中 文 摘 要

生薑與乾薑為兩種不同的中藥材，生薑屬辛溫解表藥，用於風寒感冒、噁心嘔吐、胸腹脹痛、痰飲喘滿等之表證。生薑經炮製處理後，即為乾薑。乾薑屬溫裏祛寒藥，用於吐瀉腹痛、肢冷脈微、寒飲咳嗽、寒濕痺痛之裏寒證。
本研究分為三個部份。第一部份探討薑的近代研究，整理出薑的化學成分可分為3大類：揮發油、辛辣成分、二苯基庚烷類。薑辛辣味的化學成分主要是gingerols（[6]-, [8]-, [10]-gingerol）、shogals（[6]-, [8]-, [10]-shogaol）其中又以[6]- gingerol、[6]-shogaol的含量最多，也是薑的主要藥理活性成分。gingerols具熱不安定性，在高溫下會變化成shogaols，因此，生薑富含[6]- gingerol，乾薑富含[6]-shogaol，且其量與生長年數成正比。研究顯示，生薑之藥理近似gingerol，而乾薑接近shogaol。
第二部份為利用高效液相層析儀（HPLC），開發出分析生薑與乾薑藥理活性成分的方法，在65分鐘內能分離出zingerone、[6]- gingerol 及[6]-shogaol。本研究利用前述分析法，對市售生薑與乾薑各10批進行分析，結果顯示，生薑中無zingerone，[6]- gingerol的含量為1.63至2.82 mg/g，[6]-shogaol的含量為0.089至0.120 mg/g，[6]- gingerol平均含量遠高於[6]-shogaol，約為20倍左右。在乾薑中，zingerone的含量在0.054至0.140 mg/g之間，[6]- gingerol的含量為1.22至6.28 mg/g，[6]-shogaol的含量為1.40至2.71mg/g，[6]- gingerol的平均含量還是高於[6]-shogaol，但不若生薑來的大，約為1.7倍左右。
第三部份是利用上述分析方法，對市售含生薑與乾薑的方劑進行分析。實驗顯示，由原料製成製劑，其[6]- gingerol與[6]-shogaol的積分比值變化率在-66.48％至25.79％間，在8份樣品中有6份的變化率超過10％（絕對值）。此種結果說明了在製作方劑的過程中，其它藥材對生薑與乾薑藥理活性成分的萃取產生很大影響，故明顯改變了[6]- gingerol與[6]-shogaol的含量比。

Abstract

Fresh ginger and dry ginger are considered to be two distinct kinds of Chinese herbal medicine. Fresh ginger is a warm acrid superficies-resolving drug, and is used for colds, nausea, vomiting, bloating and coughing. After processing, fresh ginger becomes dry ginger. Dry ginger is an interior-warming chill-repelling drug , and is used for vomiting, diarrhea, cold limbs, weak pulses, coughing and rheumatism.
This study is divided into three parts. The first part explores modern research on ginger, and sorts its chemical properties into three main categories: volatile oils, pungent principles and diarylheptanoid compounds. Ginger’s pungency mainly comes from chemicals such as gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, [10]-gingerol), shogals ([6]-, [8]-, [10]-shogaol). Of those, [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol are present in the largest amounts, and are the main active pharmacological ingredients in ginger as well. Gingerols, with the amount directly proportional to the age of the ginger, are thermally unstable, and at high temperatures change easily into shogaols. Therefore fresh ginger is rich in [6]-gingerol while dry ginger is rich in [6]-shogaol’s age. Research indicates that the pharmacological properties of fresh ginger are similar to gingerol while dry ginger is similar to those of shogaol.
In the second part, an HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was developped to analyze the active pharmacological ingredients in fresh and dry ginger capable of separating zingerone, [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol within 65 minutes. Using the above method, our study conducted an analysis on 10 batches of fresh and dry ginger sold on the market. The results indicate that fresh ginger contained [6]-gingerol, 1.63 ~ 2.82 mg/g, and [6]-shogaol, 0.089 ~ 0.120 mg/g, with the average [6]-gingerol content being far higher than [6]-shogaol by a factor of around twenty, and had no zingerone. In dry ginger contained zingerone, 0.054~0.140mg/g, [6]-gingerol, 1.22~6.28 mg/g, and [6]-shogaol, 1.40~2.71mg, with the average [6]-gingerol content being still higher than [6]-shogaol but only by 1.7 times.
In the third part, the above method of analysis was used on prescription medicines containing fresh and dry ginger sold on the market. Laboratory results showed that converting the raw ingredients into medicine changed the [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol concentrations by amounts varying between -66.48% and 25.79%, with 6 out of 8 samples’ variation exceeding 10% (absolute value). This outcome demonstrated that when producing prescription medicine, other ingredients had a very large effect on the extraction of active pharmacological ingredients in fresh and dry ginger. This resulted in very obvious changes to the concentration of [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol.

黃一萍，世界傳統醫藥及中醫藥的發展概況，中國中醫藥信息雜誌，1998；5(9)：58
. 廖美智，經濟部生物技術與醫藥工業發展推動小組2003中草藥技術商談會，"中草藥產業現況與趨勢"，2003年9月26日於臺北南港軟體園區E棟4F會議室
. 伊金泉，"銀杏癒合組織培養及其二次代謝產物之研究"，長庚大學化工與程材料研究所碩士論文，臺北，2003
. 黃亞博，中國傳統醫藥在美國的現狀與展望，江蘇中醫，1997；18(9)：43-45
. 胡國衡、陳偉傑，從美國補醫辦的發展看中藥在美國應用的前景，世界科學技術-中藥現代化，1999；1(3)：56-60
. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)," Guidance for Industry Botanical Drug Products-Draft Guidance", pp.36-40, Food and Drug Administration, U.S.A. , 2000
. 黃一萍，WHO和WHO傳統醫學中心，中國中醫藥資訊雜誌，1998；5(7)：59
. 孔憲鐸，中藥現代化的必要性與方策，世界科學技術-中藥現代化，1999；1(3)：19-25
. WHO官方網站：www.who.int/medicines/library/trm/strategytrm.shtml
. 陳堂麒，科學中草藥強登未來四大明星產業，生技時代，2003; 25：24-31
. 吳久鴻、李國雄，抗癌及愛滋病天然藥物在美國的研發現狀，中草藥，2002；33：1045
. 楊伯峻編著，"論語譯注"，p.109，源流出版社，臺北，1982

. Thresh JC. Proximate analysis of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale and comparative examinations of typical specimens of commerical gingers. Pharm. J. 1879; 10: 171 ; The chemistry of Zingiber officinale. 1881; 12: 243; Further contributions to the chemistry of the rhizome Zingiber officinale.1884; 15: 208
. Grant KL, Lutz RB. Ginger. A.J.H.P. 2000; 57: 945-947
. Caragay AB. Cancer-preventive foods and ingredients, Food Technol., 1992; 46: 65-68
. 行政院衛生署官方網站http://www.ccmp.gov.tw/index-c/knowledge/standard.asp
. M. Twett, Proc. Warsaw Soc. Nat. Sci. Biol., 1903; 14: 6
. Martin AJP, Synge RLM. Zonal Chromatographic Analysis of the Interaction of Alcohol Dehydrogenase with Blue-sepharose.Biochem. J., 1941; 35: 1358
. James, AT, Martin AJP Gas-liquid partition chromatography: A technique for the analysis of volatile materials. Analyst. 1925; 77: 915-932
. Stahl E. Thin layer chromatography.Chemiker-Ztg., 1958; 82: 323-329
. Huber JFK, Hulsman JAR. A study of liquid chromatography in. columns. The time of separation. Anal. Chim. Acta, 1967; 38: 305-312
. 吳健三，高效液相層析儀實務篇，pp.30-33，建吾企業股份有限公司， 台北，1991
. 中華本草編委會，"中華本草"，第八冊，p.652，上海科技出版社，上海，1999
. 中國衛生部藥典委員會，"中國藥典中藥彩色圖集"，p.14，廣東科技出版社，廣東，1995
. 林益昇、蔡幸君，薑軟腐病之發生和防治策略，農藥世界雜誌，1998；184：50-54
. 錢明賽，根菜及莖菜採後處理與貯藏技術(二)，食品工業，1993；25(10)：14-21
許文章，薑．台灣農家要覽農作篇（二），pp.261-264，豊年社，台北，1995
. 玄振玉、劉明嶺，乾薑、生薑藥用源流考辨，上海中醫藥雜誌，2003；37(2)：48-50
. 國家藥典委員會，"中國藥典"，一部，p.12、p.75，化學工業出版社，北京，2000
. 秦偉，薑本草古今藥用研究，時珍國醫國藥雜誌，2000；11：911-912
. 河北醫學院，"靈樞經"，p.20，人民衛生出版社，北京，1963
. 張樹生、馬長武，"神農本草經貫通"，中國中醫藥出版社，p.936，北京，1997
. 許鴻源、陳玉盤、許順吉、許照信、陳建志、張憲昌，"簡明藥材學"， p.40、p.293，新醫藥出版社，臺北，1985
. 玄振玉、劉明嶺，乾薑、生薑藥用源流考辨，上海中醫藥雜誌，2003；37(2)：48-50

. 林宗旦、林宗平、林景平，"中醫藥藥理學"，pp.33-37，華香園出版社，臺北，1996
. 同參考文獻23，p.41
. 同參考文獻23，p.25
. 崔樹德主編，"中藥大全"，p.149，黑龍江科學技術出版社，哈爾濱，1998
. 高學敏主編，"中藥學"，p.782、p.806，人民衛生出版社，北京，2001
. 同參考文獻23，p.281
. 鄒潤安，"本經疏證"，卷六，p.139，旋風出版社，臺北，1974
張玉岑，"生薑辛味成份及其衍生物之合成與藥理研究，中國文化大學應用化學研究所碩土論文"，臺北，1978
. Jogi BS, Singh IP, DUA HS, Sukhija PS. Changes in crude fibre, fat and protein content in ginger（Zingiber officinale Rosc.）at different stages of ripening. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 1972; 42:1011-1015
. Nishimura, O. Identification of the characteristic odor-ants in fresh rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber offcinale Roscoe) using aroma extra dilution analysis and modified multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995; 43: 2941-2945
. Connell DW, McLachlan R. Natural pungent compounds: examination of gingerols, shogaols, paradols and related compounds by thin-layer and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1978; 67: 29–35
. Gong F, Fung YS, Liang YZ. Determination of Volatile Components in Ginger Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Resolution Improved by Data Processing Techniques. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004; 52 (21): 6378 -6383
. 余珍、張榮平、吳曙光、丁靖塏，薑的辣味成分分析，昆明醫學院學報，2001；4 : 57-60
. 李計萍、王躍生、馬華、郝近大、楊樺，乾薑與生薑主要化學成分的比較研究，中國中藥雜誌，2001；26(11)：748-751
. Kikuzaki H, Usuguchi J, and Nakatani N. Constituents of Zingiberaceae. I. Diarylheptanoids from the Rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991; 39(1): 120-122
. Kikuzaki H, Kobayashi M, Nakatani N. Diarylheptanoids from Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry 1991; 30(11): 3647-3651
. Kikuzaki H, Kobayashi M, Nakatani N. Cycilic Diarylhteptanoids from Rhizmesof Zingiber oofficnale. Phytochemistry 1996; 43(1): 273-276
. Yoshikawa M, Hatakeyama S, Taniguchi K, Matuda H, Yamahara J. 6-Gingesulfonic acid, a new anti-ulcer principle, and gingerglycolipids A, B, and C, three new monoacyldigalactosylglycerols, from zingiberis rhizoma originating in Taiwan. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992; 40(8): 2239-2241.
. Lapworth A, Pearson LN, Royle FA. Pungent principles of ginger. 1. Chemical characters and decomposition products of Thresh’s “ginger”. J. Chem. Soc. 1917; 111: 777-790
. Nelson EK. Gingerol and Paradol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1917; 39: 1466-1469
. Nomura H. Pungent principles of ginger. Ⅰ. Zingiberone, a correction. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ. 1918; 6: 375
. Nomura H. Pungent principles of ginger. Ⅱ. Shogaol. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Imp. Univ. 1918; 7: 66-67
. Connel DW, Sutherland MD. A re-examination of gingerol, shogaol and zingerone, the pungent principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Aus. J. Chem., 1969; 22: 1033-1043
. Masada Y, Inoue T, Hashimoto K, Fujioka M, Shiraki K. Studies on the pungent principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by GC-MS. Yakugaku Zasshi 1973; 93(3): 318-321.

. Masada Y, Inoue T, Hashimoto K, Fujioka M, Uchino C. Studies on the constituents of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) by GC-MS. Yakugaku Zasshi 1974; 94(6): 735-738.
. Narasimhn S, Govindarajan VS. Evaluati of spices and oleoresins V. Pungency of ginger components. gingerols, Shogaols and quality. J. Food Technol. 1978 ;13: 31-38
. Kiuchi F, Shibuya M, Sankawa U. Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis from ginger, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982; 30: 754-757.
. Endo K, Kanno E, Oshima Y. Structures of antifungal diarylheptenones, gingerenones A, B, C and isogingerenone B, isolated from the rhizomes of zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry 1990; 29: 797-799
. Yamahara J, Hatakeyan S, Taniguchi K, Kawamura M, Yoshikawa M. Stomachic principles in ginger. II. Pungent and anti-ulcer effects of low polar constituents isolated from ginger, the dried rbizomaof Zingiber Oficinale Roscoe cultivated in Taiwan. The absolute stereostructure of a new diarylbeptanoid.Yakugaku Zasshi 1992; 112: 645-655.
. Kikuzaki H, Tsai S, Nakatan N. Gingerdiol related compounds from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry 1992; 31(5): 1783-1786
. Guenther E, "Ginger oil in the essential Oils", Vol. 5, pp86-98, D. van Nostrand, New York, 1952
. Lawrence BM. Major tropical spice-ginger（Zingiber officinale Roscoe）. Perfume. Flavor. 1984; 9(5): 1
. 大學圖書公司編審部，"道氏醫學大辭典"，p.1056，大學圖書出版，臺北，1973
. 盧傳堅、歐明、王寧生，薑的化學成分分析研究概述，中藥新藥與臨床藥理，2003；14(3)：215-217
. Katsuya Endo, Emi Kanno and Yoshiteru Oshima. Structures of antifungal diarylheptenones gingerenones A, B, C and isogingerenone B, isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. Phytochemistry 1990; 29: 797-799.
. 孫俊光，"1. 各種薑類成分的比較與藥理研究 2. 以兩相轉移催化劑進行氧－烷化作用，中國文化大學應用化學研究所碩土論文，臺北，1980
. 何文珊、嚴玉霞，生薑的化學成分及生物活性研究概況，中藥材，2001；24(5)：376
. 張竹心、王貴林，生薑油對中樞神經的抑制作用，中草藥，1988；19：407-409
. 藥理教研組，生薑精油的解熱鎮痛研究，瀘州醫學院學報，1979；3：1-3
. 張竹心、王貴林、劉連生，生薑油的抗炎作用研究，中草藥，1989；20：544-546
. EH Thompson, ID Wolf and CE Allen. Ginger rhizome: a new source of proteolytic enzyrne. J. Food Sd. 1973; 38: 652-655
. Penna SC, Medeiros MV, Aimbire FS. Anti-inflammatory effect of the hydralcoholic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes on rat paw and skin edema, Phytomedicine. 2003; 10(5): 381-385.
. 孫慶偉、賴新華，生薑對大鼠胃粘膜細胞的保護作用，中草藥，1986；17：43-45
. 孫慶偉、滕敏昌，生薑對大鼠胃粘膜的保護作用及其機制的初步探討，中草藥，1992；27：207-210

. Yamahara J, Mochizuki M, Rong HQ, Matsuda H, Fujimura H. The anti-ulcer effect in rats of ginger constituents. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988 ; 23: 299-304
. 鄭虎占、董澤宏、佘靖，"中藥現代研究與應用"，Vol. 2，p.1429，學苑出版社，北京，1998
. Hashimoto K, Satoh K, Murata P, Makino B Sakakibara I, Kase Y, Ishige A, Higuchi M, Sasaki H. Component of Zingiber officinale that improves the enhancement of small intestinal transport. Planta Medica. 2002; 68: 936-939
. Yamahara J, Huang QR, Li YH, Xu L, Fujimura H. Gastrointestinal motility enhancing effect of ginger and its active constituents. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990; 38: 430-431
. Sharma SS, Gupta YK. Reversal of cisplatin-induced delay in gastric emptying in rats by ginger(Zingiber officinale). J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998; 62 : 49-51
. 孫慶偉、賴新華，中藥健胃劑對大胃液分泌作用的機制研究:生薑煎劑沖洗口腔和灌胃的作用比較，中草藥，1986；17：43-45
. Sharma SS, Kochupillai V, Gupta SK, Seth SD, Gupta YK Antiemetic efficacy of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against cisplatin-induced emesis in dogs. J. Ethnopharmaco. 1997 ; 57(2): 93-96
. 王金華、薛寶雲、梁愛華、王嵐、郝近大、楊華、易紅，生薑與乾薑藥理活性的比較研究，中國醫藥學雜誌，2000；35(3)：163-165
. 張竹心、劉連生，生薑油對肝損害的保護作用，中成藥，1998；11(8)：25-26

. Yamahara J, Miki K, Chisaka T, Sawada T, Fujimura H, Tomimatsu T, Nakano K, Nohara T. Cholagogic effect of ginger and its active constituents. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1985; 13(2):217-225
. 江蘇新醫學院，'中藥大辭典"，p.655，上科學技術出版社，上海，1977
. 朱顏，辛辣刺激對健康人血壓的影響，中醫雜誌，1960；6：47
. 陳昆南、楊弗麟，生薑醇提物抗凝血作用的進一步探討，1997；13(5)：30-31
. Srivs KC. Effects of aqueous extracts of onon, garlic and ginger on platelet aggregation and metabolism of arachidonic acid in the blood vascular system: in vitrostudy. Prostaglandins Leukot Med., 1984; 13(2):227
. Ahmed RS, Seth V, Pasha ST. Influence of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinales Rosc) on oxidative stress induced by malathion in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2000; 38 (5) : 443-450
. Fuhrman B, Rosenbat M, Hayek T. Ginger extract consumption reduces plasma cholesterol, inhibits LDL oxidation and attenuates development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic , apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Nutr. 2000; 130 : 1124-1131
. 劉寧、霍貴成、張玲，生薑對高血脂大鼠脂質過氧化作用的研究，衛生研究，2003；32(1) :22-23.
. 付愛華，尹建元，黃精和生薑抗皮膚癬菌活性研究，白求恩醫科大學學報，2001；27：384-385
. Datta A., Sukul NC. Antifilarial effect of Zingiber officinale on Dirofilaria immitis. J. Helminthol. 1987 ;61(3):268-270
. 孟海琴、張寶恆，生薑和乾薑的藥理作用，中西醫結合雜誌，1990；10：638-640
. Katiyar SK, Agarwal R, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of tumor promotion in SENCAR mouse skin by ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 1023-1030
. Nagasawa H, Watanabe K, Inatomi H, Effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia l.) or ginger rhizome (Zingiber offifinale rosc) on spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in SHN mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2002; 30:195-205
. 劉輝、朱玉真，生薑醇提物對荷瘤鼠免疫功能的影響，衛生研究，2002；31 (3)：208-210
. 張竹心、劉連生，生薑油的抗過敏作用，中成藥，1992；14(11)：30-31
. 姜正林、沈洪妹、楊凱，生薑與抗膽鹼藥的抗大鼠類比運動病作用的比較觀察，中華航海醫學雜誌，1999；6(1)：20-22.
. Bhandari U, Sharma JN, Zafar R, The protective action of ethanolic ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in Cholesterol fed rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998; 61(2): 167-171
. Akhani SP, Vishwakarma SL, Goyal RK. Anti-diabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2004; 56:101-105
. Akhani SP, Vishwakarma SL, Goyal RK. Antidiabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in streotozotocin-induced type diabetic rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2004; 56 (1) :101-105.
. Han LK, Gong XJ, Kawano S, Saito M, Kimura Y, Okuda H. Antiobesity actions of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2005; 125: 213-217

. Holtmann S, Clarke AH, Scherer H, Hohn M. The anti-motion sickness mechanism of ginger. A comparative study with placebo and dimenhydrinate. Acta. Otolaryngol. 1989; 108: 168-174
. Lien HC, Sun WM, Chen YH, Kim H, Hasler W, Owyang C. Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2003; 284: G481-489
. 張劍秋，小半夏湯止嘔作用的臨床觀察，上海中醫藥雜誌，1979；4：24
. Mahesh R, Perumal RV, Pandi PV. Cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: role of mediators, development of drugs and treatment methods. Pharmazie. 2005; 60(2): 83-96
. Borrelli F, Capasso R, Aviello G, Pittler MH, Izzo AA. Effectiveness and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005; 105: 849-856
. 薛海娜，生薑的藥理作用及臨床運用概況，新疆中醫藥，2002；20(5)：68-70
. 於法來、馮培勤、楊寶棟，中西醫結合治療蛔蟲性腸梗阻541例，中西醫結合雜志，1986；6(2)：114
. 宋紅旗，燒傷的中醫藥治療近況，中醫藥信息，1990 ；20(2) :23
. 姜愛玲、王永強，生薑治療斑禿40例，中國民間療法，2004；12(9)：64-65
. 王浴生主編，"中藥藥理與應用"，p.320，人民衛生出版社，北京，1983
. 周迎憲、張智壽，生薑外敷陰囊治療急性附睪炎 28 例，江西中醫藥，1990；21(2)：6

. 王雲，隔薑灸治癒慢性副鼻竇炎2例，中醫外治雜誌，2001：46(5) :29
. 彭平健，生薑的藥理研究和臨床運用，中國中藥雜誌，1992；6(17) :372
. 張福亮，針藥並施外治周圍性面神經麻痹120 例，中醫外治雜誌，2001；46(4) :26
. Gupta YK, Sharma M., Reversal of pyrogallol-induced delay in gastric emptying in rats by ginger (Zingiber officinale). Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2001; 23(9):501-503
. Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44: 2531-2538
. Vishwakarma SL, Pal SC, Kasture VS, Kasture SB, Anxiolytic and antiemetic activity of Zingiber officinale. Phytother. Res. 2002; 16:621-626
. 王楚、錢紅美、蘇簡單，乾薑乙醇提取物解熱鎮痛及體外抑菌作用研究，中藥新藥與臨床藥理，2003；14(5)：299-301
. 張明發、段涇雲、沈雅琴、陳光娟、宋延平，乾薑溫經止痛的藥理研究，中醫藥研究，1992；1：41
. 中國醫學科學院藥物研究所編，"中藥誌"，p. 228，人民衛生出版社，北京，1982
. 盧傳堅、許慶文、歐明、王寧生，乾薑提取物對心衰模型兔心功能的影響，中藥新藥與臨床藥理，2004；15(5)：301-305
. 謝恬、錢寶慶、徐紅，乾薑對心肌細胞缺氧缺糖性損傷的保護及其抗血小板聚集功能的實驗研究，中國實目十方劑學雜誌，1988；4(6)：17-19
. 許青媛、於利森、張小利、陳瑞明、陳春梅，乾薑及其主要成分的抗凝作用，中國中藥雜誌，1991；16(2)：112-113

. Srivastava KC. Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic and ginger inhibit platelet aggregation and alter arachidonic acid metabolism. Biomed. Biochim. Acta., 1984;43: 335-346
. 吳皓、葉定江、柏玉啟、趙玉珍，乾薑、炮薑對大鼠實驗性胃潰瘍的影響，中國中藥雜誌，1990；15(5)：22-24
. 張明發、宋延平、沈雅琴，溫裏藥抑制離體腸管活動的機理探討，中成藥研究，1985；12：25-27
. 張明發、沈雅琴、許青媛，乾薑對缺氧和受寒小鼠的影響，中國中藥雜誌，1991；16(3)：170-172
. Adewunmi CO, Oguntimein BO, Furu P. Molluscicidal and antischistosomal activities of Zingiber officinale. Planta. Med., 1990; 56(4): 374-376
. 廖暉、王慧梅，乾薑擦劑治療手足皸裂70 例，中國中西醫結合雜誌，2001；21：469
. Suekawa M, Ishige A, Yuasa K, Sudo K, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Pharmacological studies on ginger. I. Pharmacological actions of pungent constitutents, (6)-gingerol and (6)-shogaol. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 1984; 7: 836-848
. Dedov VN, Tran VH, Duke CC, Connor M, Christie MJ, Mandadi S, Roufogalis BD. Gingerols: a novel class of vanilloid receptor (VR1) agonists. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2002; 137: 793-798
. Young HY, Luo YL, Cheng HY, Hsieh WC, Liao JC, Peng WH. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of [6]-gingerol. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2005 Jan 4; 96: 207-10.

. Antipenko AY, Spielman AI, Kirchberger MA. Interactions of 6-gingerol and ellagic acid with the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999; 290(1): 227-234
. Hata Y, Pancho LR, Nojima H, Kimura I. Endothelium-dependent potentiation of prostaglandin F2alpha-induced contractions by (+/-)-[6]-gingerol is inhibited by cyclooxygenase- but not lipoxygenase-inhibitors in mouse mesenteric veins. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 1998; 21: 792-794
. Hikino H, Kiso Y, Kato N, Hamada Y, Shioiri T, Aiyama R, Itokawa H, Kiuchi F, Sankawa U. Antihepatotoxic actions of gingerols and diarylheptanoids. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1985; 14(1):31-39
. 王本祥主編，"現代中藥藥理學"，p.68、p.611，天津科學技術出版社，天津，1997
. Yang Y, Kinoshita K, Koyama K, Takahashi K, Kondo S, Watanabe K. Structure-antiemetic-activity of some diarylheptanoids and their analogues. Phytomedicine. 2002; 9(2):146-152
. Someya A, Horie S, Yamamoto H, Murayama T. Modifications of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in isolated guinea pig ileum by [6]-gingerol and lafutidine. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2003; 92: 359-366
. Horie S, Yamamoto H, Michael GJ, Uchida M, Belai A, Watanabe K, Priestley JV, Murayama T. Protective role of vanilloid receptor type 1 in HCl-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2004; 39(4): 303-312
. Goto C, Kasuya S, Koga K, Ohtomo H, Kagei N. Lethal efficacy of extract from Zingiber officinale (traditional Chinese medicine) or [6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol in Anisakis larvae in vitro. Parasitol. Res. 1990; 76: 653-6
. Ficker C, Smith ML, Akpagana K, Gbeassor M, Zhang J, Durst T, Assabgui R, Arnason JT. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antifungal compounds from ginger. Phytother. Res. 2003; 17: 897-902
. Lee E, Surh YJ. Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells by pungent vanilloids, [6]-gingerol and [6]-paradol. Cancer Lett. 1998; 134(2):163-168
. Park KK, Chun KS, Lee JM., Lee SS, Surh YJ. Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol ester-induced inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and skin tumor promotion in ICR mice. Cancer Lett., 1998; 129(2):139-144
. Miyoshi N, Nakamura Y, Ueda Y, Abe M, Ozawa Y, Uchida K, Osawa T. Dietary ginger constituents, galanals A and B, are potent apoptosis inducers in Human T lymphoma Jurkat cells. Cancer Lett. 2003; 199(2): 113-119
. Ippoushi K, Ito H, Horie H, Azuma K. Mechanism of inhibition of peroxynitrite-induced oxidation and nitration by [6]-gingerol. Planta. Med. 2005; 71(6):563-566
. Surh YJ. Anti-tumor promoting potential of selected spice ingredients with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities: a short review. Food Chem. Toxicol., ; 40:1091-1097
. Ippoushi K, Azuma K, Ito H, Horie H, Higashio H. [6]-Gingerol inhibits nitric oxide synthesis in activated J774.1 mouse macrophages and prevents peroxynitrite-induced oxidation and nitration reactions. Life Sci., 2003; 73: 3427-37
. Onogi T, Minami M, Kuraishi Y, Satoh M. Capsaicin-like effect of (6)-shogaol on substance P-containing primary afferents of rats: a possible mechanism of its analgesic action. Neuropharmacology. 1992; 31: 1165-1169
. Suekawa M, Sone H, Sakakibara I, Ikeya Y, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Pharmacological studies on ginger. V. Pharmacological comparison between (6)-shogaol and capsaicin. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1986; 339-47
. Suekawa M, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Pharmacological studies on ginger. II. Pressor action of (6)-shogaol in anesthetized rats, or hindquarters, tail and mesenteric vascular beds of rats. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 1986; 9: 842-852
. Suekawa M, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Pharmacological studies on ginger. III. Effect of the spinal destruction on (6)-shogaol-induced pressor response in rats. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 1986; 9: 853-60
. Huang Q, Matsuda H, Sakai K, Yamahara J, Tamai Y. The effect of ginger on serotonin induced hypothermia and diarrhea. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1990 ; 110: 936-942
. Huang QR, Iwamoto M, Aoki S, Tanaka N, Tajima K, Yamahara J, Takaishi Y, Yoshida M, Tomimatsu T, Tamai Y. Anti-5-hydroxytryptamine3 effect of galanolactone, diterpenoid isolated from ginger. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1991; 39(2):397-399
. Suekawa M, Yuasa K, Isono M, Sone H, Ikeya Y, Sakakibara I, Aburada M, Hosoya E. Pharmacological studies on ginger. IV. Effect of (6)-shogaol on the arachidonic cascade. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1986; 88(4):263-269

. Etoh H, Kondoh T, Noda R, Singh IP, Sekiwa Y, Morimitsu K, Kubota K. Shogaols from Zingiber officinale as promising antifouling agents. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2002; 66: 1748-1750
. 李大勤，應當區分生薑汁與乾薑汁在薑炙法中的應用，吉林中醫藥，2000；(2)：59-60
. 雷載權、張廷模主編，”中華臨床中藥學”，p.38，人民衛生出版社，北京，1998
. 許鴻源，”中藥之炮炙”，pp.6-10，新醫藥出版社，臺北，1980
. 同參考文獻164，pp.39-40
. 同參考文獻165，pp.4-5
. 崔樹德主編，"中藥大全"，pp.82-83p，黑龍江科學技術出版社，哈爾濱，1998
. 王維皓、王智民、徐麗珍、楊世林，HPLC 法測定生薑中有效成分6-薑辣素的含量，中國中藥雜誌，2002；27(5)：348-349
. 丁安偉、盛瑞才，薑不同炮製品的主要成分含量比較，中藥通報，1988；139(11)：17-18
. 吳建華、馬耀茹，薑不同炮製品止血實驗研究，陝西中醫，2002；23：449-451
. 吳皓、葉定江、柏玉啟、趙玉珍，乾薑炮製品對小鼠凝血時間的影響，中國中藥雜誌，1993；18(3)：147-149
. 盧宏民，"本草藥性大辭典"，p.400，香港五洲出版社，香港，1982
Zeleny J. Instability of electrified liquid surfaces. Phys. Rev., 1917; 5: 1–6
. Niessen WMA, JVD. Greed. Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 58：Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Principle and Applications, chapter 3, Dekker M, New York, 1992
. Dole M, Mack LL, Hines RL, Mobley RC, Ferguson LD, Alice MB. Evidence of charge inversion in the reaction of single charged anions with multiply charged macroions. Chem. Phys., 1968; 49: 2240-2241
. Yamashita M, Fenn JB. Electrospray ion source. Another variation on the free-jet theme J. Phys. Chem., 1984;88: 4451-4459
. Yamashita M, Fenn JB. Negative-Ion Production with the. Electrospray Ion-Source. J. Phys. Chem., 1984; 88: 4671-4675
. Whitehouse CM, Dreyer RN, Yamashita M, Fenn JB. Electrospray Interface for Liquid Chromatographs and Mass Spectrometers. Anal. Chem., 1985; 57: 675-679
. Berkel GJV, McLuckey SA, Glish GL. Electrochemical origin of radical cationsobserved in electrospray ionization mass spectra. Anal. Chem., 1992; 64: 1586-1593
陳重陽，”醫藥入門捷徑”，pp.1-10，博愛書局，高雄，1978
. 許鴻源，許照信，”常用漢方方劑圖解”， pp.1-2、pp.22-23、pp.14-15、pp.52-53、pp.61-62、pp.64-65、pp.197-198、pp.207-208、pp.303-304、pp.441-442，新醫藥出版社，台北，1989
. 行政院衛生署官方網站http://www.ccmp.gov.tw/information/formula_type.asp?relno=549&level=C
. 孫俊光，"1. 各種薑類成分的比較與藥理研究 2. 以兩相轉移催化劑進行氧－烷化作用”，中國文化大學應用化學研究所碩土論文，臺北，1980