed to investigate the potential relationships among constructs in the hypothesized model.
The findings verified the defensibility of the proposed model concerning employees’ organizational commitment which can be predicted by the implementation of family-friendly policies and decent work measures and the moderating affecting of gender equality. However, the results shows that evidence of not many such practices were well implemented in the workplace for Taiwanese employees and the legislations offer limited and piecemeal support on this field.
Albrecht, H. (2003). How friendly are family friendly policies? Business Ethics Quarterly, 13 (2), 177-184.
Alston, M. (2006). Gender mainstreaming in practice: A view from rural Australia. National Women’s Studies Association Journal, 18 (2), 123-147.
Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Anderson, T. W. (1984). An introduction to multivariate analysis. New York: Wiley.
Annual labor force survey of 2006, conducted by Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C.
Arthur, M. M. (2003). Share price reactions to work-family initiatives: An institutional perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 46 (4), 497-504.
Aryee, S., Luk, V., & Stone, R. (1998). Family-responsive variables and retention-relevant outcomes among employed parents. Human Relations, 51(1), 73-87.
Ash, A. S., Carr, P. L., Goldstein, R., & Friedman, R. H. (2004). Compensation and advancement of women in academic medicine: Is there equity? Annuals of International Medicine, 141 (3), 205-212.
Aven, F. F., Parker, B., & McEvoy, G. M. (1993). Gender and attitudinal commitment to organizations: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 26 (1), 63-73.
Bagilhole, B. (2006). Family-friendly policies and equal opportunities: A contradiction in terms? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34 (3), 327-343.
Bagozzi, R. P. & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16 (1), 74-94.
Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22 (3), 309-328.
Barge, J. K. & Schlueter, D. W. (1988). A critical evaluation of organizational commitment and identification. Management, 2(1), 116-133.
Barnard, C. (1999). Gender equality in the EU: A balance sheet. In P. Alston, M. Bustelo & J. Heenan (Eds). Oxford University Press (pp. 215-222). Oxford: Oxford University.
Bateman, T. & Strasser, S. (1984). A longitudinal analysis of the antecedents of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 95-112.
Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-42.
Becker, T., Billings, R., Eveleth, D., & Gilbert N. (1996). Foci and bases of employee commitment: Implications for job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 464-482.
Bentler, P. M. (1988). Theory and implementation of EQS: A structural equations program. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bernardi, R. A. & Guptill, S. T. (2008). Social desirability response bias, gender, and factors influencing organizational commitment: An international study. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(4), 797-809.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
Brown, C. & Jones, L. (2004). The gender structure of the nursing hierarchy: The role of human capital. Gender, Work and Organization, 11 (1), 1-25.
Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21(2), 230-258.
Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In J. S. Long (Ed.), Testing structural equation model (pp. 445-455). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Carmines, E. G. & McIver, J. P. (1981). Analysing models with unobserved variables. In G. W. Bohrnstedt & E. F. Borgatta (Eds), Social measurement: Current issues (pp. 223-243). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Chow, S. & Holden, R. (1997). Toward an understanding of loyalty: The moderating role of trust. Journal of Managerial Issues, 9 (3), 275-299.
Chusmar, L. (1986). Increasing women's job commitment: Some practical answers. Personnel, 63, 41-44.
Cotter, D. A., DeFiore, J., Hermsen, J. M., Marsteller, K., & Vanneman, R. (1997). All women benefit: The macro-level effect of occupational integration on gender earnings equality. American Sociological Review, 62, 714-734.
Crompton R. & Le Feuvre, N. (2000). Gender, family and employment in comparative perspective: The realities and representations of equal opportunities in Britain and France. Journal of European Social Policy, 10(4), 334-348.
Cross, C. & Linehan, M. (2006). Barriers to advancing female careers in the high careers in the high-tech sectors: Empirical evidence from Ireland. Women in Management Review, 21 (1), 28-39.
Dale, K. & Fox, M. L. (2008). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Mediating effect of role stress. Journal of Managerial Issues, 20 (1), 109-131.
Daly, M. (2000). A fine balance: Women’s labor market participation in international comparison. In F. W. Scharpf & V. A. Schmidt (Eds.), Welfare and work in the open economy (pp. 467-510). Oxford, New York: Oxford University.
Dex, S. & Smith, C. (2002). The nature of family friendly employment policies in Britain, Policy Press, Bristol.
Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. (n. d.). Manpower Survey Results of 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Attachment/8112613412971.doc
Dobbie, S. & Purcell, K. (2002). Gender mainstreaming and policy practice: A report prepared for fair play southwest on leading practice in the UK and Europe (Bristol, ESRU (Employment Studies Research Unit, University of West of England)). Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www.uwe.ac.uk/bbs/esru.
DTI (2001). The essential guide to work-life balance. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from www.dti.gov.uk/work-lifebalance/publications.html
Dudgeon, P. (2004). A note on extending Steiger's (1998) multiple sample RMSEA adjustment to other noncentrality parameter-based statistics. Structural Equation Modeling, 11 (3), 305-319.
Dulk, L., Doorne-Huiskes, A., & Schippers, J. (1996). Work-family arrangements and gender inequality in Europe. Women in Management Review, 11 (5), 25-31.
Earle, J. (2002). Family-friendly workplaces: A tale of two sectors. Family Matters, 61, 12-17.
Eaton, S. C. (2003). If you can use them: Flexibility policies, organizational commitment, and perceived performance. Industrial Relations, 42(2), 145-167.
Egger, P. (2003). Decent work and competitiveness: Labor dimensions of accession to the European Union. International Labour Review, 142 (1), 5-28.
Erben, G. S. & Güneser, A. B. (2009). The relationship between paternalistic leadership and organizational commitment: Investigating the role of climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 82 (4), 955-968.
European Commission (2001). Employment in Europe 2001: Recent trends and prospects. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=1895&langId=en
European Commission. (n.d.). Employment in Europe 2007[Announcement]. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=113&langId=en
Evans, J. M. (2001). Firms’ contribution to the reconciliation between work and family life. Occasional Papers No. 48, OECD. Retrieved February 28, 2009, from http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2649_33933_1885299_1_1_1_37429,00.html
Fiorito, J., Bozeman, D. P., Young, A., & Meurs, J. A. (2007). Organizational
commitment, human resource practices, and organizational characteristics. Journal of Managerial Issues, 19 (2), 186-207.
Fischer, F. M., Rotenberg, L., & Castro Moreno, C. R. (2004). Equity and working time: A challenge to achieve. Chronobiology International, 21 (6), 813-829.
Fowler, N., Arens, K., Gilbert, L. A., Payne, S. M., Reichl, L. E., & Staiger, J. (2001). Graphic stories: Representing the status of female faculty. Feminist Studies, 30(3), 689-701.
Fransson, S. & Thornqvist, C. (2006). Some notes on workplace equality renewal in the Swedish labour market. Gender, Work and Organization, 13 (6), 606-602.
Geurts, S. A. E., Beckers, D. G. J., Taris, T. W., Kompier, M. A. J., & Smulders, P. G. W. (2009). Worktime demands and work-family interference: Does worktime control buffer the adverse effects of high demands? Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 229–241.
Ghai, D. (2003). Decent work: Concept and indicators. International Labour Review, 142 (2), 113-145.
Gibelman, M. (2003). So how far gave we come? Pestilent and persistent gender gap in pay? Social Work, 48 (1), 22-32.
Glisson, C. & James, L. R. (2002). The cross-level effects of culture and climate in human service teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 767-794.
Godard, J. (2001). High performance and the transformation of work? The implications of alternative work practices for the experience and outcomes of work. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54(4), 776-805.
Goetz, A. M. (1997). Managing organizational change: The ‘gendered’ organization of space and time. Gender and Development, 5(1), 23-34.
Goodman, E. A., Zammuto, R. F., & Gifford, B. D. (2001). The competing values framework: Understanding the impact of organizational culture on the quality of work life. Organization Development Journal, 19(3), 58-68.
Goodstein, J. D. (1994). Institutional pressures and strategic responsiveness: Employer involvement in work-family issues. Academy of Management Journal, 37 (2), 350-388.
Gornick, J. C. & Marcia K. M. (2003). Families that work: Policies for reconciling parenthood and employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Greenhaus, J. H. & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. The Academy of Management Review, 31 (1), 72-82.
Greenhaus, J. H. & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
Grönlund, A. (2007). More control, less conflict? Job demand-control, gender and work-family conflict. Gender, Work and Organization. 14 (5), 476-497.
Grosser, K. & Moon, J. (2005). Gender mainstreaming and corporate social responsibility: Reporting workplace issues. Journal of Business Ethics, 62, 327–340.
Grover, S. L. & Crooker, K. J. (1995). Who appreciates family-responsive human resource policies: The impact of family-friendly policies on the organizational attachment of parents and non-parents. Personnel Psychology, 48(2), 271-288.
Gutek, B. A., Seale, S., Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hall, F. & Hall, D. (1978). Dual-careers: How do couples and companies cope with the problems? Organizational Dynamics, 7, 57-77.
Halpern, D. F. (2005). How time-flexible work policies can reduce stress, improve health, and save money. Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 21 (3), 157-168.
Harrison, J. K. & Hubbard, R. (1998). Antecedents to organizational commitment among Mexican employees of a U.S. firm in Mexico. The Journal of Social Psychology, 138 (5), 609-623.
Hill, E. J., Allen, S., Jacob, J. & Bari, A. F. (2007). Work-family facilitation: Expanding theoretical understanding through qualitative exploration. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9 (4), 507-526.
Huang, I. C., Lin, H. C., & Chuang, C. H. (2006). Constructing factors related to worker retention. International Journal of Manpower, 27 (5), 491-501.
Hunt, S. D., Chonko, L. B., & Wood, V. R. (1985). Organizational commitment and marketing. Journal of Marketing, 49, 112-126.
International Labour Organization. (1999, June). Report of the director-general: Decent work [Announcement]. Geneva: 87th Session of International Labour Conference. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc87/rep-i.htm
International Labour Organization. (2001, June). Report of the director-general: Reducing the decent work deficit - a global challenge [Announcement]. Geneva: 89th Session of International Labour Conference. Retrieved April 5, 2008 from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc89/rep-i-a.htm
International Labour Organization. (2003, November). General report [Announcement]. Geneva: 17th International Conference of Labour Statistics. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_087585.pdf
International Labour Organization. (2008, June 10). Declaration on social justice for a fair globalization [Announcement]. Geneva: 97th Session of International Labour Conference. Retrieved April 5, 2008 from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---cabinet/documents/publication/wcms_099766.pdf
International Labour Organization. (2008, September 8). Measurement of decent work – discussion paper for tripartite meeting of experts on the measurement of decent work [Announcement]. Geneva: ILO. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/---stat/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_100335.pdf
International Labour Organization. (2008, October 28). Tripartite meeting of experts on the measurement of decent work [Announcement]. Geneva: ILO. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_099764.pdf
Ingram, P. & Simons, T. (1995). Institutional and resource dependence determinants of responsiveness to work-family issues. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1466-1482.
Itzin, C. & Newman, J. (1995). Gender, culture and organizational change: Putting theory into practice. London: Routledge.
Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. (2004) Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approache. (2nd ed). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Jasso, G. & Rossi, P. (1977). Distributive justice and earned income. American Sociological Review, 42, 639-651.
Jaworski, B. J. & Kohli , A. K. (1993). Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences, Journal of Marketing, 57, 53–70.
Naisbitt, J. (1990). Megatrends 2000: Ten New Directions for the 1990s. William & Morrow Company, Inc.
Jong, P. D., Lancaster, J., Pelaez, P., & Munoz, J. S. (2008). Examination of correlates of ethical propensity and ethical intentions in the United States, Australia, and the Philippines: A managerial perspective. International Journal of Management, 25 (2), 270-278.
Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought, London and New York: Verso.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D., Quinn, R., Snoek, J.D. & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
Kanter, R. M. (1968). Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 33, 499-517.
Kidd, J. M. & Green, F. (2006). The careers of research scientists: Predictors of three dimensions of career commitment and intention to leave science. Personnel Review, 35 (3), 229-251.
Kinnunen, U. & Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. Human Relations, 52, 157-177.
Kirkman, B. L. & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-74.
Konrad, A. M. & Mangel, R. (2000). The impact of work-life programs on firm productivity. Strategic Management Journal, 21(12), 1225-1237.
Kopelman, R., Rosenweig, L., & Lally, H. (1982). Dual-career couples: The organizational response. Personnel Administrator, 27, 73-78.
Korpi, W. (2000). Faces of inequality: Gender, class, and patterns of inequalities in different types of welfare states. Social Politics, 7, 127–139.
Kossek, E. E., Colquitt, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (2001). Caregiving decisions, well-being, and performance: The effects of place and provider as a function of dependent type and work-family climates. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (1), 29-45.
Kossek, E. E. & Nichol, V. (1992). The effects of on-site child care on employee attitudes and performance. Personnel Psychology, 45, 485-509.
Labatmediene, L., Endriulaitiene, A., & Gustainiene, L. (2007). Individual correlates of organizational commitment and intention to leave the organization. Baltic Journal of Management, 2 (2), 196-203.
LABORSTA -online database
Retrieved April 4, 2009, from http://laborsta.ilo.org/User%20Laborsta%20Form.htm
Lambert, S. (2000). Added benefits: The link between work-life benefits and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 801-815.
Lee, T. & Mitchell, T. (1991). The unfolding effects of organizational commitment and anticipated job satisfaction on voluntary employee turnover. Motivation and Emotion, 54, 99-121.
Liechty J. M. & Anderson, A. A. (2007). Flexible workplace policies: Lessons from the federal alternative work schedules act. Family Relations, 56, 304–317.
Lin, C. P., Hung, W. T., & Chiu, C. K. (2008). Being good citizens: Understanding a mediating mechanism of organizational commitment and social network ties in organizational commitment behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 81, 561–578.
Lo, S., Stone, R., & Ng, C. W. (2003). Work-family conflict and coping strategies adopted by female married professionals in Hong Kong. Women in Management Review, 18 (3), 182-190.
Lobel, S. A. (1999). Impacts of diversity and work-life initiatives in organizations. In Powell G. N. (Eds.), Handbook of Gender and Work (pp. 453-476). Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Lok, P. & Crawford, J. (2001). Antecedents of organizational commitment and the mediating role of job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(8), 594-613.
Loscocco, K. A. & Spitze, G. (1991). The organizational context of women’s and men’s pay satisfaction. Social Science Quarterly, 72(1), 67-73.
Luzadis, R., Wesolowski, M., & Snavely, B. K. (2008). Understanding criterion choice in hiring decisions from a prescriptive gender bias perspective. Journal of Managerial Issues, 20 (4), 468-485.
Mandel, H. & Semyonov, M. (2005). Family policies, wage structures, and gender gaps: Sources of earnings inequality in 20 Countries. American Sociological Review, 70, 949–967.
Marchese, M. C., Bassham, G., & Ryan, J. (2002). Work-family conflict: A virtue ethics analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 40 (2), 145-154.
Marsden, P. V., Kalleberg, A. L., & Cook, C. R. (1993). Gender differences in organizational commitment: Influences of work positions and family roles. Work and Occupations, 20 (3), 368-390.
Martin, L. L., Eddleston, K. A., & Veiga, J. F. (2002). Moderators of the relationship between work-family conflict and career satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 45 (2), pg. 399.
Mathieu, J. & Zajac , D. (1990). A Review of meta-analysis of die antecedents, correlates and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.
McDonald, P. (2000). Gender equity in theories of fertility transition. Population and Development Review, 26 (3), 427-439.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
Meyer, J. P. & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Meyer, J., Herscovitch, S. & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.
Moen, P., Mary A. E., & Donna D. (1997). Their mother’s daughters? The intergenerational transmission of gender attitudes in a world of changing roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 281-293.
Morrison, J. L., Oladunjoye, G. T., & Rose, D. (2008). Significance of leadership style and gender upon adeptness for engaging in organizational innovative initiatives. The Business Review, Cambridge, 9 (2), 43-47.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Mueller, C. & E. Lawler. (1999). Commitment to nested organizational units: Some basic principles and preliminary findings. Social Psychology Quarterly, 325-346.
Netemeyer, R., Bentler, P., Bagozzi, R., Cudeck, R., Cote, J., Lehmann, D., McDonald, R., Heath, T., Irwin, J. & Ambler, T. (2001). Structural equations modeling, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 10(1), 83-100.
Ngo, H. Y. & Tsang, A. W. N. (1998). Employment practices and organizational commitment: Differential effects for men and women? International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 6 (3), 251-266.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2001). Balancing work and family life: Helping parents into paid employment. OECD Employment Outlook. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/11/12/2079435.pdf
Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI) (2001). Gender mainstreaming: Strategy for promoting gender equality. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/conceptsanddefinitions.htm
O’Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487-516.
Osterman, P. (1995). Work-family programs and the employment relationship. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 681-700.
Paoli, P. & Merllie, D. (2000). Third European Survey on Working Conditions 2000. Luxembourg, Office for Office Publications of the European Communities. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/htmlfiles/ef0121.htm
Park, H., Gowan, M., & Hwang, S. D. (2002). Impact of national origin and entry mode on trust and organizational commitment. Multinational Business Review, 10(2), 52-61.
Petersen, T. & Saporta, I. (2004). The opportunity structure for discrimination. The American Journal of Sociology, 109 (4), 852-901.
Poelmans, S. & Beham, B. (2008). The moment of truth: Conceptualizing managerial work-life policy allowance decisions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81 (3), 393-410.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.
Pratt, G. & Rosa, A. (2003). Transforming work-family conflict into commitment in network marketing organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 46 (4), 395-403.
Prottas, D. J. (2008). Perceived behavioral integrity: Relationships with employee attitudes, well-being, and absenteeism. Journal of Business Ethics, 81 (2), 313-322.
Raghavan, V. V, Sakaguchi, T. & Mahaney, R. C. (2008). An empirical investigation of stress factors in information technology professionals. Information Resources Management Journal, 21 (2), 38-63.
Rashid, M. Z. A., Sambasivan, M., & Johari, J. (2003). The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance. Journal of Management Development, 22(8), 708-728.
Rees, T. (2001). Mainstreaming gender equality in science in the European
Union: The ETAN Report. Gender and Education, 13(3), 243-260.
Reeves, D. & Greed, C. (2003). Gender equality and plan making: The gender mainstreaming toolkit, with research contributions by Linda D., Caroline B., & Stephanie D. RTPI Gender Mainstreaming Toolkit. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www.rtpi.org.uk/download/3187/GenderEquality-PlanMaking.pdf
Reichheld, F. (2001). Lead for loyalty. Harvard Business Review, 79, 76-81.
Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257-266.
Ronen, S. & Ronen, A. M. (2008). Gender differences in engineers' burnout. Equal Opportunities International, 27 (8), 677-691.
Sager, J. K. & Johnston, M. W. (1989). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment: A study of salespeople. The Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 9(1), 30-41.
Scambor, C. & Scambor, E. (2008). Men and gender mainstreaming: Prospects and pitfalls of a European strategy. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 16 (3), 301-315.
Scandura, T. A. & Lankau, M. J. (1997). Relationships of fender, family responsibility and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(4), 377-391.
Schein, E. (1970). Organizational psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Schieman, S. & Glavin, P. (2008). Trouble at the border? Gender, flexibility at work, and the work-home interface. Social Problems, 55 (4), 590-612.
Schneer, J. A. & Reitman, F. (2002). Managerial life without a wife: Family structure and managerial career success. Journal of Business Ethics, 37 (1), 25-38.
Schyns, B., Elverfeldt, A., & Felfe, J. (2008). Is there a male advantage in the effects of feedback and leadership on leaders' occupational self-efficacy? Equal Opportunities International, 27 (7), 596-612.
Secret, M. (2006). Integrating paid work and family work: A qualitative study of parenting in the workplace childcare experiences. Community, Work and Family, 9 (4), 407-427.
Sidle, S. D. (2007). Pain or gain: Is there a bright side to juggling work and family roles? The Academy of Management Perspectives, 21 (4), 80-89.
Spector, P. E., Allen, T. D., Poelmans, S. A. Y., & Lapierre, L. M. (2007). Cross-national differences in relationships of work demands, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions with work-family conflict. Personnel Psychology, 60 (4), 805-836.
Stebbins, L. (2001). Work and family life in America: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22 (1), 46-56.
Stephens, R., Dawley, D., & Stephens, D. (2004). Commitment on the board: A model of volunteer directors' level of organizational commitment and self-reported performance. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16 (4), 483-505.
Stum, D. L. (1999). Workforce commitment: Strategies for the New Work order. Strategy & Leadership, 27 (1), 4-7.
Swanberg, J. E. (2004). Illuminating gendered organization assumptions: An important step in creating a family-friendly organization - A case study. Community, Work & Family, 7 (1), 3-28.
Taiwan Review (2008). Gender moves mainstream. Taiwan Review, 58 (4). Retrieved April 15, 2009 from http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=30731&CtNode=119
Tanriverdi, H. (2008). Workers’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment: Mediator variable relationships of organizational commitment factors. Journal of American Academy of Business, 14 (1), 152-163.
Thornton, A., Duane, F. A., & Donald, C. (1983). Causes and consequences of sex-role attitudes and attitude change. American Sociological Review, 48, 211-227.
Tonia, L. W. (2008). Women as wives, mothers or workers: How welfare eligibility requirements influence women's labor force participation? - A case study of Spain. Journal of Economic Issues, 42 (4), 981-1005.
Toth, H. (2005). Gendered dilemmas of the work-life balance in Hungary. Women in Management Review, 20 (5), 361-376.
Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W., & Tripoli, A. M. (1997). Alternative approaches to the employee-organization relationship: Does investment in employees pay off? Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1089-1121.
United Nations (2005, September 15). 2005 World summit outcome New York: the 60th Session of the General Assembly. Retrieved April 15, 2009 from http://www.un.org/summit2005/documents.html
United Nations (2007, July 10). Report of the economic and social council for the 2007 ministerial declaration of the high-level segment. New York: the 62nd Session of the General Assembly. Retrieved April 15, 2009 from http://www.un.org/docs/ecosoc/meetings/2007/HLS%20programme_long%20version_.1June2007.pdf
United Nations Committee on Human Rights (1989). General comment no. 18: Non-discrimination. Geneva: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved April 15, 2009 from http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/3888b0541f8501c9c12563ed004b8d0e?Opendocument
Valentine, S., Godkin, L., & Lucero, M. (2002). Ethical context, organizational commitment, and person-organization fit. Journal of Business Ethics, 41 (4), 349-360.
Velde, M. E. G., Bossink, C. J. H., & Jansen, P. G. W. (2003). Gender differences in the influence of professional tenure on work attitudes. Sex Roles, 49 (3), 153-159.
Vermeir, I. & Kenhove, P. V. (2008). Gender differences in double standards. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2), 281-295.
Vianen, A. E. M. V. (2000). Person-organization fit: The match between newcomers’ and recruiters’ preferences for organizational cultures. Personnel Psychology, 53(1), 113-149.
Walby, S. (1997). Gender transformations. London: Routledge.
Walzer, M. (1983). Spheres of justice: A defense of pluralism and equality. New York: Basic Books.
Wasti, S. A. (2003). Organizational commitment, turnover intentions and the influence of cultural values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 303-312.
Whitehouse, G. (1999). Family-friendly policies: Distribution and implementation in Australian workplaces, The Economic and Labor Relations Review, 10 (2), 34-45.
Williams, K. & Alliger, G. M. (1994). Role stressors, mood spillover, and perceptions of work-family conflict in employed parents. Academy of Management Journal, 37 (4), 837-868.
Williams, L. J. & Hazer, J. T. (1986) Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(2), 219-231.
Wysong, E. & Wright, D. W. (2003). Family friendly workplace benefits: The U.S., Canada and Europe. Critical Sociology, 29 (3), 46-55.
Yiing, L. H. & Ahmad, K. Z. B. (2009). The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behavior and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 30 (1), 53-86.
Zimmerman, S. L. (2001). Family policy: Constructed solutions to family problems. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Patrick Voydanoff (1998)。工作與家庭 (張惠芬、郭妙雪譯)。台北:揚智。
王麗容 (1995)。婦女與社會政策。台北:巨流圖書公司。
李元墩、鐘志明、林育理(2000)。台灣企業員工組織承諾衡量模式建構之研究。國立成功大學學報,35,133-157。
林芳玫 (2009)。性別主流化在台灣:從國際發展到在地化實踐。新世紀智庫論壇,45。2009年2月20日,取自: http://www.taiwanncf.org.tw/ttforum/45/45-07.pdf
張麗雪(1997)。平等就業機會政策之研究-性別歧視理論與平等理論之觀點。國立政治大學公共行政學系碩士論文,未出版,台北。
陳淑貞(2006)。雙職涯家庭工作者「工作與家庭衝突」之研究:以一家大陸台商企業公司為例。國立台灣大學商學研究所博士論文,未出版,台北。