研究生: |
李麗惠 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
國小高年級學生身體意象與飲食行為之相關因素研究-以台北市北投區國小為例 |
指導教授: | 陳政友 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
健康促進與衛生教育學系 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education |
論文出版年: | 2011 |
畢業學年度: | 99 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 165 |
中文關鍵詞: | 國小高年級學生 、身體意象 、飲食行為 |
英文關鍵詞: | the 5th to 6th Grade elementary school students, body image, dieting behaviors |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:232 下載:46 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在瞭解國小學生飲食行為現況,並探討背景變項及身體意象與飲食行為相關情形,以及對飲食行為的預測力。研究母群體為臺北市北投區國小高年級學童,以分層集束抽樣法進行取樣,並利用自編結構式問卷蒐集資料,共得有效問卷464份,研究結果得以下重要發現:
一、研究對象之實際體型以「適中」者居多,「過輕」者最少。約有近三成的人自覺體型過重(含肥胖),且期望偏向較瘦的體型。
二、研究結果顯示女生對身體各部位滿意度較低,但較重視自己的外表;體型愈輕者其身體意象愈正向;父母與同儕對其體型的評價愈負面者,身體意象愈負向者;父母與同儕對其健康飲食行為的忠告及支持程度愈高者,其身體意象愈正向。
三、研究結果顯示女生的整體飲食行為優於男生;自覺體型過重(含肥胖)者有較好的飲食行為;父母對體型評價愈正面、父母對健康飲食行為的忠告與支持程度愈高,其愈具有健康的飲食行為。
四、外表評價較高之研究對象有較佳的均衡飲食行為及較差的高熱量進食行為,愈重視外表者在均衡飲食行為及低熱量進食行為愈好,身體滿意度愈高,均衡飲食狀況愈好,整體身體意象愈正向者其在飲食狀況愈均衡,但有較高頻率的高熱量食物攝取行為。
五、均衡飲食行為主要的預測變項為「父母對健康飲食行為的忠告與支持」、「身體意象」、「同儕對健康飲食行為的忠告與支持」及「家庭社經地位」,其中家庭社經地位愈高、父母或同儕對健康飲食行為的忠告與支持程度愈高、身體意象愈正向,其均衡飲食行為愈佳。高熱量食物進食行為主要的預測變項為「性別」、「自覺體型」,即男生相對較偏好高熱量食物,「自覺體型」過重(含肥胖)者則較少進食高熱量食物。飲食控制行為主要的預測變項為「性別」、「家庭社經地位」及「父母對體型的評價」,其中為男生、父母對體型評價愈負面、家庭社經地位愈低,其飲食控制行為愈差。低熱量進食行為主要的預測變項為「性別」、「自覺體型」,即女生及自覺體型過重(含肥胖)者的低熱量進食行為較佳。
六、研究對象的個人背景變項及身體意象能有效預測飲食行為,並解釋其總變異量的18.0%,而「性別」、「自覺體型」、「家庭社經地位」、「父母對體型的評價」、「父母對健康飲食行為的忠告與支持」為主要預測變項,其中以女生、父母對其體型評價愈正面,且對其健康飲食行為支持程度愈高者、家庭社經地位愈高者、自覺體型過重(含肥胖)者,飲食行為愈好,主要預測變項中,以「性別」最具影響能力。
The study aimed to investigate the correlates of demography, body image, and eating behaviors among 5th to 6th Grade elementary school students. The study also aimed to predict the factors that affected eating behaviors of 5th to 6th Grade elementary school students. The study population consisted of aged 10-12 year olds who attended elementary schools at the Beitou district in Taipei City. The sample was generated using a stratified cluster random sampling method. Respondents were asked to complete a structure questionnaire. A total number of 464 valid questionnaires were collected. There were six main finds of the study.
1.The body shape of most respondents was “medium”, with the least being “small.” It was estimated that more than 30% of the respondents perceived themselves as being overweight and desired a thinner body shape.
2.The results indicated that girls were more dissatisfied with their body shape and cared more about their appearance. The lower the bodyweight the more positive the person’s self-perception of body image. The more negative the responses from parents and peers about body shape, the more negative the individual’s self-perception of their body image. Conversely, respondents who had a thinner body shape, more positive appreciation of respondents’ body shape were more likely to have a positive body image. Moreover, the support and advice from parents and peers about healthy eating behaviors was likely to improve body image.
3.The results indicated that girls had better eating behaviors than boys. Some factors improved eating behaviors such as self-perception of being overweight, more positive parents’ appreciation of respondents’ body shape, and greater support and advice from parents regarding healthy eating behaviors.
4.Respondents who had a better appreciation of their appearance had better eating behaviors. The more the respondents cared about their body shape, the better their eating behaviors and the more they ate low calorie foods. A positive body image improved eating habits but increased the frequency of high calorie food consumption.
5.The predictors of good eating behaviors were “the support and advice from parents”, “body image”, “the support and advice from peers”, “family social status”. The predictors of high calorie food consumption were “gender” and “self-perception of body shape”. Boys were more likely to eat high calorie food. Respondents who were perceived as overweight were less likely to consume high calorie food. The predictors of self control of eating behaviors were: “gender”, “family social status” and “the parent’s appreciation of respondents’ body weight”. Respondents who had poorer eating behaviors had parents with a more negative appreciation towards respondents’ body shape and came from a lower family social status. The predictors of low calorie food consumption were “gender” and “self-perception of body shape”. Girls and respondents who were perceived overweight were more likely to eat low calorie foods.
6.The result indicated that personal background and body image can predict eating behaviors which can explain 18% of the total variance. The main predictors were “gender”, “self-perception of body shape”, “family social status” and “the appreciation to respondents’ body weight from parents”. The following fields of people will have better eating behaviors: girls, people whose parents have a more positive appreciation of their body shape, people whose parents gave them more support and advice regarding health eating behaviors, people who came from a higher family social status and people who perceive themselves as overweight. Moreover, the main predict variable was gender.
一、 中文部分
王秀紅、王瑞霞、許俊傑、陳慧霞、林子郁(2000)。以結構性方程式模式建立並比較城鄉地區國小六年級學童飲食行為模式及其預測因子之研究。行政院衛生署科技研究發展計劃。計劃編號:DOH89-TD-1054。
王麗瓊(2001)。國中生身體意象之相關因素分析研究—以台中縣某中學為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所論文,未出版,台北。
王震武等(2001)。心理學。台北,學富。
尤嫣嫣(2002)。大學生體型及其身體意象相關因素之研究—以中原大學學生為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文,未出版,台北。
文星蘭(2004)。高中職學生身體意象與減重意圖之研究。國立台北護理學院醫護教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
古琪雯(2003)。青少年體型不滿意、社會體型焦慮與飲食異常傾向之關係研究-以台中縣某中學為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文,未出版,台北。
行政院衛生署(2006)。台灣國小學童營養健康狀況調查2001-2002-
國小學童營養現況。台北:行政院衛生署。
伍連女(1999)。臺北市高職學生身體意象與運動行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
伍連女、黃淑貞(1999)。臺北市高職學生身體意象與運動行為之研究。學校衛生,35,1-31。
行政院衛生署(2010)。統計資料網。台北市:行政院衛生署。2010年8月30日,取自
http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2_2_p02.aspx?class_no=440&now_fod_list_no=11122&level_no=-1&doc_no=76512
巫菲翎(2000)。台北市國小肥胖兒童體重控制行為及家庭相關因素之探討。國立陽明大學社區護理研究所論文,未出版,台北。
李明禹(1999)。台灣地區13-17歲青少年飲食型態研究。國立台灣大學衛生政策與管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
李曉蓉(1997)。青少年身體意象與自尊、沮喪相關之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
李慧鈴(2005)。青少女身體意象與飲食行為---以台北縣立三民高中為例。東吳大學社會學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
李蘭、翁慧卿、孫亦君(1999):青少年危害健康行為調查 -- 八十六學年度台北市國中生之現況。公共衛生,26(2),75-90。
何英忠(2004)。苗栗縣國小高年級學生營養知識、態度、行為調查研究。台中師範學院自然科學教育學系研究所論文,未出版,台中。
林宜親(1998)青少年體型意識與節制飲食行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
林宜親、林薇(2000)青少女體型意識與節制飲食行為之研究。中華公共衛生雜誌,19(1),33-41。
林薇等(2001)。學生體重控制指導手冊。台北,教育部。
林薇、周麗端、陳惠欣、楊小淇、梁藝馨(2002)。青少年飲食營養知識、態度及行為調查。國民健康局九十一年度科技研究發展計畫研究報告。計畫編號:BHP-2-4。
林薇、楊小淇、杭極敏、潘文涵(2006) 。台灣國小學童營養健康狀況調查2001-2002台灣國小學童飲食營養知識、態度與行為調查結果, 71-112 。台北:行政院衛生署。
林旭龍(1995)。大專院校女生減肥意識、體型誤認有關之健康科學研究。國立台北護理學院學報,2,131-157。
林芳美(2003)。國小四年級學童的飲食行為與父母飲食行為配對類型之關係。國立台灣大學公共衛生學院衛生政策與管理學系碩士論文,未出版,台北。
吳慧嫺(1996)。台北縣國中生肥胖盛行率調查、體重控制行為及其相關之探討。國立陽明大學社區護理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
吳美慧(2006)。內省自能、偶像明星及重要他人對國中生身體意像的影響:以台南市為例。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展在職進修碩士論文,未出版,台北。
周玉真(1992) 。青少年身體意象之探討。學生輔導通訊,20,64-73。
周宜慧(2007)。以健康信念模式探討女大學生執行乳房自我檢查認
與行為-以中部某大學大一為例。亞洲大學健康暨醫務管理學系
出版碩士論文。台中。
洪建德、鄭淑惠(1992)。台北地區女學生的身體形象和飲食行為。中華公共衛生雜誌,11(4),316-327。
洪文綺、黃淑真、姜逸群(2003)。國小學童身體意象與相關因素之
研究。耕莘學報,1,21-37。
馬志豪(2009)。飲食行為、身體活動及家長健康知能對兒童肥胖相
關性之探討。中國醫藥大學醫務管理學系碩士論文,未出版,台
中。
許玉雲、陳彰惠(1999)。身體心像概念分析。護理雜誌,46:6,109。
陳玉欣(1999)。國中生飲食行為及相關因子的流行病學研究。國立台灣大學流行病學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
黃淑貞、姚元青(1999)。大學生的健康信念、飲食相關自我效能與
飲食行為研究。師大學報教育類,44(2),43-53。
黃雅婷(2000)。國中女生早晚熟與身體意象,自尊及生活適應之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化。
黃上芙(2005)。影響國小學童體位因素之相關研究-以台北市國小高年級學童為例。國立台北護理學院嬰幼兒保育研究所論文,未出版,台北。
曾美娟(2006)。國中生體型意識、身體活動及飲食行為相關之探討。國立台北護理學院醫護教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
董棋芬(2004)。台中市國小中高年級病態飲食相關的心態行為及其營養攝取量和飲食狀況之調查。中山醫學大學營養學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
莊文芳(1998)。影響台北市青少年對身體意象認知相關因素之探討。國立國立陽明大學衛生福利研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
高木蘭(1997)。減重女性的身體形象構成與實踐。高雄醫學院碩士
論文,未出版,高雄市。
陳政友(1999)。大學生健康生活型態相關因素研究-以國立台灣師範大
學四年級學生為例。衛生教育學報。12,115-135。
陳美昭(2006)。台北市某國中學生運動社會心理、身體意象與規律
運動行為之相關研究。台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文,未
出版,台北市。
陳貞如(2006)。青少女身體意象與體重控制行為之探討。美和技術
學校健康照護研究所碩士論文,未出版,屏東縣。
陳妍伶(2007)。彰化縣國中學生營養知識、態度、飲食行為之相關
研究。臺灣師範大學. 衛生教育學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
葉麗珠(2006)。青少年身體意象、社會影響因素、運動參與行為與
自尊之相關研究。未出版碩士論文。國立體育學院體育研究所,
桃園。
郭靜如(2000)。學童身體外表你知多少?淺談國小高年級學童之身
體意象。國教之聲,33(3),52-57。
張春興(1995)。張式心理學辭典。台北:東華。
張玲妃(2005)。某藝術大學學生個人背景、體型意識、體重控制信
念、飲食態度、飲食自我效能與飲食行為之關係探討。國立台灣
師範大學護理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中。
張淑珍 (1987)。某大學女生體型意識、肥胖度、健康與飲食生活之
相關研究。學校衛生, (13), 81-101。
張維揚(2003)。北區某醫學校院學生身體意象對減重意圖之影響及
其相關因素之探討。台北醫學大學醫學研究所研究所碩士論文,
未出版,台北。
張琪敏(2008)。台北地區國小高年級飲食行為與營養狀況調查及其
影響因素分析。國立陽明大學臨床暨社區護理研究所碩士論文,
未出版,台北。
蔡季蓉(1990),台北市國中生體型意識滿意度與健康知識、健康行
為相關性之研究, 國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論
文,未出版,台北。
蔡佩珊(2001)。台北市國中學生飲用含糖飲料行為及其影響因素之研
究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系在職進修碩士班未出版碩士
論文。台北。
蔡杏汶(2007)。國中生身體意象與體重控制行為之研究-以高雄縣
某完全中學國中部為例。國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文,未出版,
臺北市。
賈文玲(2001)。青少年身體意象與自尊、社會因素關係之研究。中
國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
門診民眾用藥安全知識與經驗。亞東學報,28,117-124。
趙國欣(2005)。台北市國中生自尊、身體意象與運動行為相關性研
究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北。
鄭惠美、古息珠(2001)。自我導向學習營養知能效果。健康促進暨衛
生教育雜誌。21期,1-7。
劉偉平(1997)。減重者之身體意象滿意度與減重動機之研究-以女
性大學生為例。國立彰化師範大學碩士論文,未出版,彰化市。
劉俊昌(2000)。師院學生的體型、體型意識、以及有關行為之研究。
臺中師院學報,14,111-124。
劉慧蓉(2006)。營養評估之發展。台北:華格納。1-4-1-24。
樂冠華、潘怜燕、林明珠、張新儀、石曜堂(2003)。台灣地區兒童特
殊靜態活動、高熱量飲食及身體質量指數之分析:2001年NHIS
之結果。台灣公共衛生雜誌,22(6),474-482。
蕭旭伶(2005) 。身體、權力與認同:台北飲食男女社會學分析。東
吳大學社會學系碩士論文,未出版,台北。
簡介瑞(2003)。某國小學童對父母飲食教養方式的認知和同儕團體
的認同與飲食行為之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文,未出版,台北。
羅惠丹(2004)。某技術學院女生身體意象與社會文化因素對體重控制
行為影響之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文,未出版,台北。
羅雅玲(2003)。苗栗縣國中生健康行為及其相關因素研究。國立台
灣師範大學公共衛生研究碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
藺寶珍(1996)。肥胖國中生的體重控制行為及其相關因素。私立高
雄醫學大學護理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
二、 英文部分
Adams, P. J., Katz, R.C., Beauchamp, K., Cohen, E., Zavis, D. (1993). Body dissatisfaction, eating disorders, and depression: A developmental perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2, 37-46.
Adolescent Health Committee.(2004). Dieting in indolence. Paediatrics & Child Health, 9 (7) ,487-191
Banfield,S.S,&McCabe,M.P.(2002). An evaluation of the construct of body image.Adolescence,37 (146) ,373-393.
Ben-Tovim, D., & Walker, K. (1991).Womens Body attitude: a review of measurement techniques. International Journal of eating Disorders,10(2),155-167.
Berenson GS(1993) Prevention of heart disease beginning in childhood through comprehensive school health: The Heart Smart Program.Prev Med22:507-512.
Boutelle, K., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., &Resnick, M. (2002). Weight control behaviors among obese, overweight, and non-overweight adolescents. Journal of disease of pediatric psychology, 27(6),531-540.
Cash, T.F.,&Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.)(1990). Body Images : Development, Deviance, and Change.New York: Guilford Press.
Cash, T.F. (1994). Multidimensional Body Self-relations Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)(2003).2003 State and Local Standard High School Questionnaire: Item Rationale. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/yrbs/2003/rationable.htm.
Cash, T.F.(2005) Body Images:An International Journal of Research. Available from http://www.body-images.com/research/journal.html
Cooper, P.J.,Taylor,M. J., Cooper, z., & Fairburn, C. G.(1986).The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders ,6,485-494.
Coughlin, J .W., Heinberg, L. J.,Marinilli, A., & Guarda, A. S. (2003) .Body image dissatisfaction in children :Prevalence and parental influence. Healthy Weight Journal,17(4),56-60.
Croll, J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story M., & Ireland, M. (2002). Prevalence and risk protective factors related to disordered eating behaviors among adolescents: Relationship to gender and ethnicity. Journal of Adolescence Health, 31(2),166-175.
Cullari, S., Rohrer, J. M., & Bahm , C. (1998).Body image perceptions across sex and age groups. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87(3),839-847.
Deshpande, S. Basil, MD. & Basil, DZ. (2009). Factors influencing healthy eating habits among college students: an application of the health belief model. Health marking Quarterly; 26(2), 145-164.
Dixon, R., Adair, V., &O’Connor, S. (1996). Parental influences on the dieting beliefs and behaviors of adolescents females in New Zealand. Journal of adolescence, 19(4),303-307.
Erkolahti, R., Janssion, J., Offer, D., & Steinhausen, H-C.(1992). Comparison of the self-image of teenagers in Finland, the United States, and Germany. Journal of Adolescent Health,13,392-395.
Frances E& Amy F.S(2008) Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease.(In Ann, C., & Carol B)2nd ed,
Fear, J. L., Bulik, C. M., & Sullivan, P. F. (1996). The prevalence of
disordered eating behaviours and attitudes in adolescent girls.
New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 25, 7–12.
Forshe,R. A. & Story, M. L.(2003).Total beverage consumption and
beverage choices among children and adolescents. International
Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 54(4) ,297-307.
Garner, D. M., Garfinkel, P. E., & Bonato, D. P. (1987). Body image measurement in eating disorder s. Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine, 17,119-133.
Heather L., Littleton&Thomas Ollendicl.(2003). Negative body image and disordered eating behavior in children and adolescents: What places youth at risk and how can these problems be prevented? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review; 6(1), 51-66.
James, E. M.(2000) Body image, eating attitude, and eating behaviors among Chinese, Chinese-American and Non-Hispanic White women. Dissertation Abstracts International,61(1) ,5-44
Jane W&Louise M., (1989). Adolescent concerns about weight and eating; A social-development perspective. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 34(4), 377-391.
Joiner, G.W., & Kashubeck, S. (1996). Acculturation, body image, self-esteem, and eating-disorder sympomatology in adolescentMexican American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 419–435.
Jennifer, M. J., Susan B., Marion P. O.,Margaret L. L., Gary R (2001). Disordered eating attitudes and behaviour in teenged girls: a school-based study. Canadian Medical Association Journa, 165(5), 547-552.
Kannel WB,D”Agostino RB,Belanger AJ.(1995).Concept of bridging the gap from youth to adulthood.American Journal of the Medical Science,310(suppl 1),S15-S21.
Kleinman RE,Hall S, Green H, Korzec-Ramiez D, Patton K, Pagano ME and Murphy JM (2002) Diet, breakfast, and academic performance in children. Ann Nutr Metab 46(suppl. 1):24-30
Kirkpatrick, S. W., & Sanders, D. M. (1978). Body image stereotypes: A developmental comparison. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 132(1), 87-95.
Levine MP, Smolak L, Moody AF, Shuman MD, Hessen LD: Normative
developmental challenges and eating disturbance middle school girls.
Int J Eat Disord 15(1):11-20, 1994
Littleton H, Ollendick T(2003):Negative body image and disordered eating behavior in children and adolescents:What places youth at risk and how can these problem be prevented?Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 6:51-66.
Li Y, Hu X, Ma W, Wu J, Ma G(2005): Body image perceptions among Chinese children and adolescents. Body Image 2:91-103.
Lorissa B, Andrea B. A., Julia G., Jeanne B. G., (2000). A prospective study of familial and social influences on girls’ body image and dieting. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28(2), 155-164.
Massara, E., & Stunkard, A.(1979). International Journal of Obesity, 3,149-152.M
Moller JH, Taubert KA, Allen HD, Clark EB and Lauer RM(1994) Cardiovascular health and disease in children: Current status. Circulation 89:923-930
Moreno A, Thelen MH: Parental factors related to bulimia nervosa. Addictive Behaviors 18: 681-689, 1993.
Nichter,M.(2001)Body image,dieting and smpking: Parental influence on the odolescents.CD-ROM Abstract from: Proquest File:Dissertation Abstract Item:9531156
Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Falkner NH, Beuhring T, Resnick M.D., (1998).Disordered eating among adolescents with chronic illness and disability: The role of family and other social factors. Archive of Pediatric &Adolescent Medicine;152:871-878.
O’Dea, J. A., & Caputi, P. (2001). Association between socioeconomic status, weight, age and gender, and the body image and weight control practices of 6 to 19-year-old children and adolescents, Health Education Research , 16(5),521-532
Paxton, S, J. Schutz, H. K., Wertheim, E. H., & Muir, S. L. (1999) .
Friendship clique and peer influences on body image concerns, dietary restraint, extreme weight–loss behaviors, and binge eating in adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,108(2),255-266.
Powers, A.R., Sturepler, B.J., Guarino, A., Parmer, S.M.(2005).Effects of a nutrition education program on the dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge of second –grade and third-grade students. Journal of School Health,75(4),129-133.
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Children’s body image concerns and eating disturbance: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 325-344.
Rinderknecht, K., & Smith , C (2002).Body-image perception among urban Native American youth . Obesity Research, 10(5),315-327.
Robison,T., Killen, J., Litt, I., Hammer, L., Wilson, D., Haydel, F., Hayward, C., & Taylor,B. (1996). Ethnicity and body dissatisfaction: Are Hispanic and Asian girls at increased risk for eating disorders?Journal of Adolescent Health. 19,384-393.
Sandvik,C., Bourdeaudhuij, I.D.,Due, P., Brug, J., Wind, M., Bere, E., Perez-Rodrigo, C., Wolf, A.,Elamadfa, I., Thorsdottir, I.,Almedia, M., Yngve, A.,Klepp, K.(2005) . Personal ,Social and Environmental Factors regarding Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Nine European countries. Annalsm of Nutrition& Metabollism,49,255-256
Schilder, P. (1950). The Image and Appearance of the Human Body:Study in the constructive energies of the psyche. New Yourk: International universities.
Sheslow, D. Hassink,S., Wallace,W., & Delancey, E.(1993).The relation between self-esteen and depression in obese children. Annals of the New York Academy of Science,699289-291.
Shunk JA, Birch LL, Girls at risk for overweight at age 5 are at risk for dietary restraint , disinhibited overeating , weight concerns, and greater weight gain from 5 to 9 years. J Am Diet Assoc 104:1120-1126,2004
Slade,P.,&Russel,G. (1973).Awareness of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine,3,188-199.
Smolak L:Body image in children and adolescents: Where do we go from?Bo Smolak, L., Levin, MP., & Schermer, F,. (1999). Parental input and weight concerns among elementary school children. International journal of eat disorder, 25(3),263-271.
Story, M., Rosenwinkel, K., Himes, JH., Resnick, M., & Blum, RW. (1991).Demographic and risk factors associated with chronic dieting in adolescents. American Journal of disease of children, 145(9),994-998.
Story, M., & Stang, J.(2005).Understanding adolescent eating behaviors. Retrieved Jam 14,2010, from www.epi.umn.edu/let/pubs/img/adol_ch2.pdf
Thelen, M. H., Powell, A. L., Lawrence, C., & Kuhnert, M. E. (1992)Eating and body image concerns among children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 41-46.
Thompson, J. K. (1990). Body image disturbance: Assesment and treatment. New York: Pergamon Press.
Thompson, J. K.,& Spana,R. E. (1988). The adjustable light beam method for the assessment of size estimation accuracy: descrption, Psychometrics and normative data. International Journal of Eating Disorders,7,521-526.
Tiggemann, M., & Pennington, B. (1990). The development of gender differences in body-size dissatisfaction. Australian Psychologist, 25, 306-313.
Tucker K. Dietary patterns and blood pressure in African Americans. Nutrition Reviews 1999 Nov; 57(11):356-8.
Turby,H., & Paxton, S. J.(2002). Development of the Children’s Body Image Scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,41,185-203.
Vincent MA, McCabe MP(2000) :Gender difference among adolescents in family and peer influences on body dissatisfaction, weight loss and binge eating behaviors. J Youth Adolescent 29:205-221.
Wardle J ,Marsland L(1990) : Aldolescent concers about weight and eating: a social-development perspective. J Psychosom Res 34:377-391
Wardle J ,Beatles S(1993) :Restraint,body image and food attitude in children from 12 to 18 years.Appetite 7:209-217.
World Health Organization(2005a).Nutrition. Retrieved December, 5,2010, from http://www.who.int/nutrition/en/index.html
World Health Organization(2008).Nutrition for Health and Developmwnt.
Retrieved September 30,2010, from
http://www.who.int/nutrition/en/index.html
Wardle,J., & Beales, S. (1986).Restraint, body image and food attitudes in children from 12 to 18 years. Appetite,7,209-217.
Wardle,J., & Miyake, K. (1992). Adolescent concerns about weight and eating: a social-developmental perspective. Journal of Psychosomatic Research,34,377-391.