酸沉降為世界上日益嚴重的環境問題，對於生態造成許多影響，如營養枯竭、森林衰退、土壤和地表水酸化、湖泊和沼澤生物的死亡以及農作物損害，農業上尿素和動物糞便的施用導致大氣中氨的積累，長期的積累可能導致氮沉降增加，對土壤和植物產生不利影響，本研究直接於石碇山區農田內收集濕沉降並分析其化學性質及粗略估算其通量，結果顯示降雨pH值低於5.0佔全部資料53%，霧水pH值低於5.0僅佔全部資料28%，pH值平均也較雨水高，因本研究研究地點位於茶園中，農田施用的動物糞肥和尿素溢散到空氣中，使得氨的濃度變高，溶於霧水中的氨能有效地提高霧水的pH值。降雨中Na+和Cl-高濃度與高沉降量主要與颱風有關，Ca2+在十二月至三月高濃度主要與相對乾季，沙塵情形相對嚴重有關，NH4+離子濃度較溪頭低可能與農業施肥面積較少有關，NO3-高濃度與高通量主要在四至六月，可能與中國汙染物質遠距傳播有關，SO42-濃度較福山低，可能與東北季風對汙染物質的遠距傳播有關，也可能是因為研究年份相差20年，台灣的酸沉降20年來已有顯著改善所致。霧水攔截物質能力較雨水高，故霧水之離子濃度都較雨水高，但因儀器關係，濃度被稀釋，所以相較其他研究低，霧水離子貢獻量也相對較低，僅NH4+貢獻量相當於雨水71%，高於溪頭的57%，雖然本研究中農家並無過量施肥，但貢獻量已相當高，過量施肥地區貢獻量可能更加可觀，甚至會對周邊生態系造成影響。

Acid deposition is a growing environmental problem in the world, with many impacts on ecology. Such as nutrient depletion, forest degradation, acidification of soil and surface water, death of lakes and swamps, and damage to crops. The application of urea and animal manure in agriculture leads to the accumulation of ammonia in the atmosphere. Long-term accumulation may cause an increase in nitrogen deposition that adversely affects soil and plants. This study directly collects the wet deposition in the farmland of Shi-ding and analyzes its chemistry and roughly estimates its flux. The results show that the rainfall pH is less than 5.0, accounting for 53% of all data. Fog water pH below 5.0 only accounts for 28% of all data. The average pH is also higher than rain pH. The research site is located in the tea garden.Animal manure and urea applied to farmland spilled into the air, making the ammonia concentration higher.Ammonia dissolved in mist water can effectively increase the pH value of fog water. The high concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in precipitation are mainly related to typhoons.The high concentration of Ca2+ in December to March is mainly related to the relatively dry season and the relatively serious sand and dust situation.
The lower NH4+ ion concentration than that of Xitou may be related to the less agricultural fertilization area.The high concentration of NO3- and high flux are mainly from April to June. May be related to the long-range transmission of Chinese pollutants. The concentration of SO42- is lower than that of Fushan, which may be related to the long-distance transmission of pollutants by the northeast monsoon, or it may be because the research year is 20 years apart.Acid deposition in Taiwan has improved significantly over the past 20 years. The ability of fog water to intercept matter is higher than rainwater, so the ion concentration of fog water is higher than rain water. However, the concentration is diluted due to the instrument, so it is lower than in other studies.The fog water ion flux is also relatively low.Only NH4+ flux is equivalent to 71% of rainwater, which is higher than 57% of Xitou. Although the farmhouse did not over-fertilize in this study, the flux has been quite high.Flux in areas with excessive fertilization maybe even more appreciable and may even affect surrounding ecosystems.

金恒鑣、劉瓊霦、 夏禹九、黃正良，2003，福山天然闊葉林生態系對降水水化學的交互作用。台灣林業科學 18:363-73。
林永锋、胡永光、李萍萍、沙愛國、王博，2014，有機肥及氮磷鉀肥施用量與茶葉產量的關係模型及其解析。江蘇農業科學 9:207-210。
張仲德、林登秋、薛美莉，2003，彰化市與台中市酸沉降之比較研究。台大地理學報 33:77-90。
曹崇銘、蔡明哲、蘇大成、周崇光、黃景祥、吳章甫、 洪志遠，2016，交通汙染對溪頭森林環境影響之研究。臺大實驗林研究報告30:71-83。
張仲德、林登秋、林能暉，2009，臺灣地區酸沉降臨界負荷量及其對環境與經濟影響之估算。地理學報 56:39-58。
Aikawa, M., Ohara, T., Hiraki, T., Oishi, O., Tsuji, A., Yamagami, M., Murani, K, Mukai, H. 2010. Significant geographic gradients in particulate sulfate over japan determined from multiple-site measurements and a chemical transport model: impacts of transboundary pollution from the Asian continent. Atmospheric Environment 44:381-391.
Ali, K., Momin, G.A., Tiwari, S., Safai, P.D., Chate, D.M., Rao, P.S.P. 2004. Fog and precipitation chemistry at Delhi, North India. Atmospheric Environment 38:4215-4222.
Anderson, J.B., Baumgardner, R.E., Mohnen,V.A., Bowser, J.J. 1999. Cloud chemistry in the eastern United States, as sampled from three high-elevation sites along the Appalachian Mountains. Atmospheric Environment 33:5105-5114.
Ayers, G.P., Leong, C.P., Gillett, R.W., Lim, S.F. 2002. Rainwater composition and acidity at five sites in Malaysia, in 1996. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 133:15-30.
Baedecker, P.A., Reddy, M.M., Reimann, K.J., Sciammarella, C.A. 1992. Effects of acidic deposition on the erosion of carbonate stone experimental results from the United States National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Atmospheric Environment 26:147-158.
Baumgardner, D., Varela, S., Escobedo, F.J., Chacalo, A., Ochoa, C. 2012. The role of a peri-urban forest on air quality improvement in the Mexico City megalopolis. Environmental Pollution 163: 174-83.
Bouwman, A.F., Van Vuuren, D.P., Derwent, R.G., Posch, M. 2002. A global analysis of acidification and eutrophication of terrestrial ecosystem. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 141:349-382.
Boyce, S.D., Butchert, S.S. 1976. Th e eff ect of a local source on the composition of precipitation in south-central Maine. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 6:375-384.
Brady, N.C., Weil, R.R. 1996. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.
Burkard, R., Biitzberger, P., Eugster, W. 2003. Vertical fogwarer flux measurements above an elevated forest canopy at the LHgeren research site, Switzerland. Atmospheric Environment 37:2979-2990.
Burns, D.A., Aherne, J., Gay, D.A., Lehmann, C.M.B. 2016. Acid rain and its environmental effects: Recent scientific advances. Atmospheric Environment 146:1-4.
Carr, M.K.V. 1972. The climatic requirements of the tea plant: a review. Experimental Agriculture 8:1-14.
Chang, K.H., Jeng, F.T., Tsai, Y.L., Lin, P.L. 2000. Modeling of long-rangetransport on Taiwan’s acid deposition under different weather conditions. Atmospheric Environment 34:3281-3295.
Chang, S.C., Lai, I.L., Wu, J.T. 2002. Estimation of fog deposition on epiphytic bryophytes in a subtropical montane forest ecosystem in northeastern Taiwan. Atmospheric Research 64:159-167.
Chen, C.S., Chen, Y.L. 2003. The rainfall characteristics of Taiwan. Monthly Weather Review 131:1323-1341.
Chen, G.T.J. 1992. Mesoscale features observed in the Taiwan Mei-yu season. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 70:497-516.
Chen, Y.L. 1993. Some synoptic-scale aspects of the surface fronts over southern China during TAMEX. Monthly Weather Review 121:50-64.
Chiang, S.H. 1977. Fog frequency and distribution in Taiwan. Taiwan Provincial Hsin-Chu Teachers College 3:265-278. (In Chinese, with English abstract.)
Chou, C.K., Hsu, W.C.,Chang, S.Y., Chen, W.N., Chen, M.J., Huang, W.R., Huang, S.H., Tsai, C.Y., Chang, S.C., Lee, C.T. 2017. Seasonality of the mass concentration and chemical composition of aerosols around an urbanized basin in East Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 122:2026-2042.
Collett Jr, J., Hoad, K.J., Rao, X., Pandis, S.N. 1999. Internal acid buffering in San Joaquin Valley fog drops and its influence on aerosol processing. Atmospheric Environment 33:4833-4847.
Csavina, J., Field, J., Félix, O., Corral-Avitia, A.Y., Sáez, A E., Betterton, E.A. 2014. Effect of wind speed and relative humidity on atmospheric dust concentrations in semi-arid climates. Science of the Total Environment 487:82-90.
Dawson, T.E. 1998. Fog in the California redwood forest: Ecosystem input and use by plants. Oecologia 117:476-485.
DeFelice, T., Saxena, V. 1990. Mechanisms for the operation of three cloudwater collectors: comparison of mountain-top results. Atmospheric Research 25:277-292.
Duan, L., Yu, Q., Zhang, Q., Wang, Z., Pan, Y., Larssen, T., Tang, J., Mulder, J. 2016. Acid deposition in Asia: Emissions, deposition, and ecosystem effects. Atmospheric Environment 146:55-69.
Eldridge, R.G. 1971. The relationship between visibility and liquid water content in fog. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 28:1183-1186.
EPA . 1990. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1988. Report EPA-450/4-90-001. US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Fischer, D.T., Still, C.J. 2007. Evaluating patterns of fog water deposition and isotopic composition on the California Channel Islands. Water Resources Research 43:W04420.
Fujita, S. 1993. Volcanic activity: some effects of the emissions on the acidification of the environment. Journal of Japan Society of Air Pollution 28:72 -90.
Fujita, S.I., Takahashi, A., Weng, J.H., Huang, L.F., Kim, H.K., Li, K. Huang, T.C., Jeng, F.T. 2000. Precipitation chemistry in East Asia. Atmospheric Environment 34:525-537.
Galloway, J.N., Cowling, E.B. 2002. Reactive nitrogen and the world: 200 years of change. AMBIO 31:64-71.
Gandhi, A., Patel, P., Bagale, G. 2017. A Study on acid rain: Effects and control measures. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 6:5538-5543.
Giambelluca, T., DeLay, J., Nullet, M., Scholl, M., Gingerich, S. 2011. Canopy water balance of windward and leeward Hawaiian cloud forests on Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii. Hydrological Processes 25:438-447.
Hara, H. 1998. Acid deposition chemistry in Asia, Europe, and North America. Progress in Nuclear Energy 32:331-338.
Herckes, P., Wortham, H., Mirabel, P., Millet, M. 2002. Evolution of the fogwater composition in Strasbourg (France) from 1990 to 1999. Atmospheric Research 64:53-62.
Hilmi, I.M., Susilawati, K., Ahmed, O.H., Majid, N.M. 2013. Effects of simulated acid rain on Shorea macroptera growth and selected soil chemical properties. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8:1280-1289.
Hsu, S.C., Liu, S.C., Tsai, F., Engling, G., Lin, I.I., Chou, C.K.C., Kao, S.J., Lung, S.C.C., Chan, C.Y., Lin, S.C., Huang, J.C., Chi, K.H., Chen, W.N., Lin, F.J., Huang, C.H., Kuo, C.L., Wu, T.C., Huang, Y.T. 2010. High wintertime particulate matter pollution over an offshore island (Kinmen) off southeastern China: an overview. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 115:D17309
Huang, R.J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K.F., Cao, J.J., Han, Y., Daellenbach, K.R, Slowik, J.G, Platt, S.M., Canonaco, F. 2014. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China. Nature 514:218.
Huang, W.S., Lin, T.C. 2002. Fog and studies of environmental ecology: A review. Journal of Experimental Forest National Taiwan University 16:165-177. (In Chinese, with English abstract.)
Igawa, M., Tsutsumi, Y., Mori, T., Okochi, H. 1998. Fogwater chemistry at a Mountainside forest and the estimation of the air pollutant deposition via fog droplets based on the atmospheric quality at the mountain base. Environmental Science and Technology 32:1566-1572.
Lee, J.J., Neely, G.E., Perrigan, S.C., Grothaus, L.C. 1981. Effect of simulated sulfuric acid rain on yield, growth and foliar injury of several crops. Environmental and Experimental Botany 21:171-185.
Kaiser, J. 1996. Acid rain's dirty business stealing mineral from soil. Science 272:198.
Kita, I., Sato, T., Kase, Y., Mitropoulos, P. 2004. Neutral Rains at Athens, Greece: A Natural Safeguard against Acidification of Rains. Science of the Total Environment 327:285-294.
Kitada, T.P., Lee, C.S., Ueda, H. 1992. Numerical modeling of long-range transport of acidic species in association with meso-β-convective-clouds across the Japan Sea resulting in acid snow over coastal Japan - I: Model description and qualitative verifications. Atmospheric Environment Part A. General Topics 27:1061-1076.
Krug, E.C., Frink, C.R. 1983. Acid rain on acid soil: a new perspective. Science 221:520-525.
Liang, Y.L., Lin, T.C., Hwong, J.L., Lin, N.H., Wang, C.P. 2009. Fog and precipitation chemistry at a mid-land forest in central Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:627-636.
Likens, G.E., Driscoll, C.T., Buso, D.C. 1996. Long-term effects of acid rain: Response and recovery of a forest ecosystem. Science 272:244-246.
Lin, C.Y., Liu, S.C., Chou, C.C.K. , Liu, T. H., Lee, C.T., Yuan, C.S., Shiu, C.J., Young, C.Y. 2004. Long-range transport of Asian dust and air pollutants to Taiwan. Terrestrial Atmospheric Oceanic 15:759-784.
Lin, C.Y., Wang, Z., Chen, W.N., Chang, S.Y., Chou, C.C.K., Sugimoto, N., Zhao, X. 2007. Long-range transport of Asian dust and air pollutants to Taiwan:observed evidence and model simulation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7:423-434.
Lin, T.C., Shaner, P.J., Wang, L.J, Shih, Y.T., Wang, C.P., Huang, G.H., Huang, J.C. 2015. Effects of mountain tea plantations on nutrient cycling at upstream watersheds. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19:4493-4504.
Lin T.C., King, H.B., Hsia, Y.J., Wang, L.J., Horng, J.L., Liou, C.B. 1996. Evaluating rainfall contamination in Fu-shan Experimental Forest using factor analysis. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 29:121-131.
Liu, T.H., Tsai, F., Hsu, S.C., Hsu, C.W., Shiu, C.J., Chen, W.N., Tu, J.Y. 2009. Southeastward transport of Asian dust: Source, transport and its contributions to Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment 43:458-467.
Livingston, R. A. 2016. Acid rain attack on outdoor sculpture in perspective. Atmospheric Environment 146:332-345.
Lovett, G.M., Reiner, W.A., Olson, R.K. 1982. Cloud droplet deposition in subalpine balsam fir forests: Hydrological and chemical inputs. Science 218:1303-1304.
Lovett, G.M., Likens, G.E., Buso, D.C., Driscoll, C.T.,Bailey, S.W. 2005. The biogeochemistry of chlorine at Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire, USA. Biogeochemistry 72:191-232.
Lu, S.Y., Tang, K.J., Ku, H.Y., Huang, H.H. 2000. Climate conditions of forested lands of Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Journal of Taiwan Forestry Science 15:429-440. (In Chinese, with English abstract.)
Martha, S., Werner, E., Reto, B. 2011. Understanding the role of fog in forest hydrology: stable isotopes as tools for determining input and partitioning of cloud water in montane forests. Hydrological Processes 25:353-366.
Millet, M., Wortham, H., Mirabel, P.H. 1995. Solubility of polyvalent cations in fogwater at an urban site in Strasbourg (France). Atmospheric Environment 29:2625-2631.
Millet, M., Sanusi, A., Wortham, H. 1996. Chemical composition of fogwater in an urban area: Strasbourg (France). Environmental Pollution 94:345-354.
Minami, Y., Ishizaka,Y. 1996. Evaluation of chemical composition in fog water near the summit of a high mountain in Japan. Atmospheric Environment 30:3363-3376.
Olivier, J., De Rautenbach, C. 2002. The implementation of fog water collection systems in South Africa. Atmospheric Research 64:227-238.
Olivier, J. 2004. Fog harvesting: An alternative source of water supply on the West Coast of South Africa. GeoJournal 61:203.
Ritter, A., Regalado, C.M., Aschan, G. 2008. Fog water collection in a subtropical Elfin laurel Forest of the Garajonay National Park (Canary Islands): A combined approach using artificial fog catchers and a physically based impaction model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 9:920-935.
Sakihama, H., Tokuyama, A. 2005. Effect of typhoon on chemical composition of rainwater in Okinawa Island, Japan. Atmospheric Environment 39:2879-2888.
Schwartz, S.E. 1989. Acid Deposition: Unraveling a Regional Phenomenon. Science 243:753-763.
Shanyengana, E., Henschel, J.R., Seely, M.K., Sanderson, R.D. 2002. Exploring fog as a supplementary water source in Namibia. Atmospheric Research 64:251-259.
Simon, S., Klemm, O., El-Madany, T., Walk, J., Amelung, K., Lin, P.H., Chang, S.C., Lin, N.H., Engling, G., Hsu, S.C., Wey, T.H., Wang, Y.N., Lee, Y.C. 2016. Chemical composition of fog water at four sites in Taiwan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 16:618-631.
Singh, A., Agrawal, M. 2008. Acid rain and its ecological consequences. Journal of Environmental Biology 29:15-24.
Straub, D. J., Hutchings, J.W., Herckes, P. 2012. Measurements of fog composition at a rural site. Atmospheric Environment 47:195-205.
Tanner, R.L. 1990. Sources of Acids, Bases, and Their Precursors in the Atmosphere. In Acidic Precipitation III (1-19). Springer, New York, NY.
Tanton, T.W. 1982. Environmental factors affecting the yield of tea (Camellia sinensis). II. effects of soil temperature, day length, and dry air. Experimental Agriculture 18:53-63.
Thalmann, E., Burkard, R., Wrzesinsky, T., Eugster, W., Klemm, O. 2002. Ion fluxes from fog and rain to an agricultural and a forest ecosystem in Europe. Atmospheric Research 64:147-158.
Van Breeman, N., Driscoll, C.T., Mulder, J. 1984. Acidification and internal proton sources in acidification of soil and water. Nature 307:599-604.
Vermeulen, A.T., Wyers, G.P., Römer, F.G., Van Leeuwen, N.F.M., Draaijers, G.P.J., Erisman, J.W. 1997. Fog deposition on a coniferous forest in the Netherlands. Atmospheric Environment 31:375-386.
Waldman, J.M., Munger, J.W., Jacob, D.J., Flagan, R.C., Morgan, J.J., Hoffmann, M.R. 1982. Chemical composition of acid fog. Science 218:677-680.
Wang, S.H., Lin, N.H., Chou, M.D., Tsay, S.C., Welton, E.J., Hsu, N.C., Giles, D.M., Liu, G.R., Holben, B.N. 2010. Profiling transboundary aerosols over Taiwan and assessing their radiative effects. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 115:D00K31.
Wang, Z.H., Liu, X.J., Ju, X.T., Zhang, F.S., Malhi, S.S. 2004. Ammonia volatilization loss from surface-broadcast urea: Comparison of vented- and closed-chamber methods and loss in winter wheatsummer maize rotation in north China plain. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 35:2917-2939.
Weathers, K.C., Likens, G. E., Bormann, F.H., Bicknell, S.H., Bormann, B.T., Daube, B.C., Eaton, J.S., Galloway, J.N., Keene, W.C., Kimball, K.D., Mcdowell, W. H., Slccama, T.G., Smlley, D., Tarrant, R.A. 1988. Cloudwater chemistry from ten sites in North America. Environmental Science and Technology 22:1018-1026.
Wrzesinsky, T., Klemm, O. 2000. Summertime fog chemistry at a mountainous site in central Europe. Atmospheric Environment 34:1487-1496.
Wu, C.C., Kou, W.S., Yang, C.S. 1991. A study on long-range transport of air pollutants over East Asia. Pro. 8th Conf. Air Pollution Control and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 277-287.
Wu, M.J. 2003. Estimation of fog deposition input in a C(hamaetyparis obtusa var.formosana cloud forest by a micrometeorological model. master's thesis. National Dong-Hwa University, Hulien, Taiwan. (In Chinese, with English abstract.)
Yang, J.Y., Xie, C.E., Shi, C.E., Liu, D.Y., Niu, S.J. Li, Z.H. 2011. Ion composition of fog water and its relation to air pollutants during winter fog events in Nanjing, China. Pure and Applied Geophysics 169:1037-1052.
Zhang, L.,Yang, Y. 2016. Research progress of the effect of acid rain on main food crops. European International Journal of Science and Technology 5:41-47.
Zimmermann, L., Zimmermann, E. 2002. Fog deposition to Norway Spruce stands at high-elevation sites in the Eastern Erzgebirge (Gerinaily). Journal of Hydrology 256:166-175.