簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 蔡宛霖
Wan-Lin, Tsai
論文名稱: 那雙你不知道的推手-旅行社旅遊產品企劃人員職能模式研究
The Invisible Hands: Study on Tour Planner's Competency Model
指導教授: 王國欽
Wang, Kuo-Ching
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 運動休閒與餐旅管理研究所
Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management
論文出版年: 2013
畢業學年度: 101
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 129
中文關鍵詞: 旅遊產品企劃人員遊程設計與規劃職能模式量表發展
英文關鍵詞: Tour Planner, Tour Planning, Competency Model, Scale Development
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:217下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 一間旅行社要如何推出與競爭者相異且具有競爭力的產品,旅遊產品的規劃與設計,扮演著相當重要的角色;其中的關鍵要素即是:旅遊產品企劃人員 (Tour Planner, TP) 。現階段,實務界中許多衡量的對象,多以探究旅遊產品的企劃、包裝為主,並無對TP人員作其他能力之探討;且無從瞭解產品企劃人員與其他產業從業人員之差異。此外,對於人員過去之相關研究,至今仍付之闕如、鮮少探討。本研究由第一線觀點出發,瞭解產品企劃人員應具備的職能項目,並建構具有信、效度的旅遊產品企劃人員職能模型。先以質化方法─深度訪談、焦點團體及文獻回顧方式,瞭解產品企劃人員應具備的職能;再透過探索性因素分析與驗證性因素分析,將121位產品企劃人員,分屬兩階段進行職能模型的建構以及信效度檢驗。本研究發現,專業的產品企劃人員應具有極佳廣度與深度知識,而非僅單純探討旅遊當地的人文地理;若擁有如推廣能力,才能準確將產品傳達至對應的目標客群。此外,與飯店業差別在於,飯店管理人員往往重視現場管理的職能,與產品企劃人員類似幕後規劃角色有極大的差異。期望未來企業可透過此職能模式,導入相關訓練課程,並能在招募徵才方面,聘用更適合擔任旅遊產品企劃的人才。

    論文通過簽名表.................................................................................................. i 論文授權書......................................................................................................... ii 中文摘要.............................................................................................................. iii 英文摘要.............................................................................................................. iv 謝 誌.............................................................................................................. v 目 次............................................................................................................. vii 表 次............................................................................................................. ix 圖 次............................................................................................................. xi 第壹章 緒論..................................................................................... 1 第一節 研究背景…………………………..................................... 1 第二節 研究問題………………………………………………………. 3 第三節 研究目的……………………………………………………….. 10 第貳章 文獻探討…………………………………………………….. 11 第一節 旅遊產品企劃人員相關探討………………………………….… 11 第二節 遊程設計與規劃之相關探討…………………………………….. 12 第三節 職能與職能模式之相關探討……………………….…………...... 16 第參章 研究設計…………..………………………………………… 21 第一節 研究流程………………………………….………………..……… 21 第二節 研究對象………………………………………………………… 25 第三節 操作型定義……………………………………………………....... 25 第四節 抽樣方式………………………………………………………....... 27 第五節 問卷設計………………………………………………………....... 28 第六節 研究方法………………………………………………………....... 31 第肆章 研究結果…………………………………………………….. 34 第一節 旅遊產品企劃人員職能模式質化調查之樣本特性…….… 34 第二節 質化階段深度訪談內容分析結果……………………………….. 35 第三節 質化階段焦點團體內容分析結果……………………………….. 64 第四節 正式量表之資料處理與分析…………………………………....... 79 第伍章 結論與建議………..………………………………………… 92 第一節 研究結論、貢獻與建議………………………………………….. 92 第二節 研究限制與後續研究建議……………………………………….. 99 參考文獻…....................................................................................... 101 附錄….............................................................................................. 114 附錄一 旅行社產品企劃人員相關職能探討訪談問卷..……………….. 114 附錄二 量化第一階段調查問卷…………………………………………. 117 附錄三 量化第二階段調查問卷…………………………………………. 125

    一、 中文部分
    104證照中心 (2012) 。104人力銀行。2012年12月3日,取自http://www.104learn.com.tw/certify.htm
    中華民國旅行業品質保障協會 (2012) 。金質旅遊行程。取自   http://ww1.travel.org.tw/tqga/tqga-1.html
    中華民國遊程規劃協會 (2012) 。協會介紹。取自http://www.tpdtw.org/info.html
    王一芝 (2012) 。告別僕人式服務,迎接顧問式服務。遠見雜誌,316,100-164
    交通部觀光局 (2012) 。旅行業加數統計。取自交通部觀光局行政資訊系統http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/month.aspx?no=135
    交通部觀光局 (2012)。觀光旅館房間數及家數總表。取自交通部觀光局行政資訊系統http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/month.aspx?no=135
    考選部 (2012) 。應考人專區之領隊導遊人員命題大綱。取自http://wwwc.moex.gov.tw/main/content/wfrmContentLink4.aspx?inc_url=1&menu_id=154
    行政院勞工委員會 (2012) 。行業職業就業指南e網。取自http://statdb.cla.gov.tw/careerguide/ind/ind_detail.asp?section_id=2&id_no=40221
    行政院經濟建設委員會 (2011) 。我國觀光旅遊產業蓬勃發展,商機可期。取自http://www.cepd.gov.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0015254
    辛采宸 (2010) 。旅行社從業人員專業能力分析研究-大陸線領隊和OP人員為例 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立高雄餐旅大學,高雄市。
    邱皓政 (2011) 。量化研究與統計分析:SPSS (PASW) 資料分析範例解析。臺北市:五南。
    容繼業 (1996) 。旅行業理論與實務。臺北市:揚智。
    張紹勳 (2001) 。研究方法。臺中市:滄海。
    張智銘、游萬來 (2012) 。工業設計師應具備之能力─國內外文獻回顧。工業設計,40 (1) ,20-25。
    張錦弘 (2011年12月18日)。導遊領隊證照考 13萬人報名創新高。聯合新聞網。取自http://udn.com/news/LIFE/LIF6/6788217.shtml
    陳瑞倫 (2004) 。遊程規劃與成本分析。臺北市:揚智。
    黃俊英 (2008) 。行銷研究-管理與技術。臺北市:華泰。
    蔡銘修 (2010) 。日本線領隊專業能力分析之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄餐旅大學,高雄市。
    賴春金、李隆盛 (2011) 。職能分析的方法與選擇。飛訊,114,1-22。
    戴苑玲 (2012) 。產品好就一定賣得好?。TTN旅報,751,4。http://www.ttnmedia.com/magazine/frontmagazinecontroller?func=find&magtitlenbr=15049&contentpage=1
    戴苑玲 (2012) 。產品來點創意 銷售會更有利。TTN旅報,708,4。http://www.ttnmedia.com/magazine/frontmagazinecontroller?func=find&magtitlenbr=12634&contentpage=1
    鍾任榮 (2011) 。旅遊行程成本規劃。新北市:前程。

    二、 英文部分
    Abedin, B., Daneshgar, F. & D’Ambra, J. (2010). Underlying factors of sense of community in Asynchronous computer supported collaborative learning environments. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(3). 585-596. Retrieved from http://jolt.merlot.org.
    Agut, S. & Grau, R. (2002). Managerial competency needs and training requests: The case of the Spanish tourist industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13(1). 31-52.
    Altinay & Paraskevas., (2008) . Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism. [Adobe Digital Editions version] http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.opac.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/science/book/9780750681100
    Anderson, J., & Gerbing, D. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
    Anseel, F. & Lievens, Filip. (2007). An examination of strategies for encouraging feedback interest after career assessment. Journal of Career Development, 33(3), 250-268.
    Antonacopoulou E. P. & Fitzgerald, L. (1996). Reframing competency in management development. Human Resource Management Journal. 6(1). 27-48.
    Armstrong, M. & Baron, A. (2005). Managing Performance: Performance Management in Action [Google Books]. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.tw/books?id=qWR_SZPmQh8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=zh-TW&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
    Ataya R. L. & Kulikowich, J. M. (2002). Measuring interest in reading social studies materials. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52(6), 1028-1041.
    Azzopardi, E. & Nash, R. (2013). A critical evaluation of importanceeperformance analysis. Tourism Management, 35, 222-233.
    Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1),74–94.
    Bansal, H. & Eiselt, H. A. (2003). Exploratory research of tourist motivations and planning. Tourism Research, 25, 387-396.
    Bernal, G. & Rodríguez-Soto, N.C. (2010). Development and psychometrics properties of the evidence-based professional practice scale (EBPP-S). Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal, 29(4) 385-390.
    Bitner, M. J., Booms, B. H., & Mohr, L. A. (1994). Critical service encounters: The employee’s viewpoint. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 95-106.

    Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York, NY: Wiley.
    Bowie, D & Chang, J. C. (2005). Tourist satisfaction: A view from a mixed international guided package tour. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(4), 303-322. doi: 10.1177/1356766705056628
    Boyatzis, R. E., Leonard, D., Rhee, K. & Wheeler, J. (1996). Competencies can be developed but not in the way we thought. Capability, 2(2), 25-41.
    Brownell, J. & Chung, B. G. (2001). The management development program: A competency-based model for preparing hospitality leader. Journal of Management Education, 25(2) , 124-145. doi: 10.1177/105256290102500203
    Campion, M., Fink, A. A., Ruggeberg, B. J., Carr, L., Phillips, G. M, & Odman, R. B. (2011). Doing competencies well: Best practices in competency modeling. Personal Psychology, 64(1), 225-262. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01207.x
    Chang, M. W., Nitzke, S., Brown, R. L., Baumann, L. C., & Oakley, L. (2003). Development and validation of a self-efficacy measure for fat intake behaviors of low-income women. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 35(6), 302-307.
    Chen, H. C. & Naquin, S. S. (2006). An integrative model of competency development, training design, assessment center, and multi-rater assessment. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 8(2). 265-281. doi: 10.1177/1523422305286156
    Chisholm, M. E., & Ely, D. P. (1976). Media Personnel in Education: a Competency Approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Chung-Herrera, B., Enz, C. A., & Lankau, M. J. (2003). Grooming future hospitality leaders: A competency model. Human Resources, 41(1), 17-25.
    Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73.
    Cucina, J. M., Vasilopoulos, N. L., and Sehgal, K. (2005). Personality-based job analysis and the self-serving bias. Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(2), 275-290.
    Davis, D., & Cosenza, R. M. (1993). Business research for decision making. California : Wadsworth Publishing.
    Delmar, F. & Shane, S. (2006). Does experience matter? The effect of founding team experience on the survival and sales of newly founded ventures. Strategic Organization, 4(3), 215-247. doi: 10.1177/1476127006066596
    Dustmann, C. & Meghir, C. (2005). Wages, experience and seniority. Review of Economic Studies, 72, 77-108.
    Fornell, C. & Larker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measure error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.
    Gerbing, D. & Anderson, J., (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186-192.
    Gonçalves, V. F. D. C. & Águas, P. M. R. (1997). The concept of life cycle: An application to the tourist product. Journal of Travel Research, 36(12), 12-22. doi 10.1177/004728759703600203
    Grissemann, U. S. & Stokburger-Sauer, N. E. (2012). Customer co-creation of travel services: The role of company support and customer satisfaction with the co-creation performance. Tourism Management, 33, 1483-1492. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.02.002
    Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham R. L. (2005). Multivariate data analysis(6th ed.). Publisher : Pearson Education.
    Horng, J. S., Hsu, H., Liu, C. H., Lin, L., & Tsai, C. Y. (2011). Competency analysis of top managers in the Taiwanese hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 1044-1054. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.012
    Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. In M. Williams & W. P. Vogt (Eds.), Handbook of methodological innovation (pp. 562–589). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Koenigsfeld, J. P., Kim, S. H., Cha, J. M., Perdue, J., & Cichy, R. F. (2012). Developing a competency model for private club managers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 633-641. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.08.007
    Koksal, G., Egitman, A., (1998). Planning and design of industrial engineering education quality, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 35(4), 639-642.
    Kotler, P. (1984). Marketing management: Analysis, planning, and control. Retrieved from http://www.getcited.com/cits/PP/1/PUB/102295162 (Original work published year)
    Laura, W. F. (2011). The definition of tour operator. [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://hotelmule.com/wiki/Tour-operator
    Lee, J. N., Rigby, S. A., Burchardt, F., Thornton, E. W. Dougan, C, & Young, C. A. (2011). Quality of life issues in motor neurone disease: the development and validation of a coping strategies questionnaire, the MND coping scale. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 191, 79-85.
    Liu, J. C. (2010). Tourism destination planning and development. Manuscript submitted for publication .http://www.tim.hawaii.edu/dl/Document%20Library%20%20TO%20490%20Additional%20Materials/TO490_section-5_destination-planning.pdf
    Liu, X.H., Ruan, D., & Xu, Y. (2005). A study of enterprise human resource competence appraisement. The Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 18(3), 289-315.
    Lundberg, C. C. (1972). Planning the executive development program. California Management Review, 15(1), 10-15.
    McDonald, H., Karg, A. J. & Vocino, A. (2013). Measuring season ticket holder satisfaction: Rationale, scale development and longitudinal validation. Sport Management Review, 16, 41-53.
    Mansfield, R. S. (1996). Building competency models: Approaches for HR professionals. Human Resource Management, 35(1), 7-18
    McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for ''intelligence''. American Psychologist, 28, 1-14.

    McClough, A. C. & Rogelberg, S. G. (2003). Selection in teams: An exploration of the teamwork knowledge, skills, and ability test. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11(1), 56-66.
    Medlik, S. & Middleton, V. T. C. (1973). The tourism product and its marketing implications. International Tourism Quarterly, 3, 28-35.
    Noe, R. A. (1986). Trainees’ attributes and attitudes: Neglected influences employees’ participation in development activities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 291-302.
    Nunnally, J. C., (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Palmer, K. N., Ziegenfuss, D. E., & Pinsker, R. E. (2004). International knowledge, skills, and abilities of auditors/ accountants: Evidence from recent competency studies. Managerial Auditing Journal, 19(7), 889-896.
    Powell, T. C. (1993). Total quality management as competitive advantage: A review and empirical study. Strategic Management Journal, 16(1), 15-37.
    Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: Factor recovery with small sample size. Behavior Genetics, 32(2), 153-161.
    Reisinger, Y. & Mavondo, F. (2006). Cultural differences in travel risk perception. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 20(1), 13-31. doi:10.1300/J073v20n01_02
    Roberts, C. (2003). Creating core competencies to develop service excellence. Journal Performance Applied Hospitality Management, 6(1), 102-113.
    Sandwith, P. (1993). A hierarchy of management training requirements: The competency domain model. Public Personnel Management, 22(1), 43-62.
    Shippmann, J. S., Ash, R. A., Battista, M., Carr, L., Eyde, L. D., Hesketh, B., & Sanchez, J. I. (2000).The practice of competency modeling. Personnel Psychology, 53(3), 703-740.
    Silveira, E. D., Polanczuk, G. V., Eizirik, M., Hauck, S., Eizirik, C. L., & Ceittin, L. H. F. (2012). Trauma and countertransference: development and validity of the Assessment of Countertransference Scale (ACS). Revista Brasileirade Psiquiatria, 34(2), 201-206.
    Smith, S. L. J. (1988). Defining tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 179-190.
    Smith, S. L. J. (1994). The tourism product. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 582-595.
    Sönmez, S. & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 172-177.
    Stoof, A., Martens, R. L., Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Bastiaens, T. J. (2002). The boundary approach of competence: A constructivist aid for understanding and using the concept of competence. Human Resource Development Review. 1(3). 345-365.
    Supjarerndee, S., Temtanapar, Y., and Phalavonk, U. (2002). Recruitment filtering with personlity-job fit model. The Journal of KMITNB, 14(3), 46-51.
    Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 203-220.
    Talukder, M. H. (2011). Strategic job analysis and competency modeling in HRM: Lessons from manufacturing firms in bangladesh. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 3(3), 169-176.
    Tas, R. F. (1988). Teaching future managers. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 29(2), 41-43.
    Tebes, J. K., Matlin, S. L., Migdole, S. J., Farks, M. S., Money, R. W., Shulman, L., & Hoge, M. A. (2011). Providing competency training to clinical supervisors through an interactional supervision approach. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(2). 190-199. doi: 10.1177/1049731510385827
    Teodorescu, T. (2006). Competence versus competency: What is the difference? Performance Improvement, 45(10), 27-30. doi:10.1002/pfi.027
    Tian-Cole, S.; Crompton, J.L. 2003. A conceptualization of the relationships between service quality and visitor satisfaction, and their links to destination selection. Leisure Studies. 22,65-80.

    Tien, A. Y., Eaton, W. W., Schlaepfer, T. E., Mcglchrisr, I. K., Menon, R., Powers, R., … Pearlson, G. D. (1996). Explortory factor analysis of MRI brain structure measures in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 19, 93-101.
    Ujma, D. (2001). Distribution channels for tourism: theory and issues. In D. Buhalis, & E. Laws (Eds.) , Tourism distribution channels: Practices, issues and transformations (pp. 33-52). London,UK: Continuum International Publishing Group.

    Wang, K. C., Chou, S. H., Su, C.J., & Tsai, H.Y. (2007). More information, stronger effectiveness? Different group package tour advertising components on web page. Journal of Business Research, 60(4), 382-387.
    Wang, L. (2002). Practical personnel measure (in Chinese), Economic Science Press, Beijing.
    Warech, M. A. (2002). Competency-based structured interviewing: At the buckhead beef company. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 70-77.
    Wijk, J. V. & Persoon, W. (2006). A Long-haul Destination: Sustainability Reporting Among Tour Operators. European Management Journal, 24(6), 381-395. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2006.07.001
    Woods, D. (2010). HR speak competencies vs competences. Managementoday.com: http://www.managementoday.com/
    Worthington, R. L. & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806-838.
    Yeung, A., Woolcock, P., Sullivan, J. (1996). Identifying and developing HR competencies for the future: Keys to Sustaining the Transformation of HR functions. Human Resource Planning, 19(4), 48-58.
    Zhang, H. Q. & Chow, I. (2004). Application of importance-performance model in tour guides’ performance: Evidence from mainland Chinese outbound visitors in Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 25(1), 81-91.
    Zhang, X., Song, H., & Huang, G. Q. (2009). Tourism supply chain management: A new research agenda. Tourism Management, 30, 345-358. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.010

    無法下載圖示 本全文未授權公開
    QR CODE