簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 郭福麟
Kuo, Fu-Lin
論文名稱: 玉山金絲桃之族群遺傳研究
tudy on population genetic structure of Hypericum nagasawae Hayata
指導教授: 王震哲
Wang, Jenn-Che
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 生命科學系
Department of Life Science
論文出版年: 2009
畢業學年度: 97
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 71
中文關鍵詞: 玉山金絲桃族群遺傳
英文關鍵詞: Hypericum nagasawae Hayata, population genetics
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:386下載:7
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 玉山金絲桃(Hypericum nagasawae Hayata)與能高金絲桃(H. nokoense Ohwi)皆為台灣特有種,由於二者形態相似,常造成鑑定上之混淆。本研究以accD – psaI、trnE – trnT、rpl16 intron、trnV – trnM(包含trnV intron)4個葉綠體DNA非轉錄區段進行分析,結果支持Robson (1996) 之處理,將此類群區分為兩種,其中玉山金絲桃廣泛分佈於海拔2,300 m 以上山區,能高金絲桃侷限分佈在花蓮秀林鄉之石灰岩地質地區。

      另針對玉山金絲桃共採集10個族群150個樣本,以葉綠體DNA accD – psaI 及 trnE – trnT兩基因間片段探討族群遺傳結構,結果共得到10種單套型,其中4個主要單套型佔了所有樣本的90%,各侷限分佈於特定區域,族群間具有高度分化且基因交流有限(mean FST = 0.744, Nm = 0.09)。北大武山之單套型皆為該族群特有,且與其它單套型差距最遠,顯示受到長期地理隔離之影響,若不計北大武族群,則各族群間之遺傳距離與地理距離呈中度正相關。根據巢狀支序分析(NCA)推論過去在間冰期時曾發生育地碎裂化,使各區域僅保留少數甚至一種單套型,隨後因冰期氣溫下降,族群分佈至較低海拔而使各族群間有所接觸,發生有限之基因交流。

      綜合與前人研究之高山類群比較,台灣高山草本植物之遺傳多樣性中心在中央山脈北段,且許多類群皆有雪山地區與南湖大山特有之單套型,其分佈模式可能受到過去冰期及冰河作用而產生遺傳漂變。然而綜合中性假說測試與BEAST軟體分析其族群變動顯示,最近的一次冰期對於玉山金絲桃之族群大小未造成明顯影響。

    Hypericum nagasawae Hayata and H. nokoense Ohwi are both endemic species in Taiwan. It is difficult to determine these two species since the closely morphological similarity between them. In this study, 4 chloroplast DNA non-coding regions, accD – psaI intergenic spacer, trnE – trnT IGS, rpl16 intron, and trnV – trnM (trnV intron included) IGS, were used to analyze their relationship. The results of molecular analysis are consistent with the taxonomic treatment of Robson (1996). Geographically, H. nagasawae is widely distributed in mountainous regions above 2,300 m in Taiwan, while H. nokoense is restrictively distributed in limestone regions in Shiu-Lin Township, Hualien.

    In order to uncover the population genetic structure of H. nagasawae, a total of 150 samples were collected from 10 populations, and two chloroplast DNA intergenic spacers, accD – psaI and trnE – trnT, were analyzed. 10 haplotypes were detected with 4 main haplotypes limitedly distributed in specific regions. Genetic differentiation among populations was generally high (mean FST = 0.744, Nm = 0.09).

    Both haplotypes in Mt Peitawu are endemic with the farthest genetic distance from other haplotypes. It suggested that the populations between Mt Peitawu and other regions have a long-term geographical isolation. The genetical distance and geographical distance (Isolation by distance test) have a moderate positive correlation when the population of Mt Peitawu was excluded. According to the result of Nested Clade Analysis, past fragmentation followed by range expansion had occurred.

    By integrating the present result and previous studies for other alpine plants, Northern Central Ridge was the genetic diversity center of alpine herbs of Taiwan. Glaciation might have played an important role contributed to the distribution pattern of haplotypes. According to neutral theory test (Tajima’s D, Fu & Li’s test) and BEAST software, however, last Glacial Age did not significantly influence population size.

    目   次 目  次...................................................Ⅰ 附表目次...................................................Ⅱ 附圖目次...................................................Ⅱ 中文摘要...................................................Ⅲ 英文摘要...................................................Ⅳ 壹、前言....................................................1 貳、材料與方法.............................................11 參、結果...................................................23 肆、討論...................................................41 伍、結論...................................................49 陸、參考文獻...............................................51 柒、附錄...................................................61 附表目次 表一、採樣地點之地理資訊及代號........................................11 表二、核ITS及葉綠體DNA引子序列資訊.................................15 表三、玉山金絲桃各單套型在各族群之數量. ..............................28 表四、玉山金絲桃各族群遺傳變異分析....................................31 表五、玉山金絲桃各族群間核苷酸置換之平均數............................32 表六、玉山金絲桃各族群遺傳分化及基因流傳..............................33 表七、玉山金絲桃分子變方分析..........................................34 表八、玉山金絲桃之葉綠體片段之NCA分析結果...........................39 表九、台灣歷來維管束植物之親緣地理研究之中性假說測試結果..............44 表十、比較不同類群在各地理區之單套型數量..............................48 附圖目次 圖一、玉山金絲桃、能高金絲桃、短柄金絲桃之採集地點....................12 圖二、利用葉綠體片段建構之MP樹型圖.................................. 24 圖三、利用葉綠體片段建構之NJ樹型圖.................................. 25 圖四、玉山金絲桃葉綠體DNA單套型之最小關連網狀圖.................... 27 圖五、玉山金絲桃各單套型在各族群數量之圓餅圖..........................28 圖六、玉山金絲桃地理距離與遺傳距離相關性測試圖........................36 圖七、玉山金絲桃葉綠體DNA建構之Bayesian skyline plot 圖................37 圖八、玉山金絲桃序列變異分佈測驗圖....................................38 圖九、玉山金絲桃葉綠體DNA之親緣網狀圖.............................. 38 附錄目次 附錄一、樣本採樣地點..................................................61 附錄二、用於親緣關係分析之樣本代號及對應單套型........................65 附錄三、玉山金絲桃及其相關類群各單套型變異位點........................66 附錄四、玉山金絲桃各單套型之長度及核苷酸比例..........................68 附錄五、玉山金絲桃各單套型變異位點組成................................68 附錄六、用於族群遺傳分析之玉山金絲桃代號及對應單套型..................69 附錄七、太魯閣國家公園特有植物名錄....................................70 附錄八、歷來有關台灣維管束植物的葉綠體DNA之遺傳特性比較............ 71

    王唯匡,2002,台灣特有水生植物大安水蓑衣的族群分化與親緣地理學之探討。國立成功大學生物學系碩士班論文。
    江友中,2002,八丈芒分子地理親緣之研究。國立台灣師範大學生物學系博士論文。
    余惠如,2008,喜岩菫菜種複合群之親緣關係與分類研究。國立台灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文。
    吳家進,2009,玉山水苦藚及其相關類群之系統分類—特列論及玉山水苦藚的的族群遺傳。國立台灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文。
    吳馥宇,2006,台灣冷杉粒線體DNA多型性之研究。國立台灣大學植物學研究所碩士論文。
    李祖文,2004,台灣產石竹科石族亞科植物之分類研究。國立台灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文。
    沈中桴,1996,台灣的生物地理:1. 背景。台灣省立博物館年刊 39:387-428。
    周延威,2009,臺灣杉屬的親緣地理研究。國立臺灣大學生命科學院生態學與演化生物學研究所碩士論文。
    林朝棨,1957,臺灣地形,頁1-31。
    林雅芳,2006,以形態及分子證據探討玉山蠅子草種複合群的分類問題。國立台灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文。
    徐國士,1984,太魯閣國家公園植物生態資源調查報告。內政部營建署。
    陳怡雁,2003,鈴木草屬(唇形科),台灣及琉球特有屬,之親緣地理學研究。國立成功大學生物學系碩士班論文。
    陳致仁,2003,玉山箭竹親緣地理學之研究。國立台灣師範大學生物學系碩士論文。
    陳傳杰,2004,台灣產金絲桃屬植物之分類研究。國立台灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文。
    曾柏彰,2006,台灣產附地草屬之親緣關係與分類研究。國立台灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文。
    黃麗紅、黃士穎、林讚標,2000,紅檜與台灣扁柏低的葉綠體DNA遺傳變異及族群分化。台灣林業科學 15(2): 229-236。
    楊建夫,2000,雪山主峰圈谷群末次冰期的冰河遺跡研究。國立台灣大學地理學研究所博士論文。
    魏國彥、許晃雄,1997,全球環境變遷導論。台灣大學全球變遷中心。
    劉淑娟,2009,島田氏月桃複合群之演化歷史:中央山脈兩側避難所之推論。台大師大生態演化聯合學術發表會。
    陳淑芳,2003,東亞特有八角金盤屬(五加科)之親緣地理學研究。國立成功大學生物學研究所碩士班論文。
    Avise, J. C. (2000) Phylogeography: The History and formation of species. Harvard University Press, London.
    Avise, J. C., J. Arnold. R. M. Ball. E. Bermingham Jr., T. Lamb. J. E. Neigel, C. A. Reeb, and N. C. Saunder. (1987) Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 489-522.
    Beheregaray, L. B. (2008) Twenty years of phylogeography: the state of the field and the challenges for the Southern Hemisphere. Molecular Ecology 17: 3754-3774.
    Bermingham, E. and A.P. Martin. (1998) Comparative mtDNA phylogeography of Neotropical freshwater fishes: testing shared history to infer the evolutionary landscape pf lower Central America. Molecular Ecology 7: 499-519.
    Bermingham, E. and J. C. Avise. (1986) Molecular zoogeography of freshwater fishes in the southeastern United States. Genetics 113(4): 939-965.
    Borsch, T., K. W. Hilu, D. Quandt, V. Wilde, C. Neinhuis, and W. Barthlott. (2003) Noncoding plastid trnT - trnF sequences reveal a well resolved phylogeny of basal angiosperms. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16(4): 558-76.
    Böse, M. (2006) Geomorphic altitudinal zonation of the high mountains of Taiwan. Quaternary International 147: 55-61.
    Brown, J. H., and M. V. Lomolino. (1998) Biogeography. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
    Byrne, M. and G. F. Moran. (1994) Population divergence in chloroplast genome of Eucalyptus nitens. Heredity 73: 18-28.
    Castelloe, J. T. and A. R. Templeton (1994) Root probabilities for intraspecific gene trees under neutral coalescent theory. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3: 102-113.
    Cheng, Y. P., S. Y. Hwang. T. P. Lin. (2005) Potential refugia in Taiwan revealed by the phylogeographical study of Castanopsis carlesii Hayata (Fagaceae). Molecular Ecology 14(7):2075-2085.
    Clegg, M. T. (1980) Measuring plant mating systems. Bioscience 30: 814-818.
    Clegg, M. T., G. H. Learn. and E. M. Golenberg. (1991) Molecular evolution of chloroplast. In R. K. Selander, A. G. Clark and T. S. Whittam (eds.), Evolution at Molecular Level. 135-149. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
    Clegg, M. T., S. Gaut, G. H. Learn, Jr, and B. R. Morton. (1994) Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91(15): 6795-6801.
    Clement, M., D. Posada. and K. A. Crandall. (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology (9): 1657-1659.
    Crawford, D. J. (2000) Plant macromolecular systematics in the past 50 years: one view. Taxon 49: 479-501.
    Cui, Z. J., C. F. Yang, G. N. Liu, W. Zhang, S. Wang, and Q. C. Sun. (2002) The Quaternary glaciation of Shesan Mountain in Taiwan and glacial classification in monsoon areas. Quaternary International 97-98: 147-153.
    Drummond, A. J. and A. Rambaut. (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by samplimg trees. Evolutionary Biology 7: 214.
    Edwards, A. W. and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza. (1963) The reconstruction of evolution. Annals of Human Genetics 27(1): 104-105.
    Engler, A. 1925. Guttiferae. In Englar, A. & Prantl, K., Natürl. PflFam., ed. 2, 21: 154-237
    Excoffier, L., and P. E. Smouse. (1994) Using allele frequencies and geographic subdivision to reconstruct gene trees within a species: Molecular variance parsimony. Genetics 136: 343-359.
    Excoffier, L., G. Laval, and S. Schneider. (2005) Arlequin ver.3.0: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 1:47-50.
    Fairbanks, R. G. (1989) A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature 342, 637 - 642.
    Fu, Y. X. and W. H. Li. (1993) Maximum likelihood estimation of population parameters. Genetics 134: 1261-1270.
    Futuyma, D. J. (2005) Evolution. pp250-252. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
    Gibbard, P. and T. van Kolfschoten. (2004) The Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs. Chapter 22 In Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, James G., and Smith, A. Gilbert (eds.). A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    Giuffra, E., J. M. H. Kijas. V. Amarger. Ö. Carlborg. J. T. Jeon. and L. Andersson. (2000) The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and subsequent introgression. Genetics 154: 1785-1791.
    Golenberg, E. M., M. T. Clegg, M. L. Durbin, J. Doebley, and D. P. Ma. (1993) Evolution of a noncoding region of the chloroplast genome. MolecularPhylogenetics and Evolution 2(1):52-64.
    Gottlieb, L.D. (1977) Electrophoretic evidence and plant systematics. Annual Missouri Botanical Garden 64: 161-180.
    Grant, W. S. and B. W. Bowen. (1998) Shallow population histories in deep evolutionary lineages of marine fishes: insights from sardines and anchovies and lessons for conservation. The American Genetic Association 89(5):415-426.
    Graur, D. and W. H. Li. (2000) Fundamental of Molecular Evolution, 2nd ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Maaschuseatts.
    Hall, T. A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41:95-98.
    Hamrick, J. L. & M. J. Godt, (1989) Allozyme diversity in plant species. In A. H. D. Brown, M. T. Clegg, A. L. Kahler, and B. S. Weir (eds). Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources pp.43 - 63. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
    Hartl, D. L., A. G. Clark. (2007) Principles of population genetics. pp.95-148. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
    Hayata, B. (1911) Materials for a Flora of Formosa. Journal of the College of Science. University, Tokyo 30(1): 38-42.
    Hedrick, P. W. (1984) Population biology. Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Inc.
    Hikida, T. and H. Ota. (1997) Biogeography of reptiles in the subtropical East Asia Island. Pp. 11-28. In K.Y. Lue and T.H. Chen (eds.) Proceeding the symposiumon the phylogeny, biogeography and conservation of fauna and flora of East Asian region. National Science Council, Taipei.
    Hsieh, C. F. (2002) Composition, endemism and phytogeographical affinities of the Taiwan Flora. Taiwania 47(4):298-310.
    Huang, S. (1992) Patterns of genetic variation in northern red oak (Quercus rubra L. ) populations in midwestern United States. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, St. Louis.
    Huang, S. S.-F., S.-Y. Hwang. and T.-P. Lin. (2002) Spatial pattern of chloroplast DNA variation of Cyclobalanopsis glauca in Taiwan and East Asia. Molecular Ecology 2002(11): 23492358
    Huang, S.F., S.-Y. Hwang. J.-C. Wang. and T-P. Lin. (2004) Phylogeography of Trochodendron aralioides (Trochodendraceae) in Taiwan and its adjacent areas. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1251-1259.
    Hudson, R. R., M. Slatkin. and W. P. Maddison. (1992) Estimation of levels of gene flow from DNA sequence data. Genetics 132: 583-589
    Hwang, S.Y., Y. P. Lin, C. S. Ma, C. L. Lin, J. D. Chung, and J. C. Yang. (2003) Postglacial population growth of Cunninghamia konishii (Cupressaceae) inferred from phylogeographic and mismatch analysis of chloroplast DNA variation. Molecular Ecology 12: 2689-2695.
    Jensen, J. L., A. J. Bohonak. and S. T. Kelley. (2005) Isolation by distance, web service. BMC Genetics 6:13.
    Jordan, W. C., M. W. Courtney. and J. E. Neigel. (1996) Low levels of intraspecific genetic variation at a rapidly evolving chloroplast DNA locus in North American duckweeds (Lemnaceae). American Journal of Botany 83: 430-439.
    Kelchner, S. A. and L. G. Clark. (1997) Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetic Utility of the Chloroplast rpl16 Intron in Chusquea and the Bambusoideae (Poaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8(3): 385-397
    Kimura, M. (1983) Rare veriant alleles in the light of the neutral theory. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1: 84-93.
    Kimura, Y. (1940) Hypericum of Formosa. Botanical Magazine Tokyo 54: 79-88.
    Kingman, J. F. C. (1982) The coalescent. Stochastic Processes and their application 13: 235-248.
    Kumar, S., J. Dudley. M. Nei. and K. Tamura. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 1596-1599.
    Kuo, D. C., C. C. Lin. K. C. Ho. Y. P. Cheng. S. Y. Hwang. and T. P. Lin. (2009) Two genetic divergence centers revealed by chloroplastic DNA variation in populations of Cinnamomum kanehirae Hay. Conservation Genetics
    Liew, P.M., C.Y. Huang, and M.H. Tseng. (1997) Preliminary study on late Quaternary climatic environment of the Taipei Basin and its possible relation to basin sediments. Journal of the Geological Society of China 40(1): 17-30.
    Liew, P.-M., S,-Y. Huang, and C.-M. Kuo. (2006) Pollen stratigraphy, vegetation and environment of the last glacial and Holocene - A record from Toushe Basin, central Taiwan. Quaternary International 147:16-33.
    Loveless, M. D. and J. L. Hamrick. (1984) Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15: 65-95.
    MacArthur, R. H.; and E. O. Wilson (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. pp 3-7. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
    Maskas S. D. and M. B. Cruzan. (2000) Patterns of intraspecific diversification in the Piriqueta caroliniana complex in southeastern North America and the Bahamas. Evolution 54: 815-527.
    Mogensen, H. L. (1996) The hows and whys cytoplasmic inheritance in seed plants. America Journal of Botany 83: 383-404.
    Möller, M. and Q.C.B. CRONK. (1997). Origin and relationships of Saintpaulia (Gesneriaceae) based on ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. American Journal of Botany 84, 956-965.
    Nei, M. (1987) Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
    Olsen, K. M., and B. A. Schaal. (1999) Evidence on the origin of cassava: Phylogeography of Manihot esculenta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96: 5586-5591.
    Page, R. D. M. and E. C. Holmes. (1998) Molecular Evolution: a phylogenetic approach. pp. 73-77. Blackwell Publishing.
    Palmer, J. D. 1985. Evolution of chloroplast and mitochondria DNA in plants and algae. In R. J. MacIntyre (ed.), Molecular and evolutionary genetics. pp.131-240. Plenum, New York.
    Palmer, J. D., D. Jansen, H. J. Michaels, M. W. Chase, and J. R. Manhardt. (1988) Chloroplast DNA variation and plant phylogeny. Annual Missouri Botany Garden 75: 1180-1206.
    Panchal, M. (2007) The automation of Nested Clade Phylogeographic Analysis. Bioinformatics 23(4): 509-510.
    Park, S.-J., and K.-J.Kim. (2004) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Hypericum (Hypericaceae) from Korea and Japan: Evidence from Nuclear rDNA ITS Sequence Data. Journal of Plant Biology 47(4):366-374.
    Petit, J. R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N. I. Barkov, J.-M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Bender, J. Chappellaz, M. Davis, G. Delaygue, M. Delmotte, V. M. Kotlyakov, M. Legrand, V. Y. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pe´pin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzmank, and M. Stievenard. (1999) Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399: 429-436.
    Petit, R. J., J. Duminil, S. Fineschi, A. Hampe, D. Salvini,G. G. Vendramin. (2005) Comparative organization of chloroplast, mitochondrial and nuclear diversity in plant populations. Molecular Ecology 14: 689-701.
    Pons, O. and R. J. Petit. (1996) Measuring and testing genetic differentiation with ordered versus unordered alleles. Genetics 144: 1237-1245.
    Pons, O.and R. J. Petit. (1995) Estimation, variance and optimal sampling of gene diversity. I. Haploid locus. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90:462-470.
    Posada, D., K. A. Crandall and A. R. Templeton. (2006) Nested clade analysis statistics. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 590-593.
    Ramı´rez-Soriano, A., S. E. Ramos-Onsins, J. Rozas, F. Calafell*, and A. Navarr. (2008) Statistical power analysis of neutrality tests under demographic expansions, contractions and bottlenecks with recombination. Genetics 179: 555-567.
    Ramos-Onsins, S. E. and J. Rozas. (2002) Statistical properties of new neutrality tests against population growth. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19(12): 2092-2100.
    Robson, N. K. B. (1996) Guttiferae. In Huang et al. (eds.) Flora of Taiwan 2nd ed. 2: 700-714
    Robson, N. K. B. (2006) Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Clusiaceae). Section 9. Hypericum sensu lato (part 3): subsection 1. Hypericum series 2. Senanensia, subsection 2. Erecta and section 9b. Graveolentia. Systematics and Biodiversity 4(1): 19-98.
    Rogers, A. R. and H. Harpending. (1992). Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9: 552-569.
    Rozas, J., J. C. Sa'nchez-DelBarrio, X. Messegyer, and R. Rozas. (2003) DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. Bioinformatics 19: 2496-2497.
    Saitou, N. and M. Nei. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4(4): 406-425.
    Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, A. R. Coulson. (1977) DNA sequencing with chain- terminating inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74(12): 5463-5437.
    Schaal B. A., D. A. Haywdrth, K.M. Olsen. J. T. Rauscher and W. A. Smith. (1998) Phylogeographic studies in plant: problems and prospects. Molecular Ecology 7: 465-474.
    Schaal, B. A. 1975. Population structure and local differentiation in Liatris cylindracea. American Naturalist 109: 511-528.
    Schaal, B. A. and K. M. Olsen. (2000) Gene genealogies and population variation in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97(13):7024-7029.
    Shih, F. L., S. Y. Hwang, Y. P. Cheng, P. F. Lee, and T. P. Lin. (2007) Uniform genetic diversity, low differentiation, and neutral evolution characterize contemporary refuge populations of Taiwan fir (Abies kawakamii, Pinaceae) American Journal of Botany 94:194-202.
    Slatkin, M. (1987) Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science 236: 787-792.
    Slatkin, M. and R. R. Hudson, (1991) Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial-DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations. Genetics 129:555-562.
    Small, R. L., J. A. Ryburna, R. C. Cronn, T. Seelanan and J. F. Wendel. (2005) The tortoise and the hare: choosing between noncoding plastome and nuclear Adh sequences for phylogeny reconstruction in a recently diverged plant group. American Journal of Botany 85:1301-1315.
    Smith, S. A. & M. J. Donoghue. (2008) Rates of molecular evolution are linkde to life history in flowering plants. Science 322: 86-89.
    Soliva, M., A. Kocyan, and A. Widmer. (2001) Molecular phylogenetics of the sexually deceptive orchid genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20(1): 78-88.
    Su, H. J. (1984) Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forests in Taiwan (II): altitudinal vegetation zones in relation to temperature gradient. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 17(4):53-73.
    Swofford, D. L. (2002) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). In. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
    Taberlet, P., L. Fumagalli, A.-G. Wust-Saucy, and J.-F. Cossons (1998) Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Molecular Ecology 7: 453-464.
    Tajima, F. (1989) Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123: 585-595.
    Templeton, A. R. (1998) Nested clade analysis of phylogeographic data: testing hypotheses about gene flow and population history. Molecular Ecology 7: 381-397.
    Templeton, A. R., E. Routman and C. A. Phillips. (1995) Separating population structure from population history: A cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinurn. Genetics 140:767-778.
    Tsukada, M. (1966) Late Pleistocene vegetation and climate in Taiwan (Formosa). Proceedings of National Academia Science 55(3):543-548.
    Wagner, D. B. (1992) Nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms as biochemical markers in population genetic analyses of forest trees. New Forests 6:373-390.
    Wolfe, K. H., W. H. Li, and P. M. Sharp. (1987) Rates of nucleotide substitution vary greatly among plant mitochondria chloroplast and nuclear DNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 84(24): 9054-9058.
    Wright, S. (1921) Systems of mating. Genetics 6:111-178.
    Wright, S. (1946) Isolation by distance under diverse systems of mating. Genetics 31: 39-59.
    Wright, S. (1951) The genetical structure of population. Annual Eugenetics 15: 323-354.
    Wright, S. (1965) The interpretation of population structure by F-statistics with special regard to systems of mating. Evolution 19: 395-420.
    Wu, S.-H., C.-Y. Hwang, T.-P. Lin, J.-D. Chung, Y.-P. Cheng, and S.-Y. Hwang. (2006) Contrasting phylogeographical patterns of two closely related species, Machilus thunbergii and Machilus kusanoi (Lauraceae), in Taiwan. Journal of Biogeography 33: 936-947.
    Yang, T. Y. A., T.-Y. Chiang, C.-I. Peng, and T.-W. Hsu. (2006) Chloranthus henryi Hemsl. (Chloranthaceae), a new record to the Flora of Taiwan. Taiwania, 51(4): 283-286.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE