研究生: |
魏如君 Wei, Ju-Chun |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
斷線風箏—單親成年子女的孝道兩難 Broken Kite Strings: The Impact of a Divorced Father's Relationship With His Adult Children on Their Attitude of Filial Obligation to Him |
指導教授: |
周麗端
Chou, Li-Tuan |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
人類發展與家庭學系 Department of Human Development and Family Studies |
論文出版年: | 2020 |
畢業學年度: | 108 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 142 |
中文關鍵詞: | 單親成年子女 、未同住父親 、代間關係 、孝道認同 |
英文關鍵詞: | adult children of divorced parents, non-resident fathers, intergenerational relationships, the attitude toward filial obligation |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202000267 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:293 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
近年來臺灣的離婚率不斷上升,使得家庭結構漸趨複雜、多樣化。在父母雙方離婚後,更多的挑戰是子女的居住安排所造成的後續效應,子女的監護權及資產分配便是一項難題。若夫妻離婚後,子女隨母親同住,單親媽媽隻身帶著孩子過生活面臨到的將會是經濟資源上的缺乏以及獨自教養的壓力,而未同住父親則因為無法參與孩子的生活,使得親子間的鴻溝逐漸加深、擴大。因此無疑地,家庭的解構,對代間關係將造成極大的衝擊。從父母離婚前到離婚之後,單親子女與未同住父親之間的互動歷程將會如何演變?與未同住父親之間的情感連結以及單親子女個人的主觀認知又會如何影響到單親成年子女對未同住父親的孝道認同?
本研究透過五名單親成年子女的自我敘說,以家庭故事為背景,描繪出單親成年子女與父、母親之間的情感連結與互動歷程,以及單親成年子女對未同住父親之孝道認同。研究發現單親成年子女對父親的認知會受到「父親角色是否稱職」所影響,而這樣的認知可能來自母親,也有部分是來自單親成年子女長大成熟之後對父親的見解。另外,單親子女在父母尚未離婚前與父親所建立的親子關係對後續代間關係的發展走向亦有極大的關連,而代間關係的良窳也直接的影響到單親成年子女對未同住父親的孝道認同。若在父母離婚前,父親與孩子之間有良好的親子互動,即便離婚後未與父親同住,在單親子女成年後依然會渴望能重拾父子、父女之間的情誼。倘若在離婚前父親與孩子之間的情感互動不深,但在離婚後父親主動積極地關心子女,與子女保持一定聯繫,則子女與未同住父親的互動關係也會逐漸上升。
簡言之,無論離婚前後,若父親能善盡職責與子女建立正向的親子關係,並且能主動地與子女維持一定的聯繫與互動,對代間關係有相當大的助益,也會間接地影響到單親成年子女對未同住父親的孝道認同。另外,由於單親成年子女與同住母親的關係較緊密,因此也相當容易因為母親的言語、行為、情緒而影響單親成年子女與未同住父親的關係。在孝道認同方面,代間關係深深影響子女的孝道認同及盡孝方式,因此,子女還是會以同住的母親為優先考量,但若與未同住父親維持良好的代間關係,子女也會願意對未同住父親善盡孝道,至於盡孝的方式,代間關係良好使子女願意付出情感上的支持,而金錢上的給予則無需建立在親子情感基礎上。
Due to rising divorce rates in Taiwan in recent years, the makeup of families has become increasingly complex. The most challenging complexity is the residential arrangements for children of divorce and the subsequent effects of these arrangements on these children. Asset allocation and child custody are challenges. A single mother raising a child alone has not only the problem of lacking economic resources but also the pressure of educating the child if the child lives with mother after parents divorcing. Since non-resident fathers usually don’t participate in the child’s daily life, the relational gap between father and child is often enlarged. Undoubtedly, the deconstruction of the family will have a great impact on intergenerational relationships. How will the interactional processes between adult children of divorced parents and non-resident fathers evolve through the process of and after divorce? How do the thoughts and feelings of adult children of divorced parents and their emotional connections with their parents affect their attitude toward filial obligation to their non-resident fathers?
This study includes five narratives about adult children of divorced parents depicting their emotional and interactional processes with their parents and their attitude toward filial obligation to their non-resident fathers. The study found that the thoughts and feelings of adult children of divorced parents toward their fathers are affected by whether or not they perceive their father to fufill his role as father. The thoughts and feelings may come from the mother, but also partly from the views of adult children of divorced parents when they grow up. The parent-child relationship established between father and child before the divorce is closely related to the development of their intergenerational relationship. This intergenerational relationship also directly affects the attitude toward filial obligation of adult children of divorced parents to their non-resident fathers. If the father-child interaction is good before the divorce, even if the father does not live with the child after the divorce the child will still be eager to retain the relationship between father and child when he/she grows up. If the emotions between father and child are not deep before the divorce but later the father actively cares about the child and maintains a relationship with the child, the interaction between the child and the non-resident father will gradually improve.
In short, whether parents divorce or not, if fathers fulfill their duty to establish a positive parent-child relationship with their children, actively maintaining interaction with their children, the intergenerational relationship will most likely be stronger. It also indirectly affects the attitude toward filial obligation of adult children of divorced parents to their non-resident fathers. In addition, because adult children of divorced parents usually feel emotionally closer to their mothers, the relationship between adult children of divorced parents and non-resident fathers is quite easily influenced by the mother's words, behaviors, and emotions.Nevertheless, even if the child prioritizes responsibilities to the mother who lives with him, if the child maintains a good relationship with the father, the child will also likely be more willing to fulfill filial obligations for the sake of his/her relationship with the father. As for the method of filial piety, good inter-generational relations make children willing to give emotional support, while monetary giving need not be based on intergenerational relationships.
壹、中文文獻
內政部統計處(2018年05月10日)。105年有偶人口離婚率。http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/list.htm。
王家琦(2009)。單親兒童的孝道認知與子職教育之規劃。家庭教育雙月刊,18(3),64-75。
王佳煌、潘中道、郭俊賢、黃瑋瑩(2002)。當代社會研究法:質化與量化途徑(第二版)。台北:學富。
方韻珠(2006)。親子關係緊張之青少年與其母親的人際互動歷程之分析研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
行政院主計處(2010)。99 年單親家成因及分布。2013 年6 月5 日。取自http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas04/bc6/census024(final).html。
行政院性別平等會(2018年09月06日)。家庭組織型態。https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_DetailData.aspx?sn=iGJRpsNX45yniGDj%2bw1ueQ%3d%3d。
江睿霞(1994)。父母婚姻衝突對兒童適應之影響。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
伊慶春、陳玉華(1998)。奉養父母方式與未來奉養態度之關聯。人口學刊,19,1-32。
呂寶靜(2001)。老人照顧: 老人、家庭、正式服務。台北市:五南。
李美枝(1998)。中國人親子關係的內涵與功能:以大學生為例。本土心理學研究,9,3-52。
李淑娟(1999)。單親家庭。載於周麗端、吳明燁、唐先梅、李淑娟,婚姻與家人關係(241-255頁)。台北市:國立空中大學。
吳虹妮(1999)。單、雙親家庭青少年知覺之父母衝突、親子關係與其生活適應之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。彰化。
吳麗娟(1998)。父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化、因應策略及適應影響之研究。教育心理學報,30(1),91-132。
吳麗娟(2013)。父母的良好婚姻關係是教子的良方–—談父母良好關係與孩子「問題行為」之關係。輔導季刊,49(2),1-8。
吳秋月、吳麗娟(1999)。子女知覺父母婚姻暴力經驗、社會支持和共依附之關係。教育心理學報,31(1),63-88。
吳齊殷(2000)。家庭結構、教養實施與青少年的行為問題。臺灣社會學研究,4,51-95。
吳芝儀(2008)。敘事研究--閱讀、分析與詮釋(原作者: A. Lieblich , R. Mashiach, & T. Zilber)。嘉義:濤石。
吳嘉瑜(2004)。親子關係的另一端:成年期親子關係特色。諮商與輔導,217,20-24。
吳秀敏(2003)。離婚家庭的親職教育。諮商與輔導,211,14-18。
利翠珊(1998)。三代同堂家庭中的代間關係與婚姻關係。家庭教育雙月刊,2,1-9。
何粵東(2005)。敘說研究方法論初探。應用心理研究,25,55-72。
邱珍琬(2005)。隔代教養經驗—敘事研究。臺北市立師範學院學報,36(1),95-120 。
邱珍琬(2008)。父親缺席-一個男性大學生的經驗。高雄師大學報,24,1-19。
林美珠(2000):〈敘事研究:從生命故事出發〉。《輔導季刊》,36(4),27-34。
林雅鈴(2007)。單親兒童親子互動與生活適應之探討。網路社會學通訊期刊,61。
林于清(2006)。單親家庭中親子關係之探討。網路社會學通訊期刊,52。
林如萍、高淑貴(1999)。臺灣農家代間關係: 老年父母與其最親密的成年子女之代間連帶。臺灣社會問題研究學術研討會。
林如萍(2008)。臺灣家庭的代間關係與互動類型。2008「臺灣的社會變遷,1985-2005:臺灣社會變遷調查計畫第十一次研討會」學術研討會。
林如萍(2012)。臺灣家庭的代間關係與代間互動類型之變遷趨勢。臺灣的社會變遷1985~2005:家庭與婚姻。75-124。
林榮淑(2012年1月18日)。媽媽回來了。小羊老師部落格。http://yozitaro.blogspot.tw/2012/01/blog-post_18.html。
卓馨怡、利翠珊(2008)。成年子女的孝道責任與焦慮:親子關係滿意度的影響。本土心理學研究,(30),155-197。
柳杰欣、吳麗娟、林世華(2009)。適婚男女知覺父母婚姻關係、依附關係與其婚姻態度之相關研究。教育心理學報,40,641-662。
韋政通(1969)。中國孝道思想的演變及其問題。現代學苑,3(5),1-10。
涂妙如(2004)。幼兒的氣質、嬰幼兒期照顧方式與親子依戀之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學研究所博士論文。
郭淑美(2005)。離婚婦女爭取子女監護權歷程研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
陳婉琪(2014)。都是為了孩子?父母離婚負面影響之重新評估。臺灣社會學刊,54,31-73。
陳雅雪(2009)。從依附關係淺談幼兒人際關係。家庭教育雙月刊,20,38-44。
陳若琳、李青松(2002)。大學生對子女職責的態度及行為之探討—以輔仁大學為例。中華家政學刊,31,83-101。
陳向明(2000)。社會科學質的研究。台北:五南。
陸洛、高旭繁、陳芬憶(2006)。傳統性、現代性、及孝道觀念對幸福感的影響:一項親子對偶設計。本土心理學研究,25,243-278。
許承德(2007)。中年世代之代間支持、代間規範、代間矛盾與老年居住安排期望。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系,臺北市。
章英華、伊慶春(2006)。臺灣民眾奉養老年父母態度之變遷:理想價值與現實考量。劉翠溶(主編):四分溪論學集(下):慶祝李遠哲先生七十壽辰,905-939。台北:允晨文化。
莊詩怡、葉光輝、吳志文(2016)。能力與情誼:親子認知與情感信任之區辨及其功能探討。中華心理學刊,58(3),169-185。
黃迺毓(1989)。家庭教育。台北市,五南。
黃淑滿(2008)。世上只有媽媽好?有媽的孩子不知道?母愛的內涵與其影響因素之探究。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系博士論文,台北市。
黃堅厚(1977)。從心理學的觀點談孝並分析青少年對孝行的看法。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理學報,10 ,11-20。
黃堅厚(1988)。現代生活中孝的實踐。台北,五南。
黃士哲、葉光輝(2013)。父母教養方式對青少年雙元孝道信念的影響效果:中介歷程的探討。本土心理學研究,39,119-164。
黃德祥(1996)。青少年發展與輔導。台北,五南。
楊國樞(1985)。現代社會的新孝道。中華文化復興月刊,19(1),51-67。
楊國樞、余安邦、葉明華(1991)。中國人的個人傳統性與現代性:概念與測量。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
孫頌賢、修慧蘭(2004)。大學生的親子界線:親子關係─自我界限量表編製與模式初探。測驗學刊,51(1),45-78。
張貝萍(2000)。單親家庭青少年自我分化、情緒穩定與偏差行為相關之研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文,臺北市。
張瑞芬(2010)。世代別與父職參 與、父職壓力之關係及其調節變項之探討—以彰雲嘉地區為例。國立嘉義大學家庭教育與諮商研究所,嘉義市。
教育部重編國語辭典修訂本(2015)。基本檢索。http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gs web.cgi?ccd=ESLPOs&o=e0&sec=sec1&op=v&view=0-4。
葉光輝(1997)。親子互動的困境與衝突及其因應方式:孝道觀點的探討。載於葉光輝、楊國樞主編(2008),中國人的孝道:心理學的分析,374-449。
葉光輝(1998)。孝道概念的心理學探討:雙層次孝道認知特徵的發展歷程。本土心理學研究,9,53-117。
葉光輝(2004)。現代華人家人的互動關係及其心理歷程。本土心理學研究,22,81-119。
葉光輝、鄭欣佩、楊永瑞(2005)。母親的後設情緒理念對國小子女依附傾向的影響。中華心理學刊,47(2),181-195。
葉光輝(2009)。臺灣民眾的代間交換行為:孝道觀點的探討。本土心理學研究,(31),97-141。
葉光輝(2009)。臺灣民眾的代間交換行為:孝道觀點的探討。本土心理學研究,31,97-141。
葉光輝(2009)。華人孝道雙元模型研究的回顧與前瞻。本土心理學研究,32,101-148。
葉光輝(2009)。再論華人孝道雙元模型的幾個關鍵性議題。本土心理學研究,32,207-248。
葉光輝、曹惟純(2014)。成人親子衝突之建設性轉化路徑:功能性衝突評估、共享式解決策略與個人生活適應的關聯。中華心理衛生學刊,27(2),173-199。
葉光輝(2017)。從親子互動脈絡看華人性格的養成(第一版)。台北:五南。
衛生福利部(2010年12月31日)。99年單親家庭狀況調查。http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/Survey/%E5%96%AE%E8%A6%AA/99% E5%B9%B4% E 5%96%AE%E8%A6%AA%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90.pdf。
蔡淑鈴、吳麗娟(2003)。青少年的親子關係與共依附特質之相關研究。教育心理學報,35(1),59-78。
鄭淑君、郭麗安(2008)。夫妻婚姻滿意度與其獨生子/女三角關係運作之分析研究。教育心理學報,40,2,199-220。
鄭麗珍(2001)。家庭結構與青少年的生活適應之研究─以台北市為例。台大社會工作學刊,5,197-270。
劉碧素(2006)。探討影響世代孝道行為之相關因素。台北護理學院護理研究所,碩士論文。
蕭瑞麟(2007)。不用數字的研究。台北:培生。
魯慧中、鄭保志(2012)。孝道的認同與實踐-以「成年兒子與父母同住決策」為分析對象。人口學刊,(45),111-154。
薛承泰(1996))臺灣地區單親戶的數量、分佈與特性:以1990年普查為例。人口學刊,17,1-30。
謝秀芬(2010)。社會個案工作--理論與技巧。台北:雙葉書廊。
謝玉玲、王舒芸、鄭清霞(2014)。不同單親家庭的生活處境:單親成因及其性別差異。社會發展研究學刊,(14),1-25。
羅品欣、陳李綢(2005)。國小學童的家庭結構、親子互動關係、情緒智力與同儕互動關係之研究。教育心理學報,36(3),221-240。
羅郁晴(2013)。父母外遇後子女經驗及親子關係變化。國立彰化師範大學婚姻與家族治療研究所碩士論文。
龔美娟(1993)。母親的依附經驗與其教養方式及子女安全依附之研究。國立台灣師範大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文。
貳、英文文獻
Afifi, T. D., & Schrodt, P. (2003). "Feeling caught" as a mediator of adolescents' and young adults' avoidance and satisfaction with their parents in divorced and non-divorced households. Communication Monographs, 70(2), 142-173.
Ahrons, C.R., & Tanner, J.L.(2003). Adult children and their fathers: Relationship changes 20 years after parental divorce. Family Relations,52(4), 340-351.
Amato, P. R., & Booth, A. (1996). A Prospective Study of Divorce and Parent-Children Relationships. Journal Of Marriage & Family, 58(2), 356-365.
Amato, P. R., & Afifi, T. D.(2006). Feeling caught between parents: Adult children’s relation with parents and subjective well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 68, 222-235.
Bowlby, J.(1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 2 Separation anxiety and anger. New York:NY Basic Books Inc.
Bengtson, V. L., & Roberts, L. E. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in aging families and example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and Family, 53, 856-870.
Blieszner, R.,& Raeann R. Hamon.(1992). “Filial Responsibility: Attitudes, Motivators, and Behaviors.” In Gender, Families, and Elder Care, edited by Jeffrey Dwyer, pp. 105–119. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and personality disorders: their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving. Journal Of Personality, 66(5), 835-878.
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 228–283.
Carson J.L. & Parke R.D.(1996). Reciprocal Negative Affect in Parent-Child Interactions and Children's Peer Competency. Child Development 67(5), 2217-2226
Cavanagh, Shannon E.(2008). “Family Structure History and Adolescent Adjustment.” Journal of Family Issues, 29(7), 944-980.
Cicirelli, V. G.(1989). Feelings of attachment to siblings and well-being in later life. Psychology and Aging, 4(2), 211-216.
Cicirelli, G..(1981). Adult children and their elderly parents in family relationships in later life. California: Sage.
Cicirelli, G.. (1983). Adult children attachment and helping behavior to elderly parents: Apath model. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 815-824.
Connealy,F.M., & Clandinin,D.J.(1988). Narrative meaning: Focus on teacher education.Elements,19(2),15-18.
Cheung, C. K., Lee, J. J., & Chan, C. M. (1994). Explicating filial piety in relation to family cohesion. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9(3), 565-580.
Cohen, O., & Finzi-Dottan, R. (2005). Parent-child relationships during the divorce process; from attachment theory and intergenerational perspective. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 27(1), 81-99.
Cheung, C. K., Lee, J. J., & Chan, C. M. (1994). Explicating filial piety in relation to family cohesion. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9(3), 565-580.
Emiko Takagi & Saito Yasuhiko (2015).Older Parents’ Loneliness and Family Relationships in Japan.Ageing Int, 40,353–375.
Engfer, A.(1988).The Interrelatedness of Marriage and the Mother-child Relationship. International Conference on ”Intrafamilial Relationships,” Great Britain.
Hammersley, Martyn (1992). Some reflections on ethnography and validity. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 5(3) pp. 195–203.
Hamilton, C. E.(2000).Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from infancy through adolescence. Child Development,71(3),690-694.
Hines, A. M. (1997). Divorce-Related Transitions, Adolescent Development, and the Role of the Parent-Child Relationship: A Review of the Literature. Journal Of Marriage & Family, 59(2), 375-388.
Kaufman, E., & Kaufman, P.(1992). From psychodynamic to structural to integrated treatment of chemical dependency. Family therapy of drug and alcohol abuse.(Second edition). Boston:Allyn and Bacon.
King, Valarie, and Juliana M. Sobolewski.(2006). “Nonresident Fathers’ Contributions to Adolescent Well-Being.” Journal of Marriage and Family 68(3):537-557.
Kochanska, G., Aksan, N., & Koenig, A. L. (1995). A longitudinal study of the roots of preschoolers’conscience: Committed compliance and emerging internalization. Child Development, 66(6), 1752-1769.
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation. Tousand Oaks: Sage.
Lin, I-Fen.(2008). Consequences of parental divorce for adult children's support of their frail parents. Journal of Marriage and Family,70(1),113-128.
Laumann-Billings, L., & Robert E.E.(2000). “Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families.” Journal of Family Psychology 14: 671-687.
Lee, A. E. Y. (1997). Family social support patterns of the Chinese elderly in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Los Angeles: The role of filial piety. Unpublished Ph. D dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Lacey, R. E., Bartley, M., Pikhart, H., Stafford, M., & Cable, N. (2014). Parental separation and adult psychological distress: an investigation of material and relational mechanisms. BMC Public Health, 14,272.
Main, M., & Weston, D. R.(1981). The quality of the toddler’s relationship to mother and to father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development, 52, 932-940.
Myers, S.A.(2005). Childhood and adolescent mobility and adult relations with parents. Journal of Family Issues,26(3), 350-379.
Minuchin, S.(1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mack, K. Y.(2001). Childhood family disuptions and adult well-being: The differential effects of divorce and parental death. Death Studies, 25, 419-443.
McManus, T. G., & Nussbaum, J. (2011). Ambiguous Divorce-Related Communication, Relational Closeness, Relational Satisfaction, and Communication Satisfaction. Western Journal Of Communication, 75(5), 500-522.
Neuman, W. L.(2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (7th ed.). Essex: Pearson.
Potter-Efron, R., & Potter-Efron, P.(1989). Letting go of shame: Understanding how shame affects your life. Hazelden Foundation.
Riggio, H. R.(2004). Parental marital conflict and divorce, parent-child relationships, social support, and relationship anxiety in young adulthood. Personal Relationships, 11(1), 99-114.
Riggio, H. R., & Valenzuela, A. M.(2011). Parental marital conflict and divorce, parent-child relationships, and social support among Latino-American young adults. Personal Relationships, 18(3), 392-409.
Runyan, W.M.(1984).Life Histories and Psychobiography:Explorations in Theory and Method. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sabatelli, R. M., & Anderson, S. A.(1991). Family System Dynamics, Peer Relationships, and Adolescents’ Psychological Adjustment. Family Relations, 40, 363-369.
Shapiro, A.(2003). Later-life divorce and parent-adult child contact and proximity – A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Family Issues,24(2), 264-285.
Schrodt, P., & Afifi, T. D. (2007). Communication processes that predict young adults' feelings of being caught and their associations with mental health and family satisfaction. Communication Monographs, 74(2), 200-228.
Steinberg, J. S., Davila, J., & Fincham, F.(2006). Adolescent marital expectations and romantic experiences: Associations with perception about parental conflict and adolescent attachment security. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 333-348.
Sobolewski, Juliana M., & Amato, P. R.(2007,).“Parents’ Discord and Divorce, Parent-Child Relationships and Subjective Well-Being in Early Adulthood: Is Feeling Close to Two Parents Always Better than Feeling Close to One?” Social Forces ,85(3) ,1105-1124.
Sung, K. T.(1990). A new look at filial piety: Ideas and practice of family centered parent care in Korea. The Gerontologist, 30(5), 610-617.
Selig, S., Tomlinson, T., & Hickey, T.(1991). Ethical dimensions of intergenerational reciprocity: Implications for practice. The Gerontologist, 31(5), 624-630.
Shevchenko, I.(2016). The Situation After Divorce. Sociological Research, 55(2), 91-103.
Sobolewski, J. M., & Amato, P. R.(2007). Parents' Discord and Divorce, Parent-Child Relationships and Subjective Well-Being in Early Adulthood: Is Feeling Close to Two Parents Always Better than Feeling Close to One?. Social Forces, 85(3), 1105-1124.
Samis, M. C., & Saposnek, D. T.(1986). Parent-Child Relationships in Family Mediation: A Synthesis of Views. Mediation Quarterly, (14/15), 23-37.
Swiss, L., & Le Bourdais, C.(2009). Father-Child contact after separation the influence of living arrangements. Journal of Family Issues, 30(5), 623-652.
Tedder, S. L., Libbee, K. M. & Scherman, A.(1981), A community support group for single custodial fathers, Personnel & Guidance Journal, 60(2), 115-119.
Vanassche, S., Sodermans, A. K., Matthijs, K., & Swicegood, G.(2013). Commuting between two parental households: The association between joint physical custody and adolescent wellbeing following divorce. Journal Of Family Studies, 19(2), 139-158.
Wijckmans, B., & Van Bavel, J.(2013). Divorce and Adult Children's Perceptions of Family Obligations. Journal of Comparative Family Studies,44(3),291.
William, A.(2001). A literature review on the concept of intimacy in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(5), 660-667.
Yeh, K. H. (葉光輝), & Bedford, O.(2003). A test of the Dual Filial Piety Model. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6(3), 215-228.
Yeh, K. H. (葉光輝), & Bedford, O.(2004). Filial belief and parent-child conflict. International Journal of Psychology, 39(2), 132-144.