研究生: |
藍泓原 Lan, Hong-Yuan |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
Work-life Balance Policies and Planned Retirement Age: Job Satisfaction as Mediator and Age as Moderator Work-life Balance Policies and Planned Retirement Age: Job Satisfaction as Mediator and Age as Moderator |
指導教授: |
葉俶禎
Yeh, Chu-Chen Rosa |
口試委員: | 盧承杰 陳淑媛 葉俶禎 |
口試日期: | 2021/06/10 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 70 |
英文關鍵詞: | WLB policies, job satisfaction, planned retirement age, age |
研究方法: | 次級資料分析 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202101380 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:90 下載:11 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
It is important for companies to develop better HR strategy on retaining employees, especially middle-aged and elderly employees, which will be critical when facing the labor shortage in near future. This study focuses on the effect of work-life balance (WLB) policies on delaying employees’ retirement plan, and also examine the role of age and job satisfaction in the relationship. By adopting the secondary data, Survey on the Living and Employment Situation of Labor in 2015, which includes 4,071 samples drawn from Taiwanese labors in the Survey Research Data Archive, to do the regression analysis, the research revealed that (1) Work-life balance policies influence employees’ planned retirement age, and age strengthens the relationship; (2) The effect of work-life balance policies on employees’ planned retirement age is mediated by job satisfaction. The research results provide statistical evidence of the influence of WLB policies on retirement plan, which was rarely discussed in the past literature, and also contribute to HR practices in terms of clarifying the utility of WLB polices on delaying employees’ planned retirement age.
Adams, G. A. (1999). Career-related variables and planned retirement age: An extension of Beehr's model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(2), 221-235. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.1998.1679
Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., & Wilson, D. C. (2007). Engaging the aging workforce: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1542-1556. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1542
Azeem, S. M., & Akhtar, N. (2014). The influence of work life balance and job satisfaction on organizational commitment of healthcare employees. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 4(2), 18-24. doi: 10.5296/ijhrs.v4i2.5667
Aziri, B. (2011). Job satisfaction: A literature review. Management Research & Practice, 3(4), 77-86.
Barling, J., Kelloway, E. K., & Iverson, R. D. (2003). High-quality work, job satisfaction, and occupational injuries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 276. doi. 10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.276
Börsch-Supan, A. H., & Wilke, C. B. (2004). Reforming the German public pension system. Paper prepared for the AEA Meetings, Boston, January 6, 2006. doi. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0009
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
Blau, G., & Boal, K. (1989). Using job involvement and organizational commitment interactively to predict turnover. Journal of Management, 15(1), 115-127. doi: 10.1177/014920638901500110
Bowling, N. A., Eschleman, K. J., & Wang, Q. (2010). A meta‐analytic examination of the relationship between job satisfaction and subjective well‐being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 915-934. doi. 10.1348/096317909X478557Bramble, R. J., Duerk, E. K., & Baltes, B. B. (2018). Age and work–family issues. Aging and Work in the 21st Century (2nd ed., pp. 255-272). New York, NY : Routledge. doi. 10.1348/096317909X478557
Brooke, P. P., Russell, D. W., & Price, J. L. (1988). Discriminant validation of measures of job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 139-145. doi. 10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.139
Bruk, L., V., Khoury, H. A., Nixon, A. E., Goh, A., & Spector, P. E. (2009). Replicating and extending past personality/job satisfaction meta-analyses. Human Performance, 22(2), 156-189. doi: 10.1080/08959280902743709
Byberg, L., Melhus, H., Gedeborg, R., Sundström, J., Ahlbom, A., Zethelius, B., & Michaëlsson, K. (2009). Total mortality after changes in leisure time physical activity in 50 year old men: 35 year follow-up of population based cohort. Bmj, 338. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b688. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b688
Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103-123. doi: 10.1023/A:1024569803230
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165
Casper, W. J., Weltman, D., & Kwesiga, E. (2007). Beyond family-friendly: The construct and measurement of singles-friendly work culture. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(3), 478-501. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.01.001
Cavanagh, T. M., Kraiger, K., & L. Henry, K. (2020). Age-related changes on the effects of job characteristics on job satisfaction: A longitudinal analysis. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 91(1), 60-84. doi: 10.1177/0091415019837996
Chang, T. T., & Lu, L. (2009). The Effects of resource loss and resource gain on work-family conflict: The perspective of resource conservation. Ntu Management Reviw, 20(1), 69-98. doi: 10.6226/NTURM2009.20.1.69
Chang, Y. C. (2017). Cohort Differences in Returns to Higher Education: The Role of Labor Market Transformation. Taiwan Journal of Sociology of Education, 17(1), 87.
Chapman, B. P., & Hayslip, B. (2006). Emotional intelligence in young and middle adulthood: Cross-sectional analysis of latent structure and means. Psychology and Aging, 21(2), 411-418. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.411
Colonia-Willner, R. (1998). Practical intelligence at work: Relationship between aging and cognitive efficiency among managers in a bank environment. Psychology and Aging, 13(1), 45-75. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.13.1.45
Dancaster, L. (2006). Work-life balance and the legal right to request flexible working arrangements: management. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 9(2), 175-186. doi: 10.4102/sajems.v9i2.1144
Denton, F. T., & Spencer, B. G. (2009). What is retirement? A review and assessment of alternative concepts and measures. Canadian Journal on Aging, 28(1), 63-76. doi: 10.1017/S0714980809090047
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L., & Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research, 28(3), 195-223. doi: 10.1007/BF01079018
Eaton, S. C. (2003). If you can use them: Flexibility policies, organizational commitment, and perceived performance. Industrial Relations, 42(2), 145-167. doi: 10.1111/1468-232X.00285
Feldman, D. C. (1994). The decision to retire early: A review and conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 285-311. doi:10.2307/258706
Finnish Centre for Pensions. (2020). Retirement Ages. Retrieved from https://www.etk.fi/en/work-and-pensions-abroad/international-comparisons/retirement-ages/
Frazier, D. P. (2009). Job satisfaction of international educators. Boca Raton. Florida: Dissertation.com.
Friedman, J. P. (2000). Dictionary of business terms, Barron's educational series. New York, NY: Hauppauge.
Fung, H. H., Carstensen, L. L., & Lutz, A. M. (1999). Influence of time on social preferences: Implications for life-span development. Psychology and Aging, 14(4), 595. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.14.4.595
Gender Equality Committee, R.O.C. (2020a). Total fertility rate [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/
Gender Equality Committee, R.O.C. (2020b). Important gender related datatset [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_DetailData.aspx?sn=IzsJXFKayOAtSY6c5syyzw%3D%3D
Gray, C. D., & Kinnear, P. R. (2012). IBM SPSS statistics 19 made simple. New York: Psychology Press.
Gupta, N., & Beehr, T. A. (1979). Job stress and employee behaviors. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23(3), 373-387. doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(79)90004-7
Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361-373. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
Hammer, L. B., Bauer, T. N., & Grandey, A. A. (2003). Work-family conflict and work-related withdrawal behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(3), 419-436. doi: 10.1023/A:1022820609967
Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf.
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103-128. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
Hobfoll, S. E., & Lilly, R. S. (1993). Resource conservation as a strategy for community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 21(2), 128-148. doi: 10.1002/1520-6629(199304)21:2<128::AID-JCOP2290210206>3.0.CO;2-5
Hobfoll, S. E., Lilly, R. S., & Jackson, A. P. (1992). Conservation of social resources and the self. In H. O. F. Veiel & U. Baumann (Eds.). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Huang, c. c., & Huang, w. n. (2014). The study of middle-aged Workforce analytics in Taiwan. Taipei: Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety And Health.
Humphrey, S. E., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Integrating motivational, social, and contextual work design features: a meta-analytic summary and theoretical extension of the work design literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1332-1356. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.5.1332
Huselid, M.A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635–672. doi: 10.2307/256741
Jan, H. S., Shin, B. L., Huang, L. S., & Huang, W. J. (2015). The research of practicable plan of delaying employees' retirement [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from https://www.mol.gov.tw/media/2688508/104%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6-%E5%BB%B6%E5%BE%8C%E9%80%80%E4%BC%91%E5%8F%AF%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6.pdf
Joseph, J., & Sebastian, D. J. (2019). Work-life Balance Vs Work-family balance-An Evaluation of Scope. Amity Global HRM Review, 9, 63.
Judge, T. A., & Church, A. H. (2000). In C. L. Cooper & E. A. Locke (Eds.), Job satisfaction: Research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell.
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530-540. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction–job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376-407. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376
Judge, T. A., Zhang, S. C., & Glerum, D. R. (2020). Job satisfaction. In Sessa, Valerie I. and Bowling,Nathan A. (Eds.), Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs (pp. 207-241). New York: Routledge.
Kim, H. K. (2014). Work-life balance and employees' performance: The mediating role of affective commitment. Global Business and Management Research, 6(1), 37.
Knoll, M. A. (2011). Behavioral and psychological aspects of the retirement decision. Social Security Bulletin, 71(4), 15-32.
Koekemoer, E., & Downes, C. (2011). Work-life balance policies: Challenges and benefits associated with implementing flexitime. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1), 1-13. doi: 10.4102/sajhrm.v9i1.382
Labor Insurance Act, R.O.C. (2015). Retreived from https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0050001
Lazar, I., Osoian, C., & Ratiu, P. (2010). The role of work-life balance practices in order to improve organizational performance. European Research Studies, 13(1), 201-214. doi: 10.35808/ersj/267
Levinson, H. (1971). On being a middle-aged manager. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 13(1), 51-60. doi: 10.1097/00043764-197101000-00031
Lewis, S., Gambles, R., & Rapoport, R. (2007). The constraints of a ‘work–life balance’approach: An international perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 360-373. doi: 10.1080/09585190601165577
Li, Z. H., & Hu , P. Y. (2015). An empirical study of the organization development model for domestic enterprise work-life balance practice (No. ILOSH104-R323). Taipei: Ministry of Labor, R.O.C.
Lia, T. H., & Wen, J. F. (2012). Mid-Life Crisis? The impact of role stress, health stress and employability on withdrawal intention. Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(2), 49-66. doi: 10.6147/JHRM.2011.1202.03
Lin, S. H., & Ma, T. C. (2014). The research of rasing labor force participation of middle-aged and elderly female (PG10410-0037) [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=11599310.
Luchak, A. A., Pohler, D. M., & Gellatly, I. R. (2008). When do committed employees retire? The effects of organizational commitment on retirement plans under a defined‐benefit pension plan. Human Resource Management, 47(3), 581-599. doi: 10.1002/hrm.20233
Locke EA. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In Dunnette M (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297–1350). Chicago: Rand McNally.
Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2014). Gender egalitarianism and work–life balance for managers: Multisource perspectives in 36 countries. Applied Psychology, 63(1), 96-129. doi: 10.1111/apps.12011
MacKinnon, D. P. (2012). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. London, UK: Routledge.
Malik, M. I., Gomez, S. F., Ahmad, M., & Saif, M. I. (2010). Examining the relationship of work life balance, job satisfaction and turnover in Pakistan. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(1), 27-33.
Maurya, V. N., Jaggi, C. K., Singh, B., Arneja, C. S., Maurya, A. K., & Arora, D. K. (2015). Empirical analysis of work life balance policies and its impact on employee’s job satisfaction and performance: Descriptive statistical approach. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 4(2-1), 33-43.
McCarthy, A., Darcy, C., & Grady, G. (2010). Work-life balance policy and practice: Understanding line manager attitudes and behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 158-167. doi: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.12.001
McNall, L. A., Masuda, A. D., & Nicklin, J. M. (2009). Flexible work arrangements, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: The mediating role of work-to-family enrichment. The Journal of Psychology, 144(1), 61-81. doi:10.1080/00223980903356073
Mein, G., Martikainen, P., Stansfeld, S. A., Brunner, E. J., Fuhrer, R., & Marmot, M. G. (2000). Predictors of early retirement in British civil servants. Age and Ageing, 29(6), 529-536. doi: 10.1093/ageing/29.6.529
Ministry of Education, R.O.C. (2018). Report of senior high school graduating students' future career in May, 2019 [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from http://stats.moe.gov.tw/files/investigate/high_graduate/106/106_graduate.pdf.
Ministry of Labor, R.O.C. (2019a). Element of Retirement [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from https://www.mol.gov.tw/topic/3078/3302/25656/
Ministry of Labor, R.O.C. (2019b). Survey on the Living and Employment Situation of Labor, 2018 (AH010018) [data file]. Retrieved from: https://srda.sinica.edu.tw/datasearch_detail.php?id=3020
Ministry of Labor, R.O.C. (2020). Survey on the Living and Employment Situation of Labor, 2015 (AH010015) [data file]. Retrieved from: https://srda.sinica.edu.tw/datasearch_detail.php?id=623
Ministry of Labor, R.O.C. (2021). Report of governance performance in 2020 [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from: https://www.mol.gov.tw/service/2421/33937/
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2), 237–240. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.62.2.237
Moen, P. (2012). Retirement dilemmas and decisions. In J. W. Hedge & W. C. Borman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of work and aging(pp. 549–569). New York: Oxford University Press.
Moen, P., Kelly, E. L., & Hill, R. (2011). Does enhancing work-time control and flexibility reduce turnover? A naturally occurring experiment. Social problems, 58(1), 69-98. doi:10.1525/SP.2011.58.1.69
Montalto, C. P., Yuh, Y., & Hanna, S. (2000). Determinants of planned retirement age. Financial Services Review, 9(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1016/S1057-0810(00)00052-4
Moradi, E., Almutairi, D. O., Idrus, D., & Emami, R. (2013). The influence of organizational learning culture on job satisfaction among academic staff. Journal of Global Management, 5(1), 56-66. doi: 10.1108/JSTPM-06-2018-0061
Morgan, H., & Milliken, F. J. (1992). Keys to action: Understanding differences in organizations' responsiveness to work‐and‐family issues. Human Resource Management, 31(3), 227-248. doi: 10.1002/hrm.3930310308
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. (1982). Organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
National Development Council, R.O.C. (2018a). The estimation of population in Taiwan (from 2018 to 2065) [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from https://pop-proj.ndc.gov.tw/upload/download/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%A8%E4%BC%B0(2018%E8%87%B32065%E5%B9%B4).pdf
National Development Council, R.O.C. (2018b). Labor force participant rate in main countries [Text in Chinese]. Retrieved from https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=798ADD7B17A1A2CB
Oakman, J., & Wells, Y. (2013). Retirement intentions: what is the role of push factors in predicting retirement intentions? Ageing & Society, 33(6), 988-1008. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X12000281
Pajo, K., Coetzer, A., & Guenole, N. (2010). Formal development opportunities and withdrawal behaviors by employees in small and medium‐sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(3), 281-301. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00295.x
Parkes, L. P., & Langford, P. H. (2008). Work–life bal ance or work–life alignment? A test of the importance of work-life balance for employee engagement and intention to stay in organisations. Journal of Management & Organization, 14(3), 267-284. doi: 10.5172/jmo.837.14.3.267
Perrigino, M. B., Dunford, B. B., & Wilson, K. S. (2018). Work–family backlash: The “dark side” of work–life balance (WLB) policies. Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 600-630. doi: 10.5465/annals.2016.0077
Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438–454. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.438
Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1973). Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80(2), 151–176. doi: 10.1037/h0034829
Purcell, J. (2003). Understanding the people and performance link: Unlocking the black box. London, UK: CPID.
Quinn, J. F. (1977). Microeconomic determinants of early retirement: A cross-sectional view of white married men. Journal of Human Resources, 329-346. doi: 10.2307/145494
Riediger, M., Schmiedek, F., Wagner, G. G., & Lindenberger, U. (2009). Seeking pleasure and seeking pain: Differences in prohedonic and contra-hedonic motivation from adolescence to old age. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1529-1535. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02473.x
Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 245-259. doi: 10.1002/job.4030150306
Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(6), 359-371. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x
Saeed, K., & Farooqi, Y. A. (2014). Examining the relationship between work life balance, job stress, and job satisfaction among university teachers (A case of University of Gujarat). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Engineering, 5(6), 9-15.
Sari, R. L., & Seniati, A. N. L. (2020). The Role of Job Satisfaction as Mediator Between Work-life Balance and Organizational Commitment among Lecturers. Psychology and Education, 57(2), 106-110.
Scandura, T. A., & Lankau, M. J. (1997). Relationships of gender, family responsibility and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18(4), 377-391. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199707)18:4<377::AID-JOB807>3.0.CO;2-1
Sen, K. (2008). Relationship between job satisfaction & job stress amongst teachers & managers. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 14-23.
Silverstein, M., & Parker, M. G. (2002). Leisure activities and quality of life among the oldest old in Sweden. Research on Aging, 24(5), 528-547. doi: 10.1177/0164027502245003
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences (Vol. 3). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Spieler, I., Scheibe, S., & Stamov Roßnagel, C. (2018). Keeping work and private life apart: Age‐related differences in managing the work–nonwork interface. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(10), 1233-1251. doi: 10.1002/job.2283
Staubli, S., & Zweimüller, J. (2013). Does raising the early retirement age increase employment of older workers? Journal of Public Economics, 108, 17-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.09.003
Taylor, M. A., & Shore, L. M. (1995). Predictors of planned retirement age: An application of Beehr's model. Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 76-83. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.10.1.76
Ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Van Der Lippe, T. (2010). Effective work‐life balance support for various household structures. Human Resource Management, 49(2), 173-193. doi: 10.1002/hrm.20340
The Control Yuan, R.O.C. (2019). Since the low percentage of labor force participation rate of middle-age and elderly, The Control Yuan urge government to facilitate the plan of improving employment[Text in Chinese]. News release of The Control Yuan, R.O.C. Retrieved from https://www.cy.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=125&s=14892
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
Tutuncu, O., & Kozak, M. (2007). An investigation of factors affecting job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 8(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1300/J149v08n01_01
Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 201-210. doi: 10.1007/s10869-010-9165-6
Verghese, J., Wang, C., Katz, M. J., Sanders, A., & Lipton, R. B. (2009). Leisure activities and risk of vascular cognitive impairment in older adults. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 22(2), 110-118. doi: 10.1177/0891988709332938
Wang, J. C. (2018). Trend of Human resources development in future [Text in Chinese]. Taiwan Labor Quarterl, 58. Retrieved from https://www.mol.gov.tw/3016/32602/38886/.
Wang, P., Lawler, J. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Shi, K. (2004). Work-family conflict and job withdrawal intentions: The moderating effect of cultural differences. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(4), 392–412. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.11.4.392
Ward, H. E., Johnson, E. A., Salm, A. K., & Birkle, D. L. (2000). Effects of prenatal stress on defensive withdrawal behavior and corticotropin releasing factor systems in rat brain. Physiology & Behavior, 70(3-4), 359-366. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00270-5
Warr, P. (2001). Age and work behaviour: Physical attributes, cognitive abilities, knowledge, personality traits and motives. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 16, 1-36.
Weisman, M. L. (1999). The History of Retirement, From Early Man to A.A.R.P. The New Work Times, p. 19. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/21/
jobs/the-history-of-retirement-from-early-man-to-aarp.html
Wilson, D. M., Errasti‐Ibarrondo, B., Low, G., O'Reilly, P., Murphy, F., Fahy, A., & Murphy, J. (2020). Identifying contemporary early retirement factors and strategies to encourage and enable longer working lives: A scoping review. International Journal of Older People Nursing, e12313. doi: 10.1111/opn.12313
Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). Job satisfaction and psychological well-being as nonadditive predictors of workplace turnover. Journal of Management, 33(2), 141-160. doi: 10.1177/0149206306297582
Wu, H. L., Du, Y. Y., Peng, S. L., & Wang, Y. S. (2014). The strategy of improving labor force participation rate of middle-aged and elderly (PG10401-0347) [Text in Chinese]. Taipei: Ministry of Labor.