簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 蔡秀玲
論文名稱: 受督者自覺諮商情境相關情緒在督道中情緒覺察歷程之研究
指導教授: 陳秉華
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2004
畢業學年度: 92
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 157
中文關鍵詞: 情緒覺察督導歷程研究受督者
英文關鍵詞: emotion awareness, supervision process research
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:155下載:21
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討受督者自覺諮商情境相關情緒在督導中情緒覺察的歷程。主要的研究問題包括:在諮商督導中,當受督者提及諮商情境相關的情緒,督導者協助受督者覺察情緒的歷程由哪些階段與範疇組成?受督者諮商相關情緒的覺察歷程在不同次督導晤談中或者在不同督導配對中有何異同?受督者覺察諮商相關情緒之後有何收穫,以及督導者如何協助受督者覺察諮商相關情緒。本研究邀請三名碩士以上學歷,有7年以上督導實務經驗,且在督導中重視情緒覺察的合格諮商心理師為督導者,並就她們目前督導的諮商員中,邀請三位願意開放自己經驗被研究者為受督者,三位受督者除一位為大學學歷之外,其餘兩位為博士層級研究生,均具有5年以上諮商實務經驗,共形成三組督導配對。本研究所蒐集的資料包括三組督導配對連續六次的督導晤談錄音、每位督導者與受督者的一次初次訪談、每位受督者每次督導後的事後訪談、以及督導者與受督者一至三次的回顧訪談。本研究以情緒覺察事件為研究焦點,以發現式取向的改變歷程研究為研究取向,資料分析方法則採用紮根理論的開放性譯碼與主軸譯碼分析。
    研究結果發現:受督者自覺諮商情境相關情緒在督導中的情緒覺察歷程主要會經歷「預備探索情緒」、「情緒體驗探究」及「情緒確認與領悟」三大階段。在預備探索情緒階段,包括「對被引發的情緒感到困惑」與「主動提及諮商互動與被引發的感受」兩個範疇。在體驗探究階段,則可分為「情緒再體驗」與「認知探究」兩個範疇,情緒再體驗又包括正視感受、感受喚起,以及感受分化三個次範疇,認知探究則包括探索與案主人際互動中情感經驗的關連、探索受督者背後的假設或信念,以及探索與受督者個人經驗或議題的關連。情緒確認與領悟階段,包括確認自己內在感受,以及洞察情緒背後的源由。受督者在覺察諮商情境相關情緒之後的收獲包括:情緒釋懷、接納自己的現況、能力感、增加情緒處理能力,以及促進專業統整等方面。督導者協助受督者覺察諮商情境相關情緒的主要督導介入包括提供安全與支持、情緒辨識與聚焦、情緒澄清與確認,以及情緒與認知的連結。
    最後,依據研究結果,對督導實務與訓練、諮商員教育,以及未來研究提出具體建議。

    The purposes of the study were to analyze the supervisee’s emotion awareness process, the supervisor’s interventions, and also the effects of emotion awareness. Tree dyads of supervisors and supervisees were participated in the study. The supervisory processes were recorded and transcribed in six times. Moreover, three supervisees were interviewed to understand their personal experiences. Qualitative analysis was applied to the collected data. The results of the analysis were as follow:
    1. The supervisee’s emotion awareness process included tree stages: position to explore, experience and probe, and insight.
    2. In the stage of position to explore, the supervisees were confused about their feelings, stated the feelings caused by client, and described the specific scenes and her reactions at that time.
    3. In the stage of experience and probe, the supervisee would acknowledge the feelings, have emotions arousal, differentiate the feelings. Sometimes, the supervisee would probe their beliefs, explore the relationship between emotions and client’s dynamic or supervisee’s personal issues.
    4. In the stage of insight, the supervisee would validate the emotions, recognize the link between feelings and client’s dynamic, aware the core belief, or aware the personal issue.
    5. The effects of emotion awareness included of letting go the emotions, self-acceptance, feeling competence, increasing the ability to contain emotions and empathy, and also helping the integration of theory and practice.
    6. The functions of the supervisor’s interventions were to provide safe and holding, focus on the emotions, clarify the emotions and get the validation, and expand the link between emotion and cognition.
    According to the results of the study, suggestions for supervision, counseling education, and future research were provided.

    第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的與研究問題 4 第三節 名詞釋義 5 第二章 文獻探討 7 第一節 諮商員情緒覺察與處理能力的重要 7 第二節 諮商督導中受督者的情緒覺察與處理 17 第三節 以事件為研究焦點的督導歷程研究 31 第三章 研究方法 35 第一節 研究取向 35 第二節 研究參與者 38 第三節 研究工具 47 第四節 研究程序 50 第五節 資料整理與分析 52 第六節 研究倫理 56 第四章 研究結果 57 第一節 受督者諮商情境相關情緒之覺察歷程階段與範疇 57 第二節 受督者諮商情境相關情緒之覺察歷程的比較分析 64 第三節 受督者覺察諮商相關情緒之後的收獲 85 第四節 協助受督者覺察諮商相關情緒的督導介入 95 第五章 討論與建議 109 第一節 研究結果的討論 109 第三節 建議 127 參考文獻 132 附錄一 研究說明與同意書 145 附錄二 逐字稿謄寫保密同意書 147 附錄三 諮商督導中情緒覺察事件之摘要描述 148

    王文秀 (民87):諮商員被督導經驗對其諮商挫折之因應及其專業成長之影響研究。中華輔導學報,第六期,1-34頁。
    王文秀(民89):國小準輔導工作者「諮商實習「課程與被督導經驗調查研究。中華輔導學報,第6期,1-34頁。
    吳秀碧(民81):「Stoltenberg的督導模式」在我國準諮商員實習督導適用性之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學報,15,43-113頁。
    卓紋君、徐西森(民91):完形治療取向督導模式及其督導歷程實錄分析。中華輔導學報,第12期,73-116頁。
    卓紋君、黃進南(民92):諮商實習生接受個別督導經驗調查:以高雄師範大學輔導研究所為例。應用心理研究,第18期,179-206頁
    林杏足(86):諮商中當事人自尊改變歷程之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文。
    林家興、王麗文(民89):心理治療實務。台北:心理出版社。
    林淑君(民88):心理治療者的反移情研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心裡與輔導研究所所碩士論文。
    施香如(民85):諮商督導過程的建構:循環督導模式的分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文。
    施香如(民89):督導者與諮商員在督導過程中的知覺差異研究。中華輔導學報,第八期,1-20頁。
    施香如(民92):社區輔導機構義務諮商員的被督導經驗。應用心理研究,第18期,145-178頁。
    唐子俊、歐陽儀、蔡秀玲、陳均姝(民91):諮商督導—實務篇。台北:天馬。
    唐永暉(民86):一個「反轉移」實例剖析。諮商與輔導,142期,29-32頁。
    張英熙 (民87) :身心障礙兒童母親罪惡感之諮商歷程研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文。
    張淑芬(民85):準諮商員接受諮商經驗對其自我成長與專業學習影響研究。彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
    張學善(民87):反移情之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文。
    許玉珮(民84):諮商員對諮商歷程中情緒的覺察與因應方式之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
    許雅惠(民91):諮商學習者人際經驗與諮商學習困境之分析研究。高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
    許瑛玿(民90):身心障礙兒童母親憤怒情緒諮商之治療因素、諮商技術與改變歷程之研究。彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
    許韶玲(民88):受督導者督導前準備訓練方案的擬定及其實施過程對諮商督導過程的影響。彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
    許韶玲(民91):受督導者知覺其影響督導過程的因素之分析研究。諮商與心理治療實習和專業督導學術研討會論文集。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所。
    許韶玲(民92):督導者知覺受督導者影響諮商督導過程之因素。應用心理研究,第18期,113-144頁。
    連廷嘉、徐西森(民92):諮商督導者與實習諮商員督導經驗之分析。應用心理研究,第18期,89-112頁。
    陳秉華(民84):諮商中大學生的心理分離-個體化衝突改變歷程研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系,教育心理學報,28,145-176。
    陳秉華(民85):自我統合改變歷程個案研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系,教育心理學報,29,1-42。
    陳秉華、蔡秀玲(民87):國內十年來諮商歷程研究之回顧與展望。載於中國輔導學會編:輔導學大趨勢(p.123-163)。台北:心理出版社。
    陳金燕(民85):諮商實務工作者對「自我覺察」的主觀詮釋之研究。彰化師範大學輔導學報,19,193-246。
    陳金燕(民87):諮商教育工作者於諮商員養成教育過程中實施「自我覺察訓練」的原則及模式之研究。中華輔導學報,6,154-194。
    陳金燕(民90):自我覺察督導模式初探。輔導季刊,37(2),1-10。
    陳金燕、王麗斐(民87):諮商學習者在「自我覺察課程」之學習歷程與追蹤效果之探討研究。中華輔導學報,6,116-153。
    陳斐娟(民85):諮商歷程中的重要事件、工作同盟與諮商結果之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文。
    陳瑛治(88):離婚前諮商之當事人改變歷程研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文。
    陳錫銘(民87):實踐認識論應用於諮商員專業自我建構之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
    曾淑芳(民88):準諮商員諮商輔導學習經驗之研究—以彰化師大為例。彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
    賀孝銘 (民88) :在學準諮商員之「個案概念化 」與其相關因素研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文。
    黃淑清(民91a):人際取向理論之督導模式。載於劉焜輝編,諮商督導—理論篇(下)載於劉焜輝編,諮商督導—理論篇(下),771-790頁。
    黃淑清(民91b):完形督導模式的簡介與評析。載於劉焜輝編,諮商督導—理論篇(下),791-808頁。
    劉志如(民87):循環發展督導模式中督導員與受督導諮商員之口語行為分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
    劉淑瀅(民85):已婚婦女在家庭事件中的生氣情緒諮商之改變歷程分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
    樊雪梅(民91):動力取向心理治療之督導。載於劉焜輝編,諮商督導—理論篇(下),530-543頁。
    鄭玄藏(民91):心理動力取向短期諮商督導模式。載於劉焜輝編,諮商督導—理論篇(下),544-566頁。
    鄭玉英(民87):人際因應諮商模式之理念模式的建構。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導系博士論文。
    鄭如安(民87):諮商歷程中當事人情緒再體驗之分析研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導系碩士論文。
    鄭麗芬(民86):循環發展模式督導歷程中受督導諮商員知覺經驗之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系博士論文。
    蕭文、施香如(民85):循環發展的諮商督導模式建立之謅議。輔導季刊,31(2),34-40。
    謝珮玲(民92):心理治療師在心理治療歷程之反移情經驗研究。國立談灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
    謝淑敏(民83):諮商歷程中好的時機之分析研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    Allen, G. J., Szollos, S. J., & Williams, B. E. (1986). Doctoral students’ comparative evaluations of best and worst psychotherapy supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 17, 91-99.
    Bateman, A. & Holmes, J. (1995). Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Contempory theory and practice. London and New York: Routledge. 林玉華、樊雪梅譯(民86)當代精神分析導論:理論與實務。台北:五南。
    Bernard J. M., & Goodyear, R. (2004). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (3rd ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
    Bordin, E. S. (1983). A working alliance model of supervision. Counseling Psychologist, 11, 35-42.
    Bradley, L. J. (2000). Counselor Supervision: Principles, Process and, and Practice (3rd ). Accerlerated development
    Campbell, J. M. (2000). Becoming an Effective Supervisor: A Workbook for Counselor and Psychotherapists. Accelerated Development.
    Cashdan, S. (1988). Object Relations Therapy: Using the relationship. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
    Clarke, K. M. (1996). Change processes in a creation of meaning event. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 465-470.
    Clarke, K.M.(1989).Change Process in a creation of Meaning Event. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 64(3),465-470.
    Coburn, W, J. (2001). Transference-countertransference dynamics and disclosure in supervision. In S. Gill (Ed.) The Supervisory Alliance: Facilitating the psychotherapist’s learning experience (pp.215-232). Jason Aronson Inc.
    Coburn, W. J. (1997). The vision in supervision: transference- countertransference dynamics and disclosure in the supervision relationship. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61(4), 481-493.
    Corey, G. & Corey, M. S. (1993). Becoming a helper. CA:Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
    Costa, L. (1994). Reducing anxiety in live supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34, 30-40.
    Dodge, J. (1982). Reducing supervisee anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Counselor Education and Supervision, 22, 55-60.
    Elliott, R. (1984). A Discovery-Oriented Approach to Significant Change Events in Psychotherapy: Interpersonal Process Recall and Comprehensive Process analysis. In L.N. Rice & L.S. Greenberg(Eds.)Patterns of change: Intensive analysis of psychotherapy process (pp.249-286). New York: Guilford.
    Ellis, M. V. (1991). The critical incidents in clinical supervision and in supervisor supervision: Assesing supervisory issues. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(3), 342-349.
    Ellis, M. V., & Douce, L. A.(1994). Group supervision of novice clinical supervisors: Eight recurring issures. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 520-525.
    Ellis, M. V., & Ladany, N.(1997). Inferences concerning supervisees and clients in clinical supervision: An integrative review. In C. E. Watkins, Jr. (Ed.). Handbook of psychotherapy supervision (pp. 467-507). New York: Wiley.
    Ellis, M. V., Dell, D. M., & Good, G. E. (1988). Counselor trainees’ perceptions of supervisor roles: Two studies testing the dimensionality of supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 315-322.
    Freeman, B. & McHenry, S. (1996). Clinical supervision of counselor-in-training: A nationwide survey of ideal delivery, goals, and theoretical influences. Counselor Education and Supervision, 32, 213-215.
    Friedlander, M. L., Siegel, S. M., & Brenock, K. (1989). Parallel processes in counseling and supervision: A case study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 149-157.
    Gelso, C. J. & Carter, J. A. (1985). The relationship in counseling and psychotherapy: Components, consequences, and theoretical antecedents. The Counseling Psychologist, 13, 155-243.
    Gelso, C. J. & Hayes, J. A. (1998). The Psychotherapy Relationship: Theory, research, and practice. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Gill, S. (2001). Narcissistic vulnerability in supervisee: Ego ideals, self-exposure, and narcissistic character defenses. In S. Gill (Ed.) The Supervisory Alliance: Facilitating the psychotherapist’s learning experience (pp. 19-34). Jason Aronson Inc.
    Goodyear, R. K. & Bernard, J. M. (1998). Clinical supervision: Lessons from the literature. Counselor Education and Supervision, 38, 6-20.
    Gray, L. A., Ladany, N., Walker, J. A., & Ancis, J. R. (2001). Psychotherapy Trainees’ Experience of Counterproductive Events in Supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(4), 371-383.
    Greenberg, L. S. & Foerster, F. S. (1996). Task analysis expemplified: The process of resolving unfinished business. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 439-446.
    Greenberg, L. S. & Newman, F. L. (1996). An approach to psychotherapy change process research: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 435-438.
    Greenberg, L. S. (1999). Ideal psychotherapy research: A study of significant change process. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(12), 1467-1480.
    Greenberg, L., Rice, L., & Elliot, R. (1993). The moment by moment process: Facilitating emotional change. New York: Guilford Press.
    Greenberg, L.S. & Safran, J.D. (1989).Emotion in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 44(1), 19-29.
    Greenberg, L.S. (1986).Change Process Research. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 54(1), 4-9.
    Greenberg, L.S., & Safran, J.D. (1987).Emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.
    Greenberg, L.S.,& Goldman, R.(1988).Training in experiential psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 696-702.
    Hackney, H. L., & Cormier, L. S. (1996). The Professional Counselor : A Process Guide to Helping (3rd). Allyn & Bacon.
    Hawkins, P. & Shohet, R. (2000). Supervision in the Helping Professions (2nd). Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
    Hayes, J. A. & Gelso, C. J. (1991). Effects of therapist-trainees’ anxiety and empathy on countertransference behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 284-290.
    Hayes, J. A. & Gelso, C. J. (1993). Mals counselors’ discomfort with gay and HIV-infected clients. Journal of Counseling psychology, 40, 86-93.
    Hayes, J. A., Reiker, J. R., & Ingram, K. M. (1997). Countertransference behavior and management in brief counseling: A field study. Psychotherapy Research, 7(2), 145-153.
    Heppner, P. P. Kivlighan, D. M., Burnett, J. W., Berry, T. R., Goedinghaus, M., Doxsee, D. J., Hendricks, F. M., Krull, L. A., Wright, G. E., Bellatin, A. M., Durham, R. J., Tharp, A., Kim, H., Brossart, D. F., Wang, L. F., Witty, T. E., Kinder, M. H., Hertel, J. B., & Wallace, D. L. (1994). Dimensions that characterize supervisor interventions delivered in the context of live supervision of practicum counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(2), 227-235.
    Heppner, P. P., & Roehlke, H. J. (1984). Differences among supervisees at different levels of training: Implications for a developmental model of supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 76-90.
    Heppner, P. R. , Rosenberg, J. I., & Hedgespeth, J. (1992). Tree methods in measuring the therapeutic process: Clients’ and counselors’ constructions of the therapeutic process versus actural therapeutic events. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 288-294.
    Hill, C. E., Carter, J. A., & O’Farrell, M. K. (1981). A case study of the process and outcome of time-limited counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 428-436.
    Holloway, E. L. (1995). Clinical Supervision: A Systems Approach. London: Sage Publication.
    Hunt, W. (2001). The use of the countertransference in supervision. In S. Gill (Ed.) The Supervisory Alliance: Facilitating the psychotherapist’s learning experience (pp.165-180). Jason Aronson Inc.
    Hutt, C. H., Scott, J., & King, M. (1983). A Phenomenological study of supervisees’ positive and negative experiences in supervision. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 20, 118-123.
    Jacobs, D., David, P., & Meyer, D. J. (1995). The Supervisory Encounter. Yale University.
    Karcher, J. E. (1999). Countertransference dreams in supervision. DAI, 59(9-B), 1999-95006-311.
    Ladany, N., & Friedlander, M. L. (1995). The relationship between the supervisory working alliance and trainees’ experience of role conflict and role ambiguity. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34, 220-231.
    Ladany, N., & Lehrman-Waterman, D. E. (1999). The content and frequency of supervisor self-disclosures and their relationship to supervisor style and the supervisory working alliance. Counselor Education and Supervision, 38, 143-160.
    Ladany, N., Constantine, M. G., Miller, K., Erickson, C. D., Muse-Burk, J. L.(2000). Supervisor countertransference: A qualitative investigation into its identification and description. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 102-115.
    Ladany, N., Hill, C. E., Corbett, M. M., & Nutt, E. A. (1996). Nature, extent, and importance of what psychotherapy trainees do not disclose to their supervisors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 10-24.
    Latts, M. G. & Gelso, C. J. (1995). Countertransference behavior and management with survivors of sexual assault. Psychotherapy, 32(3), 405-415.
    Lewis, W. C. (2001). Transference in analysis and in supervision. In S. Gill (Ed.) The Supervisory Alliance: Facilitating the psychotherapist’s learning experience (pp. 75-80). Jason Aronson Inc.
    Liddle, B. J. (1986). Resistance in supervision: A response to perceived threat. Counselor Education and Supervision, 26, 117-127.
    Loganbill, C., Hardy, E., & Delworth, U. (1982). Supervision: A conceptual model. Counseling Psychologist, 10(1), 3-42.
    Machado, P., Beutler, L., & Greenberg, L. (1999).Emotion recognition in psychotherapy: Impact of therapist level of experience and emotional awareness. The Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 39-57.
    Magnuson, S., & Wilcoxon, S. A. (1998). Successful clinical supervision of prelicense counselors: How will we recognize it? The Clinical Supervisor, 17(1), 33-47.
    Magnuson, S., Wilcoxon, S. A., & Norem, K. (2000). A profile of lousy supervision: Experienced counselors’ perspectives. Counselor Education and Supervision, 39, 189-202.
    Mahrer, A. R. (1988). Discovery-oriented psychotherapy research: Rationale, aims, and methods. American Psychologist, 43(9), 694-702.
    Marhrer, A., & Bouler, D. B. (1999). How to do discovery-oriented psychotherapy research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(12),, 1481-1493.
    Marmar, C. R. (1990). Psychotherapy process research: Progress, dilemmas, and future directions. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 251-260.
    Martin, J. S., Goodyear, R. K. & Newton, F. B. (1987). Clinical supervision: A Intensive case study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18(3), 225-235.
    McCarthy, P., Kulakowski, D., & Kenfield, J. A. (1994). Clinical supervision practices of licensed psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 177-181.
    McNeil, B. W., & Worthen, V. (1989). The parallel process in psychotherapy supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 329-333.
    Moursund, J. (1993). The Process of Counseling (3rd). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.;
    Nelson, M. L. & Friedlander, M. L. (2001). A close look at conflictual supervisory relationships: The trainee’s perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(4), 384-395.
    Nelson, M. L. & Neufeldt, S. A. (1998). The Pdeagogy of Counseling: A 諮商員itical Examination. Counselor Education and Supervision, 38, 70-87.
    Neufeldt, S. A. & Nelson, M. L. (1999). When is counseling an appropriate and ethical supervision function? The Clinical Supervisoe, 18(1), 125-135.
    Neufeldt, S. A. (1999). Training in reflective processes in supervision. In E. Holloway & M. Carroll (eds.). Training Counselling Supervisors (pp.92-105). Sage Pulblication.
    Neufeldt, S. A. (2002). Important elements of clinical supervision. 諮商與心理治療實習和專業督導學術研討會論文集。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所。
    Neufeldt, S. A., Iversen, J. N., & Juntunen, C. L. (1995). Supervision strategies for the first practicum. VA: American Counseling Association Press.
    Neufeldt, S. A., Karno, M. P., & Nelson, M. L. (1996). A qualitative study of experts’ conceptualization of supervisee reflectivity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(1), 3-9.
    O’Byrne, K., Clark, R. E. & Malakuti, R. (1997). Expert and Novice Performance: Implications for Clinical Training. Educational Psychokogical Review, 9(4), 321-332.
    Olk, M., & Friedlander, M. L. (1992). Trainees’ experiences of role conflict and role ambiguity in supervisory relationships. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 389-397.
    Patton, M. J. & Meara, N. M. (1992). Psychoanalytic Counseling. NY: John Willey & Sons.
    Peabody, S. A. & Gelso, C. J. (1982). Countertransference and empathy: The complex relationship between two divergent concepts in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 240-245.
    Pearlman, L. a. & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. 洪素珍、楊大和、黃燕珠(民91)創傷與治療師:亂倫生存者心理治療中的反移情與替代性創傷。台北:五南圖書出版公司。
    Pearson, Q. M. (2000). Opportunities and challenges in the supervisory relationship: Implications for counselor supervision. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22(4), 283-294.
    Pierce, R. A., Nichols, M. P., DuBrin, J. R.(1983). Emotional expression in psychotherapy. NY: Gardner Press, Inc.
    Rabinowitz, F. E., Heppner, P. P., & Roehlke, H. J. (1986). Descriptive study of proccess and outcome variables of supervision over time. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 292-300.
    Rice, L.N., & Greenberg, L.S. (1984).The new research paradigm. In L.N. Rice & L.S. Greenberg(Eds.) Patterns of change: Intensive analysis of psychotherapy process(pp. 7-26).New York: Guilford Press.
    Robbins, S. B. & Jolkovski, M. P. (1987). Managing countertransference feeling: An interactional model using awareness of feeling and theoretical framework. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(3), 276-282.
    Ronnestad, M. H., & Skovholt, T. M. (1993). Supervision of beginning and advanced graduate students of counseling and psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 396-405.
    Rosewater, L. B. (1987). Changing through Therapy: Understanding the Therapeutic Experience. Mead & Company, Inc.
    Safran, J.D. & Greenberg, L.S.(1991).Affective Change Process: A Synthesis and critical Analysis. In J.D. Safran & L.S. Greenberg(Eds.) Emotion, Psychology, and Change. (pp339-363).New York: Guilford
    Schneider, S. (1992). Transference、countertransference、projective identification and role responsiveness in the supervisory process. The Clinical Supervisor, 10(2), 71-84。
    Skovholt, T. M., & Ronnestad, M. H. (1995). The Evolving Professional Self: Stages and themes in Therapist and Counselor Development. Chichester, England: Wiley.Rosenberger, E. W. & Hayes, J. A. (2002). Therapist as subject: A review of the empirical countertransference literature. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80, 264-270.
    Stoltenberg, C. D., & Delworth, U. (1987). Supervisiing Counselors and therapists: A developmental approach. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Buss Inc., Publishers.
    Stoltenberg, C. D., (1988).The intergrated developmental model of supervision. ED302789.
    Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (2nd). 吳芝儀、廖梅花譯(民90)質性研究入門紮根理論研究方法。台北:濤石。
    Strean, H. S. (2000). Resolving therapeutic impasses by using the supervisor’s countertransference. Clinical Social Work Journal, 28(3), 263-279.
    Strozier, A. L., Kivlighan, D. M., & Thoreson, R. W. (1993). Supervisor intensions, supervisee reaction, and helpfulness: A case study of the process of supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 24, 13-19.
    Sumerel, M. B., & Borsers, L. D. (1996). Addressing personal issues in supervision: Impact of counselors’ experience level on various aspects of the supervisory relationship. Counselor Education and Supervision, 36, 268-286.
    Teitelbaum, S. H. (2001). The changing scene in supervision. In S. Gill (Ed.) The Supervisory Alliance: Facilitating the psychotherapist’s learning experience (pp. 3-18). Jason Aronson Inc.
    Teyber, E. (2000). Interpersonal Process in Psychotherapy: A Relational Approach (4th). Brooks/Cole.
    Tosone, C. (1997). Countertransference and clinical social work supervision: Contributions and considerations. The Clinical Supervisor, 16(2), 17-32.
    Tuttle, L. D. (2000). Countertransference within the context of clinical supervision. Dissertation Abstracts International, A Humanities and Social Sciences, 60(12-A), 2000-95011-098.
    Walborn, F. S. (1996). Process variables: Four common elements of counseling and psychotherapy. NY: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
    Wampold, B. E. & Holloway, E. L. (1997). Methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy supervision research. In C. E. Watkins(Ed.). Handbook of Psychotherapy Supervision ( pp.11-30). CA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Watkins, C. E. (1985). Countertransference: Its impact on the counseling situation. Journal of Counseling and development, 63, 356-359.
    Watson, J. C. (1996). The relationshiop between vivid description, emotional arousal, and in-session resolution of problematic reactions. Journal of Conselting and Clinical Psychology, 64(3), 459-464.
    Webb, A., & Wheeler, S. (1998). How honest do counselors dare to be in the supervisory relationship?: An exploratory study. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 26, 509-524.
    Williams, E. N., Judge, A. B., Hill, C. E., & Hoffman, M. A. (1997). Experiences of novice therapists in prepracticum: Trainees’ , clients’ , and supervisors’ perceptions of therapists’ personal reactions and management strategies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44(4), 390-399.
    Worthen, V. & McNeil, B. W. (1996). A phenomenological investigation of “good” supervision events. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(1), 25-34.
    Wulf, J. & Nelson, M. L. (2000). Experienced psychologists’ recollections of internship supervision and its contributions to their development. The Clinical Supervisor, 19(2), 123-145.

    QR CODE