The world goes through constant changes nowadays as a result of globalization, these changes can be seen through the increase interdependence of individuals from different societies. There is a need, however, to understand how Latin-America faces different processes in the context of globalization; not focusing solely on countries as a whole, but on individuals that are part of a nation or region. This study addresses the challenges that expatriates from Latin-America face in multicultural environments and their encounters with national ingroup bias in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to examine ingroup bias experiences that Latin-American expatriates in the United States and Dominican Republic might have towards other groups. This study further explored some of the determinants of national ingroup bias in multicultural organizations, and what are the different strategies managers and organizations implement in order to promote inclusion. A qualitative research approach was selected to conduct this study and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The participants were 18 Latin American expatriates, coworkers and managers located in the United States and Dominican Republic. This study found evidence of ingroup bias in Latin American expatriates and some of the challenges they go through when interacting with individuals of different cultures and their reasons they have for this bias. Additionally, the study found different programs that organizations in the United States and Dominican Republic implement to promote inclusion.

Adler, N. J. (1983). Cross-cultural management: Issues to be faced. International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(1-2), 7-45. doi:10.1080/00208825.1983.11656357

Aglioti, S.M., Bufalari, I., Panasiti, M. S., Porciello, G., & Schepisi, M. (2019). Left threatened by right: Political intergroup bias in the contemporary italian context. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(26), 1-18.

Ahmed, A. M. (2007). Group identity, social distance and intergroup bias. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 324-337.

Ahmed, S. (2007) The language of diversity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(2), 235-256.

Alvarez, C. L., Hurtado, S., & Johnson-Ahorlu, R. N. (2013). Undermining the master plan: California divestment in higher education & student degree progress. Journal of College Admission, Winter, 22-35.

Amodio, D. M., Devine, P. G., Harmon-Jones, E., Plant, E. A., & Vance S. L. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 835-848. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.5.835

Aycan, Z., & Kanungo, R. N. (1997). Current issues and future challenges in expatriate management. In Zeynep A (Ed.), Expatriate Management: Theory and Research, 245-270. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Balliet, D., De Dreu, C. K., & Wu, J. (2014). Ingroup favoritism in cooperation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1556-1581.

Balliet, D., Liu, J., Romano, A., & Yamagishi, T. (2017). Parochial trust and cooperation across 17 societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(48), 12702-12707.

Barabas, A. M. (2014). Multiculturalismo, pluralismo cultural y interculturalidad en el contexto de América Latina: la presencia de los pueblos originarios [Multiculturalism, Cultural Pluralism and Interculturalism in the context of Latin America: the presence of Indigenous Peoples]. Revista de Sociología, 14.

Ben-Ami, Y., Klar, Y., & Schori-Eyal, Noa. (2016). Perpetual ingroup victimhood as a distorted lens: Effects on attribution and categorization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2), 180-194.

Ben-Ner, A., McCall, B. P., Stephane, M., & Wang, H. (2009). Identity and in-group/out-group differentiation in work and giving behaviors: Experimental evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72, 153-170. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2009.05.007

Bettencourt, B. A., Charlton, K., Dorr, N., & Hume, D. L. (2001). Status differences and in-group bias: A meta-analytic examination of the effects of status stability, status legitimacy, and group permeability. Psychological Bulletin, 127(4), 520-542. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.4.520

Black, J. S., & Morrison, A. (1999) Global explorers: The next generation of leaders. New York: Routledge.

Blanco, M., Cruz, J., & Roma, J. (2013). Explorando las Competencias Globales de los Administradores Estadounidenses y Mexicanos Trabajando en un Ambiente Multicultural en los Estados Unidos [Exploring the Global Competencies of US and Mexican Administrators Working in a Multicultural Environment in the United States]. XVII Congreso Internacional de Contaduria y Administracion e Informatica. AFECA, 18.
Bowen, D. E., Javidan, M., & Teagarden, M. B. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring global mindset. Advances in Global Leadership, 6, 13-39.
Bremer, D. (2008). Engineering the world. Online Journal for Global Engineering Education, 3(2), 2.
Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429-444. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00126

Brown, D., Iacono, V. L., & Symonds, P. (2016). Skype as a tool for qualitative research. Sociological Research Online, 21(2), 103-117.

Brown, R., Mullen, B., & Smith C. (1992). lngroup bias as a function of salience. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 103-122.

Canales, A., Vargas, P., & Montiel, I. Migración y salud en zonas fronterizas: Haití y República Dominicana. [Migration and Health in Border Areas: Haiti and the Dominican Republic]. Serie Población y Desarrollo, 1(82), 3-81.

Carter-Thuillier, B., & Moreno, A. (2017). Globalización económica, postmodernidad y sistema educativo: contradicciones y alternativas desde una Educación Física crítica [Economic globalization, postmodernism, and educational system: Contradictions and alternatives from a critical physical education perspective]. Estudios Pedagógicos, 43(3), 103-117.

Cheon, B. K., Livingston, R. W., Hong, Y., & Chiao, J. Y. (2014). Gene environment interaction on intergroup bias: The role of 5-HTTLPR and perceived outgroup threat. SCAN, 9, 1268-1275. doi:10.1093/scan/nst111

Cho, S., Ahraemi, K., & Mor-Barak, M. (2017). Does diversity matter? Exploring workforce diversity, diversity management, and organizational performance in social enterprises. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 1-12.

Christakis, N., Fu, F., Nowak, M., Rand, D., Tarnita, C. E., & Wang, L. (2012). Evolution of in-group favoritism. Scientific Reports, 2(460), 1-6. doi: 10.1038/srep00460

Ciftci, O., Mertan, B., & Rustemli, A. (2000). In-group favoritism among native and immigrant turkish cypriots: Trait evaluations of in-group and out-group targets. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(1), 26-34. doi:10.1080/00224540009600443

Cilak, A., Golec, A., & Wesolowska, E. (2010). Political conservatism, need for cognitive closure, and intergroup hostility. Political Psychology, 31(4), 521-541. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00767.x

Cook, R. E., Field, R. D., Martin, C. L., Nielson, M. G., & Xiao, S. X. (2018).Will They Listen to Me? An Examination of In-Group Gender Bias in Children’s Communication Beliefs. Sex Roles, 80, 172-185. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0924-6

Cox, T. (1991). The Multicultural Organization. The Excecutive, 5(2), 34-47.

Crocker , J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 60-67. doi:O022-3514/9O/$0O.75

De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer, L. L., Handgraaf, M. J. J., Shalvi, S., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2010). Oxytocin Promotes Human Ethnocentrism. PNAS, 108(4), 1262-1266. Retrieved from www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1015316108

De Gilder, D., Ellemers, N., & Haslam, S. A. (2004). Motivating Individuals and Groups at Work: A Social Identity Perspective on Leadership and Group Performance. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 459- 478. Retrieved from: https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/1953449/Ellemers+Academy+of+Management+Review+29%283%29+2004+u.pdf

Deardorff, D. K. (2009). The Sage handbook of intercultural competence. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

Dennissen, M., Benschop, Y., & Brink, M. (2016). Diversity networks: Networking for equality? Academy of Management Conference, 41(2), 219-240.

Dorrough, A. R., Fiedler, S., Glöckner, A., & Hellman, D. M. (2018). Cross-national in-group favoritism in prosocial behavior: Evidence from Latin and North America. Judgment and Decision Making, 13(1), 42-60.

Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., Tyler, R. B., & Perdue, C. W. (1990). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5(3), 475-186. doi:0O22-3514/9O/$O0.75

Efferson, C., Fehr, E., & Lalive, R. (2008). The coevolution of cultural groups and ingroup favoritism. Science, 321, 1844- 1849. doi:10.1126/science.1155805

Eshghi, G. (1985). Nationality Bias and Performance Evaluation in Multinational Corporations. Academy of Management, 93-97. Retrieved fromhttps://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1985.4978719

Finkle, C., Johnson, M. K., LaBouff, J. P., & Rowatt, W. C. (2012).Differences in attitudes toward outgroups in religious and nonreligious contexts in a multinational sample: A situational context priming study. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22, 1-9. doi:10.1080/10508619.2012.634778

Friedman, R. A., & Craig, K. M. (2004). Predicting joining and participating in minority employee network groups. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 43(4), 793-816.

Gaertner, S. L., Mania, E. W., & Riek, B. M. (2006). Intergroupthreat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 336–353.

Giles, H., & Byrnes, J. (1982). An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 3(1), 17-41.

Giles, H., & Johnson, P. (1981) The Role of Language in Ethnic Group Relations. in J.C. Turner and H. Giles (eds) Intergroup Behavior, 199–243. Oxford: Blackwell.

Giles, H., Bourhis, R.Y., & Taylor, D.M. (1977). Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. in H. Giles (ed.) Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations, 307-48. London: Academic Press.

Glover, D., Pallais, A., & Pariente W. (2017). Discrimination as a aelf-Fulfilling prophecy: Evidence from french grocery stores. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132(3), 1219-1260. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx006

Godbey, G., & Turlington, B. (2002). A collaborative approach to international programs. New Directions for Higher Education, 89 - 98.

Green, N. (2009). Expatriation, expatriates, and expats: The american transformation of concept. American Historical Review, 114(2), 307-319.

Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. Sage Publications, Inc.

Gudykunst, W. B. (2003). Cross-cultural and intercultural communication. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

Guerin, B. (1999). Children’s intergroup attribution bias for liked and disliked peers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(5), 583-589. doi:10.1080/00224549909598418

Gutal, S. (2007). Globalisation. Development in Practice, 17, 523-531. doi:10.1080/09614520701469492

Habermas, J. (1994). Struggles for recognition in the democratic constitutional state in gutmann, A. (ed) Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Han, S., Li, B., Luo, S., Ma, Y., Rao, Y., & Zhang, W. (2015). Oxytocin receptor gene and racial ingroup bias in empathy-related brain activity. NeuroImage, 110, 22-31.

Hewlett, S. A., Rashid, R., & Sherbin, L. (2015). Disrupt bias drive value. A new path toward diverse, engaged, and fulfilled talent. New York, NY: Rare Birds Books.
Heyman, M. (2017). Management and multiculturalism in companies. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Centria University of Applied Sciences, Kokkola.

Hogg, M. A., & Reid, S. A. (2006). Social identity, self‐categorization, and the communication of group norms. Communication Theory, 16, 7-30.

Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D, J. (200). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121-140.

Huddy, L., Levy, J., & Sears, D. (2013). The oxford handbook of political psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Jackson, B. W. (2014). Theory and practice of multicultural organization development. In B. Jones & M. Brazzel (Eds.), The NTL Handbook of Organization Development and Change: Principles,Practices, and Perspectives (175-172). San Francisco, CA: NTL Institute.

Johnson, M. K., LaBouff, J. P., & Rowatt, W. C. (2012). Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both? American Psychological Association, 4(2), 154-158. doi:10.1037/a0025107

Judge, T. A., & Robbins, S. P. (2019). Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Kaplan, M.M., Sabin, E., & Smaller-Swift, S. (2009). The catalyst guide to Employee resource groups. Introduction to ERGS 1.
Keys, H. M., Kaiser, B. N., Foster, J. W., Burgos, R. Y., & Khort, B. A. (2014). Perceived discrimination, humiliation, and mental health: A mixed-methods study among Haitian migrants in the Dominican Republic. Ethnicity & Health, 20(3), 3-20.

Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: the cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research, 347-480. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Korte, R. F. (2007). A review of social identity theory with implications for training and development. Journal of European Industrial Training, 31(3), 166-180.

Kravitz, D. A. (2008). The diversity–validity dilemma: Beyond selection—the role of affirmative action. Personnel Psychology, 61(1), 173-193.

Lambert, W. (1996). Book reviews. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27(4), 511-513.

Lauring, J. (2008). Rethinking social identity theory in international encounters: Language use as a negotiated object for identity making. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(3), 343–361.

MacGillivray, E. D., & Golden, D. (2007). Global diversity: Managing and leveraging diversity in a global workforce. International HR Journal, 38-46.

McKown, Q, C., & Quintana, S, M. (2008). Handbook of race, racism and the developing child. doi:10.1002/9781118269930

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and omplementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Mertens, D. M. (2005). Qualitative methods. In S. Connelly & V. Knight (Eds.), Research Method in Education and Psychology (229-263). CA: Sage.

Monetta, D. J., Sink, D. S., Van Aken, E. M. (1994). Affinity groups: The missing link in employee involvement. Organizational Dynamics, 22(4): 38-54.

Moore, F. (2006). Strategy, power and negotiation: Social control and expatriate managers in a german multinational corporation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3), 399-414.

Mor-Barak, M. E. (2017). Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace.

Nair, N., Vohra, N. (2015). Diversity and inclusion at the workplace: A review of research and perspectives. No. WP2015-03-34, Research and Publication Department, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad.

Nifadcar, S. S., Ou, A. Y., & Tsui, A. S. (2007). Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations. Journal of Management, 33(3), 426- 478. doi:10.1177/0149206307300818
Omoregie, N. (2007). The globally competent teacher in secondary level education. Education, 128(1), 3-9.
Osland, J.S. (1995). The Adventure of Working Abroad. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Park, H., Hwangt, S.D., & Harrison, J.K. (1996). Sources and consequences of communication problems in foreign subsidiaries: The case of united states firms in south korea. International Business Review 5(1), 79-98.

Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Peltokorpi, V. (2007). Intercultural communication patterns and tactics: Nordic expatriates in japan. International Business Review, 16(1), 68-82.

Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending allport’s cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(4), 461-476.
Piaget, J., & Weil, A. M. (1951). The development in children of the idea of the homeland and of relations to other countries. International Social Science Journal, 3, 561c578.
Pincheira, I. (2017). Globalización en latinoamérica: Continuidad y discontinuidad del proceso de mundialización capitalista [Globalization in latin america: Continuity and discontinuity of the capitalist globalization process]. Revista Temas Sociológicos. doi:10.29344/07194145.10.194

Polanco, Y. V. (2013). El Proceso de Administración de Recursos Humanos. Enfoque Hacia los Expatriados [The Human Resources Management Process Focus on Expatriates]. Análisis Económico, 67, 78-91.

Pratt, J. M., & Yezierski, E. J., (2018). A novel qualitative method to improve access, elicitation, and sample diversification for enhanced transferability applied to studying chemistry outreach. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 19, 410-430.

Richter, J. (2017). Segmentadas y Segregadas: Las Mujeres en la Fuerza de Trabajo en Venezuela [Segmented and Segregated: Women in the Venezuelan Workforce]. Politeia, 13(39).

Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup
Rolf, S., Schlachter, S., & Welbourne, T. M. (2015). Employee resource groups: An introduction, review and research agenda. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, 1-34.

Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53 (1), 575-604.

Selmer, J. (2006). Language ability and adjustment: Western expatriates in china. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(3), 347-68.

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threattheory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing Prejudiceand Discrimination, 23-46. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Tajfel, H. (1981). Social stereotypes and social groups. In J.C Urner, & H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup Behavior, 144-167. Oxford:Blackwell.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Political Psychology, 276-293

threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Person-
Welbourne, T. M., Rolf, S., & Schlachter, S. (2017). The case for employee resource groups: A review and social identity theory-based research agenda. Personnel Review, 46(8), 1816-1834.

Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245-271.

“Expatriate.” (2011). In Collins English Dictionary. (11th edition). London: HarperCollins Publishers.

“Expatriate.” (2015). In Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

“Ingroup Bias”. (2007). VandenBos, G. R., & American Psychological Association APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

“National Survey of Immigrants, Second Edition”. (2017) Oficina Nacional de Estadística.