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研究生: 翁筱芳
論文名稱: 赤裸的靈魂:路西安‧佛洛伊德的「裸體肖像畫」
The Naked Soul: Lucian Freud’s ‘Naked-Portraits’
指導教授: 王哲雄
Wang, Zhe-Xiong
陳淑華
Chen, Shu-Hwa
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 美術學系
Department of Fine Arts
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 212
中文關鍵詞: 路西安‧佛洛伊德裸體肖像畫裸像繪畫肖像畫倫敦畫派精神分析
英文關鍵詞: Lucian Freud, Naked Portrait, Nude Paintng, Portraiture, School of London, psychoanalysis
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 路西安‧佛洛伊德是被歸屬於倫敦畫派的英國具象藝術家,在一九七○年代發展出獨具個人特色的「裸體肖像畫」,代表佛洛伊德藝術創作的極致,也是最能展現他的藝術理念的畫作系列。佛洛伊德的裸體肖像畫系列,在一九六六年確立基本格式,特色是以率直、詳盡的手法,再現模特兒私密身體的各種姿態;「裸體肖像畫」作為一個繪畫類型,藉由人體的形式,傳達個體獨特的本質,是兼具人物的生理和精神,佛洛伊德結合身/心二元對立的觀念,使人體畫作表現出肖像畫特有的「身分」意識。佛洛伊德的裸體肖像畫系列招致了三種評論:「窺淫的觀看方式」、「負面情緒的氛圍」、「以殘忍冷酷的意念看待人體」,本論文以佛洛伊德的藝術理念和繪畫創作為根據,提出不同的看法:佛洛伊德採用的高視點角度,沒有支配和征服等權力意涵在其中,而是為了在畫面以最大的清晰度表現模特兒,並營造面對面的迫切感給觀者,讓觀者無條件地接受圖像欲傳達的訊息;畫室特殊的隔絕與疏離感,不是對人類的主觀負面心理意象,而是佛洛伊德自我心理企求的表述;佛洛伊德將雷奇‧包爾瑞和蘇‧泰利的身體表現為一種「奇觀」,但無嘲諷和奚落之意,他呈現兩人軀體的嚴肅和莊重,是愛戀身體之意念的展現。最後,佛洛伊德的裸體肖像畫系列,沒有承繼祖父西格蒙‧佛洛伊德的性學理論思想,但就創作模式而言,兩人在研究態度、研究目標、研究方法、研究者與被研究者的關係等四個面向,有共通之處。

    致謝詞 v 中文摘要 vi 英文摘要 vii 目次 viii 緒論 1 第一章 路西安‧佛洛伊德藝術的形成背景 8 第一節 裸體肖像畫之前的藝術歷程 8 第二節 裸體肖像畫的出現 25 第三節 倫敦畫派 35 第二章 路西安‧佛洛伊德的「裸體肖像畫」 43 第一節 裸體(the Naked)與裸像(the Nude) 43 第二節 肖像的意涵 54 第三節 真實本質的概念與呈現 65 第三章 路西安‧佛洛伊德「裸體肖像畫」的潛在意涵 75 第一節 觀看與被觀看 75 第二節 孤立隔絕的畫室氛圍 87 第三節 愛戀身體之意念 93 第四章 路西安‧佛洛伊德的「裸體肖像畫」和西格蒙‧佛洛伊德的性學理論 105 第一節 性慾意識 105 第二節 男同性戀 124 第三節 精神分析式的創作模式 133 結論 150 參考文獻 156 人名索引 163 圖版目錄 169 圖版 182

    一、藝術家本人的發表
    “Some Thoughts on Painting”, in: Encounter, vol. 3, no. 1, July 1954, pp. 23-8.
    [statement, titled “a Short Text” in contents] “Modern art in Britain”, in: Peppiatt, Michael ed., Cambridge Opinion, no.37, 1963, p.47.
    [statement] in: Carnegie International 1985, exhib.cat., Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh,1985, p.131.
    [statement] in: The Artist’s eye: Lucian Freud: an exhibition of National Gallery paintings selected by the artist, exhib.cat., National Gallery, London, 1987, p.20.

    二、專書與展覽目錄
    Bernard, Bernard; Birdsall, Derek, Lucian Freud, Introduction by: Bernard, Bernard, “Thinking About Lucian Freud”, New York: Random House, 1996.
    Calvocoressi, Richard, From London: Bacon, Freud, Kossoff, Andrews, Auerbach, Kitaj, London: British Council; Edinburgh: Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, 1995.
    Feaver, William, Lucian Freud, Essay by: Feaver, William, “Lucian Freud: Life into Art”, Text by: Auerbach, Frank, “On Lucian Freud”, London: Tate Publishing, 2002.
    Gowing, Lawrence, Lucian Freud, London: Thames and Hudson, 1982.
    Holborn, Mark ed., Freud at Work, Photographs by Bernard, Bernard; Dawson, David, Conversation by Smee, Sebastian, New York: Alfred A. Knopf., 2006.
    Hughes, Robert, Lucian Freud. Paintings, 1987, New York: Thames and Hudson, 2003.
    Kitaj, R. B., The Human Clay, London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1976
    Lauter, Rolf ed., Lucian Freud: Naked Portrait. Works From the 1940s to the 1990s, Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2001.
    Marden, Brice, “Lucian Freud and His Models”, in: Richardson, John ed., Sacred Monsters, Sacred Masters: Beaton, Capote, Dali, Picasso, Freud, Warhol, and more, New York: Random House, 2001.
    Matthew Marks Gallery, Lucian Freud. Recent Drawings and Etchings, Interviewed by: Bowery, Leigh, “Art and Love”, Essay by: Cook, Angus, “Seeing Things”, New York, 1993.
    Peppiatt, Michael, A School of London: Six Figurative Painters, London: The British Council, 1987
    Russell, John, Lucian Freud, Introduction by: Russell, John, London: Hayward Gallery, 1974.
    Smee, Sebastian, Lucian Freud 1996 — 2005, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.
    Stone, Jennifer Arlene, Freud's Body Ego or Memorabilia of Grief: Lucian Freud and William Kentridge, New York: javaribook, 2003.

    三、相關文獻
    Berger, John, Ways of Seeing, 1972, London: British Broadcasting Corporation; New York: Penguin Books, 1978.
    Clark, Kenneth, The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form, 1956, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984.
    Compton, Susan ed., British Art in the Twentieth Century: The Modern Movement, London: Royal Academy of Arts, Munich: Prestel-Verlag, 1986.
    Dempsey, Amy, Styles Schools and Movements: An Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art, London: Thames and Hudson, 2002.
    Foucault, Michel, Surveiller et Punir: Naissance de la Prison, Paris: Gallimard, 1975.
    Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality: VolumeⅠ: An Introduction, 1978, (Hurkey, Robert, Trans), New York: Vintage Books, 1985.
    Freud, Sigmund, An Autobiographical Study, (Strachey, James Trans.), 1935, New York: Norton, 1952.
    Herberg, Will, “Freud, The Revisionist, and Social Reality”, in: Nelson, Benjamin ed., Freud and the 20th Century, Meridian Books, 1957.
    Jullien, François, De l’Essence ou du Nude, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2000.
    Kitaj, R. B., Sandra/Two, New York; London: Marlborough Gallery, 1996.
    Meecham, Pam; Sheldon, Julie, ‘The Nude in Modernity and Postmodernity’, in: Modern Art: A Critical Introduction, London: Routledge, 2000.
    Muckenhoupt, Margaret, Sigmund Freud: Explorer of the Unconscious, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
    Mulvey, Laura, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema”, in: Visual and Other Pleasures, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989.
    Nead, Lynda, The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity, and Sexuality, London; New York: Routledge, 1992.
    Neumann, Erich, The Great Mother: An Analysis of the Archetype, (Manhein R. Trans.), New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
    Pearsall; Judy; Patrick, Hanks, eds., The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
    Schneider, Norbert, The Art of the Portrait: Masterpieces of European Portrait-Painting, 1420-1670, Koln: Benedikt Taschen, 1994.
    Trumble, William R; Stevenson, Angus; Brown, Lesley eds., Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, vol. 2, 5th ed., 1993, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
    Webb, Vevienne ed., Take a Bowery: The Art and (larger than) Life of Leigh Bowery, Sydney: Museum of Contemporary Art, 2004.
    West, Shearer, Portraiture, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

    四、期刊論文
    Bowery, Leigh, “Art and Love” (Interview), in: The Independent Magazine, 11 January 1992, pp. 34-36.
    Feaver, William, “The Artist out of Cage” (Interview), in: The Observer Review, no. 10495, 6 December 1992, pp. 45-46.
    Feaver, William, “Body Language”, in: Observer Magazine, 29. Aug. 1993, unpaginated.
    Gayford, Martin, “Face Off”, in: Modern Painters, vol. 17, no. 3, Autumn 2004, pp. 96-99.
    Hughes, Robert, “The Fat Lady Sings”, in: Time, vol. 142, issue 27, 27 December 1993, pp.74-76.
    Loewenberg, Peter , “Lucian and Sigmund Freud”, in: American Imago, vol. 61, no. 1, 2004, pp. 89-99.
    Lyttelton, Celia, “Freudian Associations”, in: Art Review, vol. 53, June 2002, pp. 36-42.
    Perl, Jed, “Snyder's earth, Freud's skin”, in: New Criterion, vol. 12 issue 6, February 1994
    Schjeldahl, Peter, “Naked Punch”, in: The New Yorker, July 8, 2002.

    五、中文書目
    Barzun, Jacques 著, 鄭明萱譯,《從黎明到衰頹:五百年來的西方文化生活》(From Dawn to Decadence: 1500 to the Present, 500 Years of Western Cultural Life),台北:貓頭鷹出版,2004。
    Freud, Sigmund著, 林克明譯,《性學三論‧愛情心理學》(Three Essays on Sexuality Contributions to the Psychology of Love),台北市:志文,1994。
    Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, J.-B. 著, 沈志中,王文基譯,《精神分析辭彙》(Vocabulaire de la Psychanalyse),台北市:行人,2000。
    Spargo, Tamsin著, 林文源譯,《傅柯與酷兒理論》(Foucault and Queer Theory 1999),台北市,貓頭鷹出版,2002。
    Steiner, Reinhard A.著,〈「無以量度的宏偉」:近代初期巨像雕刻成為藝術的志業與美的典範〉(“smisurata grandezza”: Colossal Sculpture as Artistic Enterprise and Aesthetic Model in Early Modern Times), in: 曾曬淑 主編,《身體變化:西方藝術中身體的概念和意象》(Changing Bodies: Concepts and Images of the Body in Western Art),台北:南天,2004,頁20-38。
    矛鋒,《同性戀文學史》(The History of Homosexual Literature),台北:漢忠文化,1996。
    吳光遠,《佛洛伊德》,台北市:海鴿文化,2006。
    高宣揚,《佛洛伊德主義》,台北市:遠流,1993。
    高宣揚,《佛洛伊德傳》,台北市:久大,1992。
    楊明敏,《克萊恩觀點下的男性特質——以弗洛依德的個案「鼠人」為例》,台北市:五南圖書,2000。
    劉文潭,《現代美學》,1967,台北市:台灣商務,2000。

    六、視聽媒體
    Auerbach, Jake (Director), Lucian Freud: Portraits, DVD, London: Jake Auerbach Films Ltd, 2004.
    Feaver, William (Interview), Review: Lucian Freud Exhibition at the Hayward Gallery, 7 February 1988, BBC 2.

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