簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 瞿正婕
Chu, Cheng-Chieh
論文名稱: 幼兒氣質、父母教養觀與幼兒心理健康之探討
The Relationship among preschooler’s Temperament, Parenting belief and mental health
指導教授: 鍾志從
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 人類發展與家庭學系
Department of Human Development and Family Studies
論文出版年: 2018
畢業學年度: 106
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 109
中文關鍵詞: 幼兒氣質父母教養觀幼兒心理健康
英文關鍵詞: preschooler, temperament, parenting belief, preschooler's mental health
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/THE.NTNU.DHDFS.018.2018.A06
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:339下載:28
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究探討幼兒氣質、父母教養觀與幼兒心理健康之關聯,以臺北市六個行政區中共383位四歲(中班)及五歲(大班)的幼兒為研究對象,根據幼兒家長所填寫的「幼兒氣質量表」與「父母教養觀量表」及教師填寫的「幼兒情緒及行為問題檢核表」來收集資料,並透過SPSS 22.0分析資料。研究結論如下所述:(一)女生的氣質,反應強度大於男生。(二)高社經地位的幼兒氣質堅持性高於中社經地位與低社經地位的幼兒。(三)父母對女生的傳統教養觀念傾向較男生高。(四)低社經地位的父母較中社經地位與高社經地位的父母傳統教養傾向高。(五)女生比男生較焦慮,男生比女生容易出現注意力不集中或過動的情形,男生也比女生容易出現攻擊或違抗的行為。(六)父母教養觀對幼兒心理健康沒有預測力。另外,本研究也發現,幼兒氣質表現可以預測其心理健康:(一)幼兒適應性低、堅持性低、規律性低者,其焦慮的情形較容易出現。(二)幼兒適應性低,其退縮的情形較容易出現。(三)幼兒適應性低、反應強度高、反應閾高者,其情緒反應較容易出現。(四)幼兒趨避性較趨及堅持性較低者,其注意/過動的情形較容易出現。(五)幼兒趨避性較趨者,其攻擊/違抗的情形較容易出現。(六)幼兒活動量較高者,其特殊行為問題或特殊兒童的行為特徵較容易出現。(七)幼兒適應性較低者,其身心症狀較容易出現。

    In order to explore the relationship among child temperament, parenting belief and mental health of preschoolers, the study included 383 preschoo-lers aged 4 to 5 years old in six administrative districts of Taipei City as the study objects. Child’s temperament performance, parenting status, child’s mental health status and related situations among the three were analyzed by “Children's Temperament Questionnaire”, “Parenting Scale” completed by the preschooler’s parents and “Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problem Checklist” completed by their teachers. The study has found: (1) Intensity of reaction in temperament dimension, girls are higher than boys. (2) Temperament of persistence of preschoolers with high SES is higher than those with middle and lower SES. (3) Parenting belief of traditional parenting of girls is higher than that boys. (4) Parents with low socioec-onomic status have higher status in the traditional parenting concepts than middle socioeconomic status and high socioeconomic status. (5) Girls are more anxious than boys. Boys are more prone to attention-hyperactivity problems than girls. Men are also more prone to aggressive-defiant than girls. Moreover, the study also found that children's temperament perfor-mance can predict their mental health: (1) Children who show low on adaptability, persistence and rhythmicity / regularity are more prone to anxiety. (2) Children who show low on adaptability are more prone to withdrawn. (3) Children who show high on intensity of reaction, sensory threshold and low on adaptability are more prone to emotionally reactive. (4) Children who show high on approach or withdrawal and show low on persistence are more prone to Attention-Hyperactivity. (5) Children who show high on approach or withdrawal are more prone to Aggressive-Defiant. (6) Children who show high on activity level, their special behavioral problems or special children’s behavioral characteristics are more easily to occur. (7) Children who show low on adaptability, their psychosomatic symptoms are more easily to occur.
    According to the research, children's natural temperament affects their mental health. When young children's parents and educators observe the children's suspected mental health problems, they must not only understand whether they are affected by the environment and the family, but also discuss the influence of the child's temperament on children's mental health and the relationship between them.

    摘要 iv Abstract v 表次 vii 圖次 ix 第一章 緒論 01 第一節 研究背景與動機 01 第二節 研究目的 05 第三節 研究問題 05 第四節 名詞釋義 07 第二章 文獻探討 11 第一節 幼兒氣質 11 第二節 父母教養觀 21 第三節 幼兒心理健康 34 第四節 幼兒氣質、父母教養與幼兒心理健康的關聯 40 第三章 研究設計 49 第一節 研究架構 49 第二節 研究對象 50 第三節 研究工具 51 第四節 實施程序 55 第五節 資料處理 57 第四章 結果與討論 59 第一節 受試幼兒氣質現況 59 第二節 受試幼兒父母教養觀現況 61 第三節 受試幼兒心理健康現況 64 第四節 幼兒氣質與幼兒心理健康之相關與預測 66 第五節 父母教養觀與幼兒心理健康之相關與預測 75 第五章 結論與建議 81 第一節 結論 81 第二節 研究限制與建議 82 參考文獻 85 附錄一 家長同意書 107 附錄二 教師同意書 108 附錄三 幼兒氣質量表使用同意書 109

    參考文獻
    壹、中文部分
    王秀枝(2003)。兒童氣質與知覺父母教養方式關係之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立嘉義大學,嘉義市。
    王珮玲(1992)。兒童氣質、父母教養方式與兒童社會能力關係之研究(未出版博士論文)。國立政治大學,臺北市。
    王珮玲(1995)。幼兒發展評量與輔導。臺北市:心理。
    王珮玲(2003)。兒童氣質:基本特性與社會構成。臺北市:心理。
    王珮玲(2010)。難養育嬰兒母親對其嬰兒身心特性的覺知與詮釋。臺北市立教育大學學報,41(1),1-34。
    王珮玲(2014)。嬰幼兒氣質回顧與前瞻:1980-2011。應用心理研究,61,52-112。
    王珮玲和許惠萍(2000)。學前兒童氣質與問題行為之研究。臺北市立師範學院學報,31,209-228。
    王淑芬(2006)。幼兒耳溫、氣質與攻擊行為之探究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    王鍾和(1993)。家庭結構、父母管教方式與子女行為表現(未出版博士論文)。國立政治大學,臺北市。
    朱瑞玲(1984)。父母教養方式之變遷。教育資料文摘,14(5),115-134。
    朱瑞玲(1986)。社會變遷中子女教養問題之探討。中國社會學刊,10,115-136。
    吳武典和林繼盛(1982)。家庭與學校聯繫程度與兒童學業成就和生活適應之關係。教育心理學報,15,127-138。
    吳偲嫄和鄧運林(2011)。父母不同教養態度與幼兒社會行為之研究。南亞學報,31,469-493。
    吳逸萱(2006)。家庭危機與轉機:以青少年心理健康問題和偏差行為為例(未出版碩士論文)。靜宜大學,臺中市。
    李玉芳(2008)。父親教養態度與幼兒社會行為之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺東大學,臺東市。
    李宜賢、周亮宇、江欣儀、劉彥君和陳秋芳(2008)。父母教養適配性對幼兒氣質修正與自我概念的影響。幼兒教育年刊,19,151-170。
    李金珠(2011)。父母教養方式、子女同儕關係與子女偏差行為相關性之研究–以中壢市六年級學童為例(未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學,臺北市。
    李美慧(2003)。國小六年級學童個人背景、父母管教方式與自我概念對學業成就之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。長榮大學,臺南市。
    李苑宜和鍾志從(2010)。幼兒色彩偏好與氣質研究。人類發展與家庭學報,12,54-77。
    李雪禎(1996)。青少年的情緒經驗與父母教養方式之分析研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    李蕙美(1992)。父母教養方式對其子女情緒穩定及行為困擾影響之比較研究(未出版碩士論文)。中國文化大學,臺北市。
    李靈和劉偉偉(2007)。幼兒心理健康問題研究進展發展趨勢。幼兒教育(教育科學),11,49-53。
    杜代章(1995)。大力加強幼兒園心理衛生保健工作。學前教育研究,2,49-50。
    兒福聯盟資發處(2008)。2008兒童快樂國跨國比較報告發表記者會。線上檢索日期:2017年10月6日。網址:http:// www.children.org.tw/
    news.php?id=1949&typeid=11&offset=5。
    周舜瑩(2008)。國小兒童氣質與行為問題之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立嘉義大學,嘉義市。
    林文瑛(2003)。教養觀背後的人性觀―以能力觀為例。本土心理學研究,20,253-293。
    林生傳(2005)。教育社會學。臺北:巨流圖書有限公司。
    林佩蓉、王珮玲和湯梅英(1992)。馬氏氣質量表修訂。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(編號:NSC80-0301-H133-04)。
    林怡伶和張鑑如(2016)。學步兒氣質、家庭閱讀環境與閱讀興趣之關係初探。人類發展與家庭學報,11,67-89。
    林青瑩(1998)。青少年偏差行為的家庭因素之分析研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    林俊瑩、邱欣怡和葉芝君(2012)。社經背景、幼年受管教經驗與教養價值觀對學前教育階段家長管教子女方式的影響。中華輔導與諮商學報,32,123-149。
    林家興(2002)。兒童青少年心理衛生工作的現況與建議。學生輔導雙月刊,83,119-123。
    林家興(2007)。親職教育的原理與實務(第二版)。臺北市,心理。
    林婉玲(2009)。台中地區父母教養方式與幼兒社會能力之關係研究(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺中教育大學,臺中市。
    林惠雅(1995)。父母教養行為問卷之編製。應用心理學報,4,39-72。
    林惠雅(1999a)。母親信念、教養目標和教養行為之探討(一)—內涵意義之探討。應用心理研究,2,143-180。
    林惠雅(1999b)。母親信念、教養目標和教養行為之探討(二)—問卷編製與相關分析。應用心理研究,3,219-244。
    林瑞發(1988)。學前兒童行為與主要照顧者氣質特徵之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。中國文化大學,臺北市。
    邱卿瑜(2013)。幼兒氣質與感覺統合發展的關聯(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    施顯烇(1998)。情緒與行為問題:兒童與青少年所面臨與呈現的挑戰。臺北市:五南。
    洪奇昌(1979)。嬰幼兒的氣質評估(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學,臺北市。
    孫碧蓮(2002)。雙親家庭父親管教方式與子女行為表現之探討(未出版碩士論文)。國立政治大學,臺北市。
    徐安立(2013)。大學生父母教養方式與自尊高低之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺中教育大學,臺中市。
    徐美雯和魏希聖(2015)。華人文化教養信念、教養行為對青少年憂鬱及偏差行為之影響。家庭教育與諮商學刊,18,35-63。
    翁雅雪(2005)。學齡兒童氣質與父親父職實踐之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立嘉義大學,嘉義市。
    康玲華(2015)。兒童害羞氣質、父母教養態度與內化行為問題之關係探討(未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立大學,臺北市。
    張如杏(2010)。多元需求個案之處遇:兼論兒童青少年心理衛生社工專業。臺灣社會工作學刊,9,131-154。
    張春興(1994)。心理學概要。臺北市:東華書局。
    張高賓、陳明哲和連廷嘉(2007)。臺灣地區兒童憂鬱流行率之調查研究。臺東大學教育學報,18(1),27-92。
    張惠琴(2009),兒童氣質、父母教養方式與親子關係之研究(未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學,臺北市。
    張麗莎(2001)。淺論幼兒心理健康教育新問題。中國健康教育,3,154-155。
    章淑宜(2014)。城鄉幼兒母親婚姻滿意度、親職效能與教養態度之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺東大學,臺東市。
    許世寬、賴明美、林正介、李采娟和陳偉德(2001)。中興新村幼兒園孩童之氣質研究。臺灣家醫誌,11(2):78-88。
    許春金、周文勇和蔡田木(1996)。男性與女性少年偏差行為成因差異之實證研究。犯罪學期刊,2,1-14。
    許惠萍(1996)。幼兒氣質與問題行為之研究(未出版碩士論文)。中國文化大學,臺北市。
    許憶真(2004)。父母管教方式及國小學生自我概念對其偏差行為之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。靜宜大學,臺中市。
    郭中然和王金蘭(2009)。父母教養方式與幼兒心理健康的關係研究。滄洲師範專科學校學報,25(2),72-73。
    陳必卿(2015)。學齡前家長對不同性別幼兒教養信念之探究。高雄應用科技大學人文與社會科學學刊,1(2),93-105。
    陳如葳(2001)。獨生子女氣質、父母教養方式與其分享行為相關之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。中國文化大學,臺北市。
    陳春香(2012)。國小高年級學童知覺父母教養方式、家庭氣氛與校園偏差行為之相關研究–以高雄市為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    陳若琳(2001)。父母親的教養目標及行為對幼兒社會能力的影響。中華家政學刊,30,31-48。
    陳韻如(2014)。學齡前自閉症光譜疾患兒童的氣質與適應(未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣大學,臺北市。
    陸建國和鍾莉瑛(2006)。家庭對兒童社會化的影響。網路社會學通訊期刊,54。2017年11月5日,取自:http://mail.nhu.edu.tw/~so ciety/e-j/54/54-37.htm。
    曾智豐(2013)。家長社經背景對子女教養行為的影響-以個人價值觀與教育目的認知為中介變項。嘉大教育研究學刊,31,85-118。
    馮燕、江東亮和田旻立(2013)。臺灣大型調查用家長教養量表之發展。幼兒教保研究期刊,7,1-20。
    黃玉臻(1997)。國小學童A型行為、父母管教方式與生活適應相關之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    黃郁茹和鍾志從(2008)。幼兒氣質與注意力之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    黃國忠(2011)。國民心理健康指標之建構(未出版碩士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄市。
    黃琇青(2007)。父母教養信念之探討。網路社會學通訊期刊,63。2018年6月5日,取自:http://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/63/63-60.htm。
    黃禎貞和林世華(2010)。臺灣與美國青少年心理健康泛文化比較之研究。中華心理衛生學刊,23(3),465-491。
    黃毅志(1997)。職業、教育階層論與子女管教:論Kohn的理論在臺灣的適用性。臺東師院學報,8,1-26。
    楊國樞(1986)。家庭因素與子女行為:臺灣研究的評析。中華心理學刊,28(1),7-28。
    楊智凱(2009)。父母社經地位對父母管教價值與方式的影響─檢證Kohn的理論在臺東國中生父母之適用性。臺北市立教育大學學報,40(2),145-180。
    楊騏嘉和魏美惠(2010)。中部地區父母教養態度相關因素之調查研究。彰化師大教育學報,18,63-91。
    鄒國蘇、朱曉慧、陳美吟、黎曉鶯和徐澄清(1987)。幼兒氣質特徵之初步研究。中華精神醫學,2,45-55。
    臺北市政府主計處(2017)。104至105年臺北市各行政區重要統計指標。取自https://www-ws.gov.taipei/Download.ashx?u=Lz AwMS9VcGxvYWQvMzY3L3JlbGZpbGUvNDE1NTIvNzU1NTQ5Ny8yZTQxYTg3ZS02YjU2LTRmMTgtOGMyZi1hZjY4OGY1ZjViNWYucGRm&n=MTA05bm044CBMTA15bm0LnBkZg%3d%3d&icon=.pdf。
    趙心暐(2005)。國中生的氣質、父母教養方式與生活適應之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    趙世和(1986/2011)。國防醫學院心理輔導室,做個心理健康的人。取自:http://www.ndmctsgh.edu.tw/editor_model/u_editor_v1.asp?id =% 7B64D57562-2340-4586-B935-C38BCC57C58B%7D。
    劉慈惠(2001)。現代幼兒母親的教養信念-以大學教育程度者為例。新竹師範學院學報,14,355 - 405。
    劉麗英(2015)。兒童家庭教育系列:心理健康篇。臺北市:元華文創。
    蔡亞蓉(2004)。國小學童父母管教方式、職業自我概念與生涯成熟關係之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺中教育大學,臺中市。
    蔡昆瀛和陳介宇(2009)。幼兒情緒與行為問題檢核表編製初探。臺北市:臺北市立教育大學特殊教育中心。
    蔣月容和孟慶玲(2005)。目前公認的青少年心理健康標準。小讀者,2,57。
    鄭惠萍(2002)。雙親教養態度、人格特質、社會支持、生活事件與青少年心理健康(未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學,臺南市。
    賴保楨(1972)。父母管教態度測驗。臺北市:中國行為科學社。
    賴玲惠(2008)。母親教養風格、幼兒自主性之研究 —以臺北縣為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺東大學,臺東市。
    謝妮娜和王珮玲(2014)。以兒童氣質探討兒童憂鬱傾向及焦慮傾向之關聯研究。臺灣心理學會年會暨「心理學,讓生活更美好」發表之論文,國立臺灣大學。
    鍾怡靜(2009)。父母的教養信念與參與幼兒學習之相關研究。幼兒保育學刊,7,107-123。
    簡志娟(1996)。影響父母教養方式之因素–生態系統理論之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    簡佩芳(2008)。家庭獨立性調節害羞氣質對兒童內化問題的影響:六年追蹤研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學,臺南市。
    顏綵思和魏麗敏(2005)。臺灣中部地區國中小學生自我概念、父母管教方式對攻擊行為影響之研究。臺中教育大學學報,19(2),23-48。
    魏惠貞(1984)。學前兒童獨立性、成就行為及其相關因素之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    羅樊妮(2004)。父母管教方式、異性交往之親子溝通與青少年異性交往態度之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
    壹、 英文部分
    Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Rescorla, L. A. (2003). Are American Children’s problems still getting worse? A 23-year comparison. Jour-
    nal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 1-11.
    Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
    Amato, P. R., & Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, a-nd family diversity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 703-716.
    Angold, A., & Egger, H. L. (2004). Assessment of disturbances in emotion regulation and temperament. I In : Del Carmen-Wiggens R, & Carter A, (eds.). Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment (pp. 123-140). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Bates, J. E., Bayles, K., Bennett, D. S., & Ridge, B., & Brown, M. M. (1991). Origins of externalizing behavior problems at eight years of age. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (eds.). Development and treatment of childhood aggression. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Ridge, B. (1998). Interaction of temperamental resistance to control and restrictive parenting in the development of externalizing behavior. Development Psychology, 34(5), 982-995.
    Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Development Psychology Monographs, 4(1), 1-103.
    Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent comp-etence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
    Becker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kinds of parental discipline. In M. L. Hoffman, & L. W. Hoffman (Eds.). Review of child development research, Vo.1(pp. 169-208). New York, NY: Rus-sell Stage Foundation.
    Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.
    Belsky, J., Hsieh, K., & Crnic, K. (1998). Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys’ externalizing problems and inhi-bition at age 3: Differential susceptibility to rearing influence? Development and Psychopathology, 10, 301–319.
    Biederman, J., Hirshfeld-Becker, D. R., Rosenbaum, J. F., Hérot, C., Friedman, D., Snidman, N., Kagan, J., & Faraone, S.V. (2001). Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1673- 1679.
    Bricker, D., Davis, M. S., & Squires, J. (2004). Mental health screening in young children. Infants and Young Children, 17(2), 129-144.
    Bromet, E. J., Gluzman, S. F., Paniotto, V. I., Webb, C. P. M., Tintle, N. L., Zakhozha, V., et al. (2005). Epidemiology of psychiatric and alco-hol disorders in Ukraine findings from the Ukraine world mental hea-lth survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 681-690.
    Bronfenbrenner, U. (1961). The changing American child - A speculative analysis. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 7, 73-84.
    Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Buss, A., & Plomin, R. (1975). A temperament theory of personality development. New York, NY: Wiley.
    Buss, A., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Carey, W. B., & McDevitt, S. C. (1978). A revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire. Pediatrics, 61(5), 735-739.
    Caron, A., Weiss, B., Harris, V., & Catron, T. (2006). Parenting behavior dimensions and child psychopathology: Specificity, task dependency, and interactive relations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 34–45.
    Caspi, A., & Silva, P., A. (1995). Temperamental qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child Development, 66, 486-498.
    Caspi, A., Henry, B., McGee, R. O., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental origins of child and adolescence behavior problem: From age three to age fifteen. Child Development, 66, 55-68.
    Chao, R. K., & Tseng, V. (2002). Parenting of Asians. In M. H. Bornstein (ed.), Handbook of parenting. Vol. 4: Social conditions and applied parenting (2nd ed., pp. 59-93). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Chatoor, I., & Ganiban, J. (2004). The diagnostic assessment and classification of feeding disorders. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter (eds.), Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health asse-ssment (pp. 289-310). New York: Oxford University Press.
    Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. (Eds.). (2005). Developmental psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
    Clark, R., Tluczek, A., & Gallagher, K. C.(2004). Assessment of parent-child early relational disturbances. In: Del Carmen-Wiggens R, Carter A, (eds.). Handbook of infant, toddler and preschool mental Health assessment (pp. 25-60). New York: Oxford University Press.
    Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496.
    De Pauw, S. S. W., & Mervielde, I. (2010). Temperament, personality and developmental psychopathology: A review based on the conceptual dimensions underlying childhood traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41(3), 313-329.
    De Schipper, J. C., Tavecchio, L. W. C., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & van Zeijl, J. (2004). Goodness-of-fit in center day care: Relations of temperament, stability, and quality of care with the child’s adjustment. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19, 257-272.
    DelCarmen-Wiggins, R., & Carter, A. (2004). Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Eckenrode, J., Laird, M., & Doris, J. (1993). School performance and disciplinary problems among abused and neglected children. Developmental Psychology, 29(1), 53-62.
    Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2004). The preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA): A structured parent interview for diagnosing psychiatric disorders in preschool children. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter (Eds.), Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment (pp. 223-243). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Ekman, P. (1972). Universal and cultural differences in facial expression of emotion. In J. K. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1971 (pp. 207- 286). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
    Elder, G. H. (1962). Structural variations in the child-reading relationship. Sociometry, 25, 241-262.
    Elder, G. H. (1965). Life opportunity and personality. Sociology of Education, 38(3), 173-202.
    Feldman, R.,& Keren, M. (2004). Expanding the scope of infant mental health assessment: A community-based model. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter (Eds.), Handbook of infant, toddler, and presc-hool mental health assessment (pp. 443-466). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Freud, S. (1949). An outline of psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Norton.
    Fullard, W., McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1984). Assessing temperament in one- to three-year-old children. Journal of Pediatric Psycholog-y, 9(2), 205-217.
    Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 26 (1), 64-86.
    Gerlsma, C. P., Emmelkamp, M. G., & Arrindell, W. A. (1990). Anxiety, depression of early parenting: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 251-277.
    Gilliland, D., Gallagher, P., & Growcott, J. (2005). Developments in child and adolescent mental health services. Child Care in Practice, 11(1), 51-61.
    Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., Chess, S. et al. (1987). Roundtable: What is temperament? Four appr-oaches. Child Development, 58, 505-529.
    Goodnow, J. J. (1988). Parents' ideas, actions, and feelings: Models and methods from developmental and social psychology. Child Development, 59(2), 286-320.
    Graham, P., Rutter, M., & George, S. (1973). Temperamental characteristics as predictors of behavioral disorders in children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 43(3) ,328-339.
    Henry, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P., A. (1996). Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and nonviolent criminal convictions: Age 3 to age 18. Development Social Psychology, 32, 614-623.
    Hoffman, M. L., & Saltztein, H. D. (1967). Parent discipline and the child's moral development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 45-57.
    Hurlock, E. B. (1972). Child development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York, NY: Plenum.
    Jaffari-Bimmel, N., Juffer, F., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Mooijaart, A. (2006). Social development from infancy to adolescence: Longitudinal and concurrent factors in an adoption sample. Development Psychology, 42(6), 1143-1153.
    Kathleen, M. R., Margaret, E. E., Howard, C., & Carla, S. (2003). Establishing independence in low-income urban areas: The relation-nship to adolescent aggressive behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 668-680.
    Kilgore, K., Snyder, J., & Lentz, C. (2000). The contribution of parental discipline, parental monitoring, and school risk to early-onset conduct problems in African American boys and girls. Developmental Psycho-logy, 36(6), 835-845.
    Klin, A., Chawarska, K., Rubin, E., & Volkmar, F. (2004). Clinical assessment of children at risk for autism. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter (Eds.). Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment (pp. 311-336). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Kohn, M. L. (1969). Class and conformity: A study in values. Oxford, England: Dorsey.
    Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
    Kuriansky, J. (2016). Promoting mental health, wellbeing and psychosocial support in the UN 2030 Agenda. Retrieved from https://iaapsy.org /si te/assets/files/1350/final_report_of_the_7_sept_mh_wb_side_event.pdf. (September 7, 2016).
    Lee, C. L., & Bates, J. E. (1985). Mother-child interaction at age two years and perceived difficult temperament. Child Development, 56, 1314-1325.
    Lee, S., Tsang, A., Huang, Y. Q., He, Y. L., Liu, Z. R., Zhang, M. Y., Shen, Y. C. & Kessler, R. C. (2009). The epidemiology of depression in metropolitan China. Psychological Medicine, 39, 735-747.
    Lieberman, A. F., Barnard, K. E., & Wieder, S. (2004). Diagnosing infants, toddlers, and preschoolers: The zero to three diagnostic classification of early mental health disorders. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter (Eds.), Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment (pp. 223-243). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Luby, J. L. (2004). Affective disorders. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter (Eds.), Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental hea-lth assessment (pp. 337-354). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Luby, J. L. (2006). Handbook of preschool mental health: Development, disorders, and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the content of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.). P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socia-lization, personality, and socialdevelopment (pp. 1-101). New York, NY: Wiley.
    Maccoby, E. E., (1959). Role-taking in childhood and its consequence for social learning. Child Development, 30(2), 239-252.
    Mantymaa, M., Puura, K., Luoma, I., Salmelin, R. K., & Tamminen, T. (2006). Mother’s early perception of her infant’s difficult tempera-ment, parenting stress and early mother-infant interaction. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60(5), 379-386.
    Martin, R. P. (1988). Child temperament and educational outcomes. In A. D. Pellegrini. (Eds.). Psychological bases for early education. Chich-ester, England: John Wiley.
    Maziade, M., Caron, C., Cote, R., Merette, C., Bernier, H., Laplante, B., Boutin, P., & Thivierge, J. (1990). Psychiatric status of adolescents who had extreme temperaments at age 7. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1531-1536.
    McCabe, L. A., Rebello-Britto, P., Hernandez, M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2004). Games children play:Observing young children's self-regulation across laboratory, home, and school settings. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter (Eds.), Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment (pp. 491-521). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1978). The measurement of temperament in 3-7 year old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19(3), 245-253
    McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1995). Behavioral Style Questionnaire. Scottsdale, AZ: Behavioral –Developmental Initiatives.
    McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V. (1982). Parents’ beliefs about developmental processes. Human Development, 25, 192-200.
    McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V. (1985). The relationship between parental beliefs and children’s cognitive level. In I. E. Sigel (Ed.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (pp.7-24). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Mead, D. E. (1976). Six approaches to child rearing. Provo, Utah: Brigham University Press.
    Messer, S. C., & Beidel, D. C. (1994). Psychosocial correlates of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(7), 975-983.
    Miller, N. B., Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., Hetherington, E. M., & Clingempeel, W. G. (1993). Externalizing in preschoolers and early adolescents: A cross-study replication of a family model. Developmental Psychology, 29(1), 3-18.
    National Institutes of Health. (2012). The numbers count: Mental disorders in America. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics /index.shtml.
    Newman, D. L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P., A. (1997). Antecede-nts of adult interpersonal functioning: Effects of individual differences in age 3 temperament. Development Psychology, 63, 37-46.
    Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instru-ment. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10.
    Pedersen, W. (1994). Parental relations, mental health, and delinquency in adolescents. Adolescence, 29(116), 975-990.
    Piaget, J. (1936/1952). The origins of intelligence in children (2nd ed.). New York, NY: International University Press.
    Pulkkinen, L. (1982). Self-control and continuity from childhood to adole-scence. In B. P. Baites, & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.). Life-span developm-ent on behavior, 4, New York, NY: Academic Press.
    Pumroy, D. K. (1966). Maryland parent attitude survey:A research instr-ument with social desirability controlled. Journal of Psychology, 64, 73-78.
    Rapee, R. M. (2002). The development and modification of temperamental risk for anxiety disorders: Prevention of a lifetime of anxiety? Biologi-cal Psychiatry, 52(10), 947-957.
    Rettew, D. C., & McKee, L. (2005). Temperament and its role in develop-mental psychopathology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 13(1), 14-27.
    Rettew, D. C., Althoff, R. R., Dumenci, L., Ayer, L., & Hudziak, J. J. (2008). Latent profiles of temperament and their relations to psycho-pathology and wellness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(3), 273-281.
    Rigby, K., Slee, P. T., & Martin, G. (2007). Implications of inadequate parental bonding and peer victimization for adolescent mental health. Journal of Adolescence, 30(5), 801-812.
    Rothbart, M. K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569-578.
    Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 207-212.
    Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 105-176). New York, NY: Wiley.
    Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (2006). Temperament. In W. Damon & R. Lerner (Series Eds.) & N. Esienberg(Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 99-106). New York, NY: Wiley.
    Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 37–86). Hills- dale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Rothbart, M. K., & Putnam, S. P. (2002). Temperament and socialization. In Pulkkinen L., & Caspi A., (eds). Paths to successful development: Personality in the life course (pp. 19–45). Cambridge, England: Cam-bridge Unive-rsity Press.
    Rubin, K. H., Burgess, K. B., Kennedy, A. E., & Stewart, S. L. (2003). Social withdrawal in childhood. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 372-406). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
    Sameroff, A., Seifer, R., & McDonough, S. C. (2004). Contextual contrib-utors to the assessment of infant mental health. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter (eds.). Handbook of infant, toddler, and presch-ool mental health assessment (pp. 61-76). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Schaefer, E. S. (1959). A circumplex model for maternal behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 226-315.
    Schaefer, E. S., & Bell, R. Q. (1958). Development of a parental attitude research instrument. Child Development, 29, 339-361.
    Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of child rear-ing. Oxford, England: Row, Peterson and Co.
    Shaffer, D. R. (2010). Social and personality development(社會人格發展)。臺北市,華騰。
    Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2015). Developmental psychology: Childh-ood and adolescence (9ed.)(發展心理學)。臺北市,學富。
    Sheldon, W. (1942). The varieties of temperament: A psychology of const-itutional differences. New York: Harper.
    Sigel, I. E. (1985). A conceptual analysis of beliefs. In I. E. Sigel (Ed.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (pp.345-371). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
    Stice, E., & Gonzales, N. (1998). Adolescent temperament moderates the relation of parenting to antisocial behavior and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13(1), 5-31.
    Stifter, C., & Wiggins, C. (2004). Assessment of disturbances in emotion regulation and temperament. In R. DelCarmen-Wiggins & A. Carter, (eds.). Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment (pp. 79-103). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). Mental disorders. Mental and Substance Use Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders.
    Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The meditational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62(5), 918-929.
    Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. G. (1968). Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York, NY: New York University.
    Thomas, A., Chess, S., Birch, H. G., Hertzig, M. E., & Korn, S. (1963). Behavioral individuality in early childhood. New York, NY: New York University Press.
    Thomas. A., & Chess. S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
    United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations, New York.
    Wachs, T. D., & Kohnstamm, G. A. (2001). Temperament in context. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Wang, C., Xia, Y., Li, W., Wilson, S. M., Bush, K., & Peterson, G. (2016). Parenting behaviors, adolescent depressive symptoms, and problem behavior: The role of self-esteem and school adjustment difficulties among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Family Issues, 37(4), 520-542.
    Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177.
    Watson, J. B. (1928). Psychological care of infant and child. New York, NY: Norton.
    William, W. C. (1958). The PAIS test: A technique for children to evaluate both parent. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22, 487-495.
    Windle, M. (1989). Predicting temperament-mental health relationships: A covariance structure latent variable analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 23(1), 118-144.
    World Health Organization. (2005). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, Practice: A report of the World Health Organizat-ion, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaborat-ion with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. World Health Organization, Geneva.
    Yoshikawa, H. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on social outcomes and delinquency. The Future of Children, 5(3), 51-75.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE