簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 莊雯霞
CHUANG, Wen-Hsia
論文名稱: 團隊領導才能培訓方案成效評估之研究-以M公司為例
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Team Leadership Training Programs-The Case of M Company
指導教授: 黃能堂
Huang, Neng-Tang
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 科技應用與人力資源發展學系
Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development
論文出版年: 2013
畢業學年度: 101
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 198
中文關鍵詞: 團隊團隊領導者領導才能訓練移轉訓練成效評估
英文關鍵詞: team, team leader, leadership competency, transfer of training, training effectiveness evaluation
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:606下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 企業要永續經營最重要的是讓組織團隊的領導人才不斷層並能持續地與時俱進,創造團隊人才的競爭優勢,因此,建構一套適合於企業領導管理人才的才能模式及其培育發展機制,是相當重要的策略。
    本研究運用個案研究法,針對M企業實際進行的一套團隊領導才能培訓方案作為研究個案,以Kirkpatrick訓練評估模式為基礎,透過課程滿意度、課程學習成效評估、管理才能評鑑量表分別來進行訓練評估模式中的反應層次、學習層次、行為層次成效評估,其中行為層次是運用前後測控制的對照設計方法,來測驗受訓者與未受訓者在訓練前後的才能項目進步程度,經獨立樣本t檢定分析之結果,受訓者在訓練後的進步幅度,明顯高過於未受訓者,表示培訓方案的行為層次訓練成效顯著。
    本研究同時從影響訓練移轉相關因素中之受訓者自我效能、參與訓動機、主管支持度等三個層面與行為層次訓練成效進行相關性分析,結果顯示受訓者的參訓動機與行為層次的訓練成效呈現顯著之正相關。因此在規劃訓練方案同時,即應加入強化受訓者參訓動機的活動及機制,讓受訓者在訓練開始前即對訓練有清楚的認知,能感知到訓練對其本身的益處,除了能引發受訓者正向積極的學習態度外,更能趨使受訓者將訓練所學有效地移轉應用至工作上,對工作績效的提升與組織的競爭力都具有相當的助益。

    The most important for an enterprise’s long-term stability is that an organization team should not have gap in leader talents and should keep pace with the times to create competitive advantage for team leader. Therefore, construction of leadership competency model and cultivating development mechanism appropriate for leadership and management talents of an enterprise is an extreme strategy.
    Case study method used in this study. For M Company ongoing set of team leadership training program as a case study. Based on Kirkpatrick training evaluation model, useing curriculum satisfaction, course learning outcomes, management competency assessment scale for training evaluation model reaction level, learning level, behavioral level of training effectiveness evaluation. Among them, the behavior of the control level is measured before and after the use of a control design methods to compare before training and after training, trainees and non-trainees progress in leadership competency score. According to the result of independent sample t-test analysis, progress level for the trainee after training is significantly higher than that for non-trainee, showing significant training effectiveness for behavior level in the training program.
    The study also from the influence of factors related to transfer of training trainee's self-efficacy, training motivation, management support and the level of behavior training effectiveness for Pearson product-moment correlation analysis. The result is the training motivation of trainees participating in the training level of training effectiveness is positively correlated.
    Therefore, when planning training program should be designed to strengthen the training motivation in the training activities and rules. Trainees in the before of training has understanding of the perceived benefits of training on their own. It brings the trainee is not only learning from the positive attitude, but also drive the trainee to effectively transfer what learned from the training to apply to work, which is great helpful for the increase of work performance and organization competitiveness.

    中文摘要 i ABSTRACT iii 目  錄 v 表  次 vii 圖  次 ix 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的與待答問題 4 第三節 研究範圍與限制 5 第四節 重要名詞解釋 8 第二章 文獻探討 15 第一節 團隊領導者的角色、功能與任務 15 第二節 團隊領導才能相關文獻 23 第三節 教育訓練相關文獻 40 第四節 訓練移轉與訓練評鑑相關文獻 46 第五節 訓練成效相關因素探討 67 第六節 訓練成效相關研究文獻 78 第三章 研究設計與實施 85 第一節 研究設計與架構 85 第二節 研究方法及流程 88 第三節 研究對象 94 第四節 M公司團隊領導才能培訓方案 99 第五節 研究工具 109 第六節 資料分析方法 119 第四章 研究結果與討論 121 第一節 敍述性統計分析 121 第二節 培訓後學習層次訓練成效分析-講師整體觀察與回饋 128 第三節 培訓後行為層次訓練成效分析 133 第四節 培訓後行為層次訓練成效分析-主管焦點團體訪談 134 第五節 行為層次相關因素之探討 138 第六節 研究結果及重點分析 139 第五章 結論與建議 143 第一節 研究結論 143 第二節 研究建議 147 參考文獻 153 一、中文部分 153 二、外文部分 157 附  錄 167 附錄一 訓練課程學習成效暨滿意度調查問卷表(一) 169 附錄二 訓練課程學習成效暨滿意度調查問卷表(二) 171 附錄三 訓練課程學習成效暨滿意度調查問卷表(三) 173 附錄四 訓練課程學習成效暨滿意度調查問卷表(四) 175 附錄五 M公司管理才能評鑑量表(主管評核) 177 附錄六 學員自我效能、參訓動機、主管支持度問卷表 179 附錄七 主管焦點團體座談題目大綱 181 附錄八 問卷內容效度專家審查名單 182 附錄九 專案內容效度審查彙整表 183 附錄十 直屬主管焦點團體訪談彙整表 193

    一、中文部分
    王秉均(譯)(1995)。Stephen P. Robbins著。管理學(Management)。臺北:華泰。
    江琬瑜(1999)。訓練成效評估之研究。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文,桃園縣。
    呂明真(2010)。台南縣在職人員職業訓練成效評估研究。國立高雄師範大學工業科技教育學系研究所碩士論文,高雄市。
    何永福、楊國安(1993)。人力資源策略管理。臺北:三民書局。
    吳秉恩(1984)。管理才能發展方案實施與成效關係之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文,臺北市。
    吳秉恩(1996)。企業教育訓練策略與訓練成效之研究-以組織學習觀點分析。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告。
    吳祉龍(2001)。企業營業人員訓練活動之規劃及其成效評估-以X公司為例分析。國立中央大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,桃園縣。
    李弘暉(1997)。高績效團隊成功要件。管理雜誌,276,39-41。
    李弘暉(1997)。高績效團隊管理的理論基礎-團隊理論模型綜述。中國行政評論,6(4),87-104。
    李姿青(2007)。員工自我效能、學習策略與數位學習成效關係之研究。國立高雄應用科技大學人力資源發展研究所碩士論文,高雄市。
    林月霞(2009)。主動人格特質、訓練遷移氣侯與訓練遷移關係之研究:以訓練遷移動機為中介變項。國立高雄應用科技大學人力資源發展系暨研究所碩士論文,高雄市。
    林麗惠(1997)。成人參與在職進修訓練的自評成效及其相關因素之研究-以職訓局所屬職業訓練中心學員為例。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義縣。
    張春興(1975)。心理學。臺北市:東華書局。
    張春興(1994)。現代心理學。臺北市:東華書局。
    張瑞芬(2003)。成人參與轉業教育訓練之訓練移轉成效研究-以失業者訓用合一職前訓練為例。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文,嘉義縣。
    張瀷競(2007)。成人職場學習取向與訓練遷移關係之研究-以一個國營企業為例。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文,嘉義縣。
    陳水竹(1993)。企業內職業訓練的相關課題與對策。就業與訓練,5-11。
    陳玉山(1997)。能力基礎途徑應用在人力資源管理之研究。國立政治大學公共行政研究所之碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    陳思均(2001)。地方公務員訓練成效評估之研究。東海大學公共事務碩士學程在職進修專班碩士論文,臺中市。
    陳姿妤(1997)。員工教育訓練成效評估之研究-以本國銀行業為例。國立中興大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,臺北市。
    陳德望(2001)。管理課程(MTP)訓練績效評估之研究-以科技與機械公司為例。靜宜大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,臺中市。
    陶紀貞(1999)。組織特性與個人屬性對訓練移轉影響之探討-以台北捷運公司為個案分析。國立政治大學公共行政學系碩士論文,臺北市。
    黃英忠(2000)。人力資源管理。臺北市:三民書局。
    黃佑安(1992)。學習動機取向自重感及個人變因與教育訓練自評成效之相關性之研究。私立淡江大學管理科學研究所碩士論文,新北市。
    葉鈴鮮(1990)。民營機構員工參加教育訓練之動機、滿意程度及受訓後自我評估之研究。私立東海大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺中市。
    楊聖怡(1999)。公共關係人員訓練移轉態度之研究。國立政治大學公共行政學系碩士論文,臺北市。
    蔣美惠(2004)。探討保全人員生涯管理、人格特質及組織氣候對工作滿足、自我效能與工作績效之關聯性研究-以台北市保全公司為例。南華大學管理科學研究所碩士論文。未出版,嘉義縣。
    傅永均(1994)。企業教育訓練方案成效評估模式之實驗研究-以燁隆鋼鐵公司為例。高雄工學院管理科學研究所碩士論文,高雄市。
    簡建中(2001)。人力資源發展。臺北市:五南。
    簡春安(1998)。社會工作研究法。臺北市:巨流。
    戴淑媛(2000)。中高齡者職業訓練成效評估之研究。國立中山大學公共事務管理研究所碩士論文,高雄市。
    二、外文部分
    Adair, J. (1987). Effective Team Building. UK: Gower Publishing Company.
    Albanese, R. (1989). Competency-Based Management Education. Journal of Management Development, 8(2), 66-76.
    Andrew, H. (2001). Training evaluation. Mortgage Banking, 61(7), 115-117.
    Axtell, C. M., Maitlis, S., & Yearta, S. K. (1997). Prediction immediate and longer-term transfer of training. Personnel Review, 26(3), 201-213.
    Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988), ”Transfer of training: a review and direction for future research”, Personnel Psychology, 41(1), 63-105.
    Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191-215.
    Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human Agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
    Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A Social-Cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    Bandura, A., & Wood, R. E. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 805-814.
    Basset, G. (1995). The new training: Operations methods for high performance. Human Resource Planning, 19, 38-47.
    Baumgartel, H., Reynolds, M., & Pathan, R. (1984). How personality and organization-climate variables moderate the effectiveness of management development programs: A review and some recent research findings. Management and Labor Studies.
    Boshier, R W. (1977). Motivational orientations re-visited: Life-space motives and the education participation scale. Adult Education. 27(2), 89-115.
    Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The Competence Manager: A Model for Effective Performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    Brinkerhoff, R. O., & Montesino, M. U. (1995). Partnerships for training transfer: lessons for a corporate study. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 6(3), 263-274.
    Broad, M. L., & Newstrom, J. W. (1992). Transfer of training: Action-packed strategies to ensure high payoff from training in-vestments. New York: Addison-Wesley.
    Brown, R. B. (1993). Meta-competence: A Recipe for Reforming Competence Debate. Personnel Review, 22(6), 6-13.
    Buckly, R., Caple, J. (1990). The theory and practice of training. 69-80
    Burgoyne, J. G. (1993). The competence Movement: Issues, Stakeholders and Prospects. Personnel Review, 22(6), 6-13.
    Busch, T. (1995). Gender differences in self-efficacy and attitudes toward computers. Journal of Educational Computation Research,12(2), 147-158.
    Butterfield, E. C., & Nelson, G. D. (1989). Theory and practice of teaching for transger. Educational Technology and Development, 37, 5-38.
    Campbell, J. P. (1988). Training design ofr performance improvement, Productivity in Organizations, San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,177-216.
    Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology, 46, 823-850.
    Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., Salas, E., & Volpe, C. E. (1995). Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations. Jossey-Bass Ins., Publishers, 333-380.
    Carr, C. (1992). Teampower: Lessons form America’s Top companies on putting Teampower to Work. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
    Cascio, W. F. (1995). Managing human resources: Productivity, quality of work life, profits, (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
    Cheng, W. L., & Ho, C. K. (2001). A review of transfer of training studies in the past decade. Personnel Review, 30 (1), 102-118.
    Chisholm, M. E. (1976). Medial Personnel in Education: A competency Approach. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    Cromwell, S. E. (2000). Examining the effect of organizational support, management support, and peer support on transfer of training, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania State.
    Cross, K. P. (1982). Adult learners: Increasing participation and facilitating learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Press.
    Darkenwald, G. G., & Merriam, S. B. (1982). Adult education: Foundations of practice. New York, NY: Happer & Row Press.
    Dick, W., & Carey, L. (1990). The systematic design of instruction (3rd ed.). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
    Downs, S. (1970). Predicting training potential. Personnel Management, 2, 26-28.
    Dubois, D. D. (1993). Compentency-based performance improvement: A Strategy for organizational change. Amherst, MA: HRD Press.
    Edward, F. M. (2000). Investigation of factors contributing to the success of cross-functional teams. The Journal of Product Innovation Management, 17(3), 221-235.
    Ends, E., & Page, C. (1977). Organization Team Building. Winthrop: Cambridge, Massachussetts.
    Ford, J. K. (1990). Understanding Training Transger: The Water Remains Murky. Human Resource Development, 1(3), 225-229.
    Fletcher, S. (1992). NVOS, Standards and Competence: A Practice Guide for Employers. Management and Trainers, London: Kogan page.
    Garavaglia, P. L. (1993). How to ensure transger of trainng . Training and Development, 17, 63-68.
    Glickman, A. S., Zimmer, S., Moantero, R. C., Guerette, P. J., Campbell, W. J., Morgan, B. B., Jr.,& Salas, E. (1987). The evolution of teamwork skills an empirical assessment with implications for training. Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center.
    Gist, M. E. & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical Analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review,17(2), 183-211.
    Glosson, L. R. & Schrock, J. R. (1985). Competencies needed for articulation among and between post-secondary vocational food technology programs in Texas. Austin, Texas: Texas Education Agency.
    Goldstein, I. L. (1974). Training Program Development and Evaluation. CA: Wadsworth.
    Goldstein, I. L. (1986). Training in Organizations: Needs Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Monterey, CA: Brooks.
    Gregoire, T. K., Propp, J., & Poertner, J. (1998). The Supervisor’s Role in the Transfer of Training. Administration in Social Work, 22, 1-9.
    Grenadier, S. R. (2000). Option Exercise Games: The Intersection of Real Options and Game Theory. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 13(2), 99-107.
    Gross, S. E. (1995). Compensation for Teams. New York: American Management Association.
    Guglieliemino (1979). Developing the top-level executive for the 1980’s and beyond, Training and Development, 12-14.
    Guglieliemino (1979). Development of the self-directed learning readiness scale. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia.
    Hackman, J. R. (1990). Groups that work . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers.
    Hager, P., & Gonczi, A. (1980). What is competence? Medical Teacher, 18(1), 15-18.
    Helmreich, R. L., Foushee, H. C., Benson, R., & Russini, R. (1986). Cockpit management attitudes: Exploring the attitude-performance linkage. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 57, 1198-1200.
    Hicks,W.D., & Klimoski, R. J. (1987). Entry into training programs and its effects on training outcomes: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 542-552.
    Hoy, W. K., & Woolfolk, A. E. (1990). Socialization of student teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 27, 279-300.
    Huczynski, A. A., & Lewis, J. W. (1980). An empirical study into the learning transfer process in management training. Journal of Management Studies, 17, 227-240.
    Jessup, H. R. (1990). New Roles in team Leadership. Training & Development Journal, 44(11), 79-83.
    Kanfer, R. (1987). Task-specific Motivation: An Integrative Approach to Issues of Measurement, Mechanisms, Processes, and Determinants. Journal of Social and clinical Psychology, 5, 237-264.
    Katz, R. L. (1955). Skills of an Effective Administrator. Harvard Business Review, 33, 33-42.
    Katzenbach, J. R., & Smith, D. K. (1993). The Wisdom Of Teams: Creating The High-Performance Organization. New York: Harper Collins.
    Kimberly, A. S., Eduardo, S., & Michael, T. B., (2001). To Transfer or Not to Transfer? Investigating the Combined Effects of Trainee Characteristics, Team Leader Support, and Team Climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 279-292.
    Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1959). Technique for evaluating training programs. Training and Development Journal, 13, 3-9.
    Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1987). Evaluation of training.In R.L.Craig (Ed.). Training and Development Handbook (2nd., 18-27). New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Kirkpatrick, D.L. (1994). Evaluating training program-The Four Levels. San Francisco: Berrett-koehler Publisher.
    Klein, A. L. (1996). Validity and Reliability for Competency-Based System: Reducing Litigation Risks. Compensation and Benefits Review, 28(4), 31-37.
    Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational And Psychological Measurement, 48, 1075-1079.
    Kraiger, F., & Salas, H. (1976). Application of Cognitive, Skill-Based, and Affective Theories; J. J. Phillips, ROI: The Search for Best Practices.
    Laker. D. R. (1990). Dual dimensionality of training transger. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 1, 209-224.
    Larson, C. E., & Lafasto, M. J. (1989). Teamwork: What Must Go Right, What Can Go Wrong.
    Lawire, J. (1990). Difference between training, education and development. Personal Journal, 69, 44.
    Ledford, G. E., Jr. (1995). Paying for the Skill, Knowledge, and Competencies of Knowledge Workers. Compensation and Benefits Review, 27(4), 55-62.
    Levinson, H. (1965). Reciprocation: the relationship between man and organization. Administraive Science Quarterly, 9, 370-390.
    Manz, C. C., & Neck, C. P. (1998). Team leadership in practice. Thrust for Educational Leadership, 28(2), 26-29
    Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (1993). Business Without Bosses: How Self-Managing Teams Are Building High-Performing Companies. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for Competence rather than for Intelligence, 1, 1-24.
    McGehee, W., & Thayer, (1978). Training Needs Analysis: Review and Critique. Academy of Management Review.
    McLagan, P. A. (1980). Competency Models. Training & Development Journal, 34(12), 22-26.
    Mitchell, F. G. (1981). Developing an international marketing training approach. Training and Development Journal ,35, 48-51.
    Mike, M. (1999). Evaluate training on these four levels. Credit Union Magazine, 65(5), 25-26.
    Miller, H. L. (1967). Participation of adults in education: A force-field analysis. Boston: Center for the Study of Liberal education for Adults, Boston University.
    Miller, V. A. (1987). The History of Training in R. L. Craig (Ed.), Training and Development Handbook (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
    Mohrman, S. A., Cohen, S. G., & Mohrman, A. M., Jr. (1995). Designing Team-Based Organizations-New Forms for Knowledge Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.
    Murphy, S. M., & Tyler, S. (2005). The relationship between learning approaches to part-time study of management courses and transfer of learning to the workplace. Educational Psychology, 25, 455-469.
    Nalder, L. (1970). Developing Human Resource. Huston, TX: Gulf.
    Noe, R. A. (1986). Trainee attributes and attitudes: Neglected influences on training effictiveness. Academy of Management Review, 4, 736-749.
    Noe, R. A. (1991). Trainee effectiveness measures and scoring schemes: AComparison, Personnel psychology.
    Noe, R. A. (1998). Employee training and development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Noe, R. A. (2002). Employee Training & Development (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
    Noe, R. A., & Schmitt, N. (1986). The Influence of Trainee Attitudes on Training Effectiveness: Test of A Model. Personnel Psychology, 39, 497-523.
    Nordhaug, O., & Gronhaug, K. (1994). Competence as resource in firms. The International of Journal Human Resource Management, 5(1), 89-106.
    Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychomertric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Orasanu, J. (1990). Shared mental models and crew performance. The annual of the meeting of Human Factors Society, Orlando Florida.
    Oser, R. L., McCallum, G. A., Salas, E., & Morgan, B. B., Jr. (1992). Toward a definition of teamwork : Behavioral elements of successful teams. Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center.
    Parker, G. M. (1990). Team players and teamwork : The new competitive business strategy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers.
    Parry, S. B. (1998). Just What Is a Competency? And Why Should You Care? Training, 58-64.
    Phillips, J. J. (2002). How to measure training results. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Posey, P., & Klein, J. (1990). Revitalizaing manufacturing: Text and cases.
    Prince, C., & Salas, E. (1993). Training and research for teamwork in the military aircrew. In Wiener, R., Kanki, B., & Helmreich, R. (Eds.), Cockpit resource management, 337-366.
    Quick, T. L. (1992). Successful Team Building. New York: American Management Association
    Raelin, J. A., & Cooledge, A. S. (1995). From Generic to Organic Competencies. Human Resource Planning, 18(3), 24-33.
    Rudolf, J. B., & Johannes H. S. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36, 339-343.
    Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (2001). The science of training: A decade of progress. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 471-499.
    Scott, W. G., & Mitchell, T. R. (1972). Organization Theory. Homewood, Ill: Richard D. Irwin.
    Sherer, M., & Maddux, J. E. (1992). The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and Validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663-671.
    Shonk, J. H. (1982). Working In Teams: A Practical Manual For Improving Work Groups. New York: AMACOM.
    Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at Work: Model for Superior Performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    Steeers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1983). Motivation and work behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Tannenbaum, S. I., & Yukl, G. (1991). Training and development in work organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 99-441.
    Thomas, J. B., & Kenneth, P. D. M. (1996). Diagnosing Whether an Organization Is Truly Ready to Empower Work Teams: A Case Study. Human Resource Planning , 19, 38-47.
    Tough, A. (1979). Major learning efforts: Recent resaerch and future directions. Adult Educations, 28(4), 250-265.
    Tracey, J. B., & Tews, M. J. (1995). Training effectiveness: accounting for individual characteristics and the work environment. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 36(6), 36-42.
    Tracey, J. B., Timothy, R. & Mathieu, J. E. (2001). The influence of individual characteristics and the work environment on varying levels of training outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12 (1), 5-23.
    Wellins, R. S., Byham, W. C., & Dixon, G. R. (1994). Inside teams: How 20 world-class organizational are winning through teamwork. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Wexley, K. N., & Latham, G. P. (1991). Developing and training human resource in organizations. New York: Harper Collins.
    Woodruffe, C. (1991). Competence by Any Other Name. Personnel Management, 23(9), 30-33.
    Yeung, A. K. (1996). Competencies for HR Professionals: An Interview with Richard E. Boyatzis. Human Resource Management, 35(1), 119-131.

    無法下載圖示 本全文未授權公開
    QR CODE