研究生: |
吳明珏 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
雙薪家庭幼兒父母親的婚姻滿意、親職壓力與共親職之相關研究 Marital Satisfaction, Parenting Stress, and Coparenting for Parents of Dual-Earner Families |
指導教授: |
林如萍
Lin, Ju-Ping |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
人類發展與家庭學系 Department of Human Development and Family Studies |
論文出版年: | 2005 |
畢業學年度: | 93 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 156 |
中文關鍵詞: | 雙薪家庭、婚姻滿意、親職壓力、共親職 |
英文關鍵詞: | dual-earner families, marital satisfaction, parenting stress, coparenting |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:1082 下載:198 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
中文摘要
本研究旨在探討雙薪家庭幼兒父母親的婚姻滿意、親職壓力與共親職三者間之關係。採問卷調查法蒐集資料,以育有3至6歲幼兒的雙薪父母親為對象,依臺北市12個行政區人口比例分層抽取14所公、私立幼稚園學童父母親填答問卷,共取得579份有效樣本。研究工具為「為人父母感受與婚姻關係問卷」,內容包括自編的「親職壓力量表」、「親職聯盟量表」及「堪薩斯婚姻滿意量表」。問卷調查所得的資料分別以t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關等統計方法進行處理。主要的研究發現如下:
一、雙薪家庭幼兒父母親之婚姻滿意、親職壓力與共親職
有七成五以上的父母親對自己的婚姻給予正面的評估,僅有6.6%的父母親對婚姻感到較不滿意。有近五成的父母親感受較大的親職壓力,其中有5.8%的父母親認為親職壓力非常大。以親職壓力的程度大小而言,依序為「外在環境」、「財務成本」、「角色衝突」、「親密關係不滿足」及「家人互動關係」壓力最小。就父母親的共親職而言,高達九成的父母親對自己的共親職程度給予高度的評估,僅有6.4%的父母親認為共親職合作情形不佳。
二、不同背景變項之雙薪家庭幼兒父母親,在婚姻滿意、親職壓力與共親職之差異
性別、社經地位對父母親的婚姻滿意、親職壓力與共親職三變項均有顯著影響。而且是父親的婚姻滿意高於母親,母親的親職壓力大於父親,父親從配偶獲得的共親職程度高於母親。高社經地位及中社經地位父母親的「整體婚姻」滿意均高於低社經地位者;中社經地位父母親的「配偶表現」及「配偶關係」滿意均高於低社經地位者。中社經地位父母親的整體親職壓力比高社經地位父母親來得大;低社經地位與中社經地位父母親的「財務成本」及「家人互動關係」壓力比高社經地位父母親大。
年齡、教育程度對父母親的親職壓力均有顯著影響。30歲以下及31至35歲父母親的「家人互動關係」壓力比36至40歲的父母親大。高中(職)程度父母親的「財務成本」壓力大於大學及碩士以上程度的父母親。高中(職)程度父母親的「家人互動關係」壓力大於碩士以上程度的父母親。
家庭結構對父母親的婚姻滿意與親職壓力二變項有顯著影響。與上一代父母同住的夫妻,其婚姻滿意高於未與上一代父母同住的夫妻。與上一代父母同住的夫妻,其親職壓力高於未與上一代父母同住者。
三、雙薪家庭幼兒父母親的親職壓力、共親職與婚姻滿意之關係
父母親的親職壓力、共親職與婚姻滿意之間都達到顯著相關,而且親職壓力與婚姻滿意呈顯著負相關,共親職與婚姻滿意呈顯著正相關,親職壓力與共親職呈顯著負相關。
基於以上研究發現,雙薪家庭幼兒父母親的親職壓力愈高,其婚姻滿意愈低,共親職亦愈低;因此,為幫助雙薪家庭幼兒父母親提升其婚姻滿意及共親職合作程度,以降低親職壓力,本研究提出教育應用與未來研究之建議如下:
一、教育應用方面:
對父母親之建議:透過夫妻溝通,找出在多重角色之間的微妙平衡點;教養子女的秘訣在於學習以孩子的眼光看待他們的世界;善用資源管理與財務規劃,幫助家庭達成不同的生活目標;不要忽略了性和親密感;與上一代父母開誠布公地溝通;鼓勵父親共同參與教養子女的工作;善用其他人士的支持,有助於減低父母親的壓力。
家庭教育課程內涵之建議:需兼顧親職壓力調適、父母共同參與親職及婚姻教育等議題;針對不同背景之需求,開設適性的家庭教育課程,例如:男女有別,年輕的初為人父母者為學習需求最高的關鍵期,針對高中﹙職﹚教育程度者設計難易適中的課程與教材,提供弱勢家庭適當的社會福利資源與資訊,擴展代間關係之主題。
二、未來研究方面:
研究主題:進一步探討因子女出生後所產生之各種親職壓力內涵及主題,以擴增對婚姻滿意影響因素之了解;研究對象:擴大樣本數與取樣範圍,豐富相關的研究結果;研究方法:廣採質性深入訪談法、家庭關係三人互動觀察法及縱貫性研究等方法,以深入探討親職壓力、共親職與婚姻滿意之關係;研究工具:採用多面向婚姻滿意量表及共親職量表,以了解親職壓力、共親職與婚姻滿意不同構面的相互關係與影響。
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to explore the relations between and among martial satisfaction, parenting stress and coparenting and parents of dual-earner families (DEF) with different demographic characteristics. In this study, quantitative data was collected from a proportionate stratified sample of 579 parents living in Taipei City. The participants are dual-earner parents who have children aged 3 to 6 in the 14 public and private pre-schools of the 12 administration areas of Taipei City. The number of samples taken from each pre-school is proportional to the population of the corresponding administration area.
The research instrument used is “Questionnaire of parents’ feeling and marital relations”, including 3 sub-scales: the Parenting Stress Inventory developed by the author, the Parenting Alliance Inventory (PAI), and the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMS). Data from the questionnaires are analyzed by independent-samples T test, one-way analysis of variance”, and Pearson product-moment correlation. The major findings of this research are as follows:
A. Overall statistical results of the relations between marital satisfaction, parenting stress, and coparenting and parents of DEF
In general, the majority (75%) of the Taiwanese parents expressed satisfaction with their marriage; but 6.6% of the parents were unsatisfied. More than 50% of parents reported higher parenting stress; among them, 5.8% of the parents feel very heavy stress. Elements of parenting stress from highest to lowest are: external environment, financial cost, role conflict, intimate relation dissatisfaction, and family relations. For coparenting evaluation, more than 90% of the parents give themselves higher-degree coparenting; but 6.4% of the response is low.
B. Differences in marital satisfaction, parenting stress and coparenting in relation to different demographic characteristics of DEF parents
I. In terms of gender and socio-economic status differences, both have significant influence on marital satisfaction, parenting stress and coparenting. Men reported higher marital satisfaction levels than women. Women recorded heavier parenting stress than men. Men feel they demonstrate a higher-degree of coparenting than women.
II. The correlation between parents of different socio-economic status and how they view their relationship in various aspects of their marriage was significant: members of the high and middle socio-economic status enjoy higher levels of marital satisfaction than parents with low socio-economic status. For “spouse performance” and “spouse relations”, parents of middle socio-economic status indicate higher satisfaction than parents of low socio-economic status. For parenting stress, parents of middle socio-economic status feel heavier stress than parents of high socio-economic status. In the areas of financial cost and family relations, parents of middle and low socio-economic status report heavier stress than parents of high socio-economic status.
III. In terms of differences in age and education, both have significant impact on coparenting for parents. For family relations, parents below 35 suffer heavier stress than those aged 36 to 40. For financial cost, parents with only a high school diploma face heavier stress than those with a bachelor’s or master’s degree. For family relations, parents with a high school diploma have heavier stress than those with a master’s degree.
IV. Family construction differences lead to significant impacts on two variables: marital satisfaction and parenting stress. For marital satisfaction, couples living with parents record higher satisfaction than couples not living with parents. For parenting stress, couples living with parents are subject to heavier stress than those not living with parents.
C. Relations among parenting stress, coparenting and marital satisfaction of DEF parents
There are significant correlations among parenting stress, coparenting and marital satisfaction: parenting stress and marital satisfaction have a negative correlation; coparenting and marital satisfaction are positively correlated; and parenting stress and coparenting show negative correlation.
Based upon the above results, it is found that for DEF parents: the higher parenting stress, the lower satisfaction and lower coparenting. Therefore, to help DEF parents to upgrade their marital satisfaction and coparenting while lowering parenting stress, some areas of education application and future research direction are proposed:
A. Education application
To parents: through communication, couples needs to find the subtle balance point among their multiple roles; parents should remember that the key point of teaching children is to learn children’s viewpoints to deal with their world; make fully use of resource management and financial planning to help the family achieve different goals in life; do not ignore sex and intimate feelings; communicate with parents frankly and honestly; encourage fathers to become involved in teaching and raising children; skillfully make use of other people’s support to effectively reduce parents’ stress.
Suggestions for the contents of a family education program: find topics for combining parenting stress adjustment and encourage parents’ involvement in parenting and marriage education. For parents with different backgrounds, different courses need to be provided: for men and for women separately, for young parents who have the most intensive need for learning, for parents with only a high school education to understand how to become upwardly mobile, for low-income families needing information about social welfare/support, and provide the topics to facilitate communication between different generations.
B. Future research direction
There are four suggestions for future research. First, future studies would explore the content of parenting stress after children are born to further understand the impact on marital satisfaction. Second, future research might well enlarge the scope of this study sample. Third, future research should be undertaken using different research methods, such as qualitative interview methods, observational measures of coparenting and whole family interaction, and longitudinal research in order to provide different angles on some issues. Lastly, future research might use the multi-dimensional marital satisfaction inventory and coparenting inventory to understand the correlation and influence among parenting stress, coparenting and marital satisfaction from different dimensions.
參考文獻
一、中文部分
井敏珠。(1992)。已婚職業婦女生活壓力與因應策略、社會支持之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文,未出版。
尹業珍。﹙1994﹚。施虐父母與非施虐父母之童年經驗、社會支持、親職壓力與虐待兒童傾向之研究。文化大學兒童福利學系碩士論文,未出版。
王美惠。(1987)。已婚職業婦女之家務分工、性別、角色態度和社會支援與婚姻滿意的研究。中國文化大學家政學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
王麗容。(1994)。社會變遷中的親職教育需求、觀念與策略。國立臺灣大學社會學刊,23,191-216。
王純娟。﹙2001﹚。婚姻與親密關係。臺北:教育部社教司。
王舒芸、余漢儀。(1997)。奶爸難為--雙薪家庭之父職角色初探。婦女與兩性學刊,8,115-149。
王叢桂。(2000)。促進參與父職因素的探討。應用心理研究,6,131-171。
朱岑樓。(1991)。婚姻研究。臺北:東大。
任文香。(1995)。幼兒母親親職壓力、因應策略與親子關係滿意之關係研究。國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
伊慶春。(1991)。臺北地區婚姻調適的一些初步研究發現。Proceedings of the National Science Council.(Part C),7, 151-173。
伊慶春、熊瑞梅。(1994)。擇偶過程之網路與婚姻關係:對介紹人、婚姻配對、和婚姻滿意度之分析,伊慶春主編,臺灣民眾的社會意向,135-177。臺北:中研院社科所。
伊慶春、吳明燁。(2002)。婚姻其實不只是婚姻:家庭結構因素對於婚姻滿意度的影響。2002/9/27-28台灣社會問題研究學術研討會。
李美銀。(2003)。妥瑞症患童父母親職壓力、因應方式及其相關因素之探討。國立臺灣大學護理學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
李淑娟、黃迺毓。﹙2000﹚。推動雙薪學習型家庭教育之策略研究。國立空中大學生活科學系生活科學學報,6,93-126。
利翠珊。﹙1997﹚。婚姻中親密關係的形成與發展,中華心理衛生學刊,10﹙4﹚,101-128。
汪麗真。(1994)。自閉症兒童母親教養壓力,親職角色適應與教養服務需求之研究。文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文,未出版。
呂翠夏。﹙2002a﹚。學前幼兒家庭之共親職行為分析。輔仁大學兒童與家庭學術研討會-上集,271-286。
呂翠夏。﹙2002b﹚。學前幼兒家庭之共親職與其相關因素:婚姻關係與性別角色態度。臺南師院學報,36,1-18。
沈瓊桃。﹙2001﹚。西方婚姻滿意量表對臺灣婚姻關係測量之適用性。測驗年刊,48﹙2﹚, 131-151。
沈瓊桃。﹙2002﹚。多面向婚姻滿意量表之編製。中華心理衛生學刊,15﹙3﹚, 67-100。
余怡珍。(1997)。接受生殖科技成功懷孕的幼兒母親其親職壓力之探討。中山醫學院醫學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
林生傳(1989)。教育社會學。高雄:復文。
林如萍。(2001a)。家庭擴展期。黃迺毓、林如萍、唐先梅、陳芳茹編著,家庭概論,臺北:空大。
林如萍。(2001b)。婚姻教育議題。中華民國家庭教育學會主編,家庭生活教育,臺北市:師大書苑。
林如萍。﹙2001c﹚。女性代間交換:婆婆?媽媽?國立空中大學生活科學系生活科學學報,7,181-208。
林佳玲。(2000)。夫妻依附風格、衝突因應策略與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版。
林松齡。﹙1997﹚。家庭經濟資源的多寡與穩定對婚姻品質的影響:以臺中地區為例。臺灣銀行季刊,48(2),347-363。
林松齡。﹙1999﹚。家庭。王振寰、瞿海源主編,社會學與台灣社會,臺北:巨流。
林寶玉。(2003)。先天性心臟病及健康兒童母親的親職壓力與生活品質之比較研究。國立臺灣大學護理學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
周麗端。(2001) 。夫妻的家庭價值觀與婚姻滿意度之研究。國立空中大學生活科學系生活科學學報,7,133-156。
邱秀貞。(1987)。夫妻溝通與婚姻滿足之研究。東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文,未出版。
卓錦昌。(2003)。臺灣地區中小學教師婚姻滿意度特質及其形成機制-與其他職業作比較。臺東師範學院教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
柯澍馨、宋子雅。(2002)。大陸臺商婚姻滿意度及其相關因素之研究。華岡農科學報,10,15-34。
唐先梅。(1999) 。家庭擴展期。周麗端、吳明燁、唐先梅、李淑娟編著,婚姻與家人關係,臺北:空大。
泰佛、伊沙洛夫著,陳阿月譯。﹙1996﹚。父母可以不吵架。台北市:新苗文化。
莊訓當。(1996)。國中已婚教師婚姻滿意度相關因素及其調適之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導學系碩士論文,未出版。
徐綺穗。(1998)。親職壓力之探討。初等教育學報,11,179-198。
翁毓秀。(1999)。親職壓力與兒童虐待-兼論兒童虐待的預防。社區發展季刊,86,262-279。
翁毓秀。(2003)。女性單親親職壓力與因應策略。社區發展季刊,101,70-101。
陳明君。﹙1991﹚。家庭決策、夫妻溝通之自我開放與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。中國文化大學家政學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
陳秋瑩。﹙1991﹚。台北市已婚婦女的角色壓力、社會支持與憂 及焦慮症狀之研究。國立陽明大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文,未出版。
陳志賢。﹙1998﹚。婚姻信念、婚姻溝通與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導學系碩士論文,未出版。
陳志賢、黃正鵠。﹙1998﹚。婚姻信念、婚姻溝通與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。諮商輔導文粹-高師輔導所刊,3,59-78。
陳若琳、李青松。(2001)。台北縣雙工作家庭幼兒父母親的親職喜悅與壓力之探討。生活科學學報,7,157-180。
陳若琳。(2002)。母親親職壓力與教養品質對幼兒社會能力影響之探討。輔仁學誌,法/管理學院之部,35,51-78。
陳若琳。(2003)。雙薪家庭幼兒母親婚姻情感與配偶共同育兒對教養品質影響之研究。中華家政學刊,34,1-14。
陳姿勳。﹙2000﹚。性別、家庭生命週期與婚姻滿意度關係之探討。暨南國際大學社會政策與社會工作學系碩士論文,未出版。
陳思穎。(2002)。已婚國中女教師親職壓力與因應策略之研究。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
曹中瑋。(1986)。自我狀態、夫妻溝通型態與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版。
黃曼婷。﹙2001﹚。家庭主婦志願工作者社會支持、婚姻滿意度、親子關係之研究。國立政治大學社會學系碩士論文,未出版。
迺毓。(2001)。管理與家庭生活。迺毓、林如萍、唐先梅、陳芳茹編著,家庭概論,台北:空大。
黃怡瑾。(2002)。雙薪家庭中男性參與親職主觀經驗之探究。臺南師院學報,35,313-337
張思嘉。﹙1999﹚。婚姻適應過程的探討:以新婚夫妻為例之質性研究。中央研究院民族學研究所小型專題研討會系列﹙五﹚,中央研究院民族學研究所。
游淑芬。(1993)。母親親職壓力與兒童社會行為關係之研究:一般兒童和先天性心臟病兒童的比較。國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
楊琳。﹙1997﹚。已婚職業婦女個人特質與婚姻調適、婚姻滿意之質性研究。中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
葉光輝。﹙2000﹚。家庭共親職互動文化類型之探討。中華心理衛生學刊,13﹙4﹚,33-76。
葉姿利。﹙2003﹚。國小已婚教師性別角色態度、家務分工與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。屏東師範學院心理輔導教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
鄭淑君。(2002)。夫妻滿意度與其子女三角關係運作情形之分析研究。彰化師範大學輔導與諮商系碩士論文,未出版。
鄭雅娟。(2001)。高中已婚女教師家庭壓力、支持系統與婚姻滿意度之關係-兩地雙生涯與一般雙生涯家庭之比較。國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
蔡詩薏、胡淑貞。﹙2001﹚。社會人口特質、家庭生命週期與夫妻滿意度及其差異之研究:一個社區的初探性研究。成功大學學報科技、醫學篇,36,23-49。
蔡仕君。(1988)。從不同家庭生命週期探討已婚職業婦女之生活滿意度。文化大學家政研究所碩士論文,未出版。
賴奕志。(1998)。注意力缺陷過動症兒童家庭福利需求滿意度、社會支持與親職壓力之相關性研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文,未出版。
戴智慧。(1984)。已婚職業婦女的生活壓力與休閒型態、婚姻滿意、生理健康、心理健康及工作滿意五者的關係。政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
謝銀沙。(1993)。已婚婦女個人特質、婚姻溝通與婚姻調適相關之研究。國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
簡春安。(1996)。婚姻與家庭。臺北:空大。
魏慧美。(1992)。高中學生性格及性知識﹑性態度﹑性行為對其性教育需求之調查研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
羅高文。(1997)。末期腎病學童母親於日常生活照顧病童的親職壓力及社會支持之探討。國防醫學院護理學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
羅靜婷。(2001)。家務參與、婚姻滿意度及其影響因素之研究。國立臺灣大學農業推廣研究所碩士論文,未出版。
二、英文部分
Abidin, R. R. (1986). Parenting Stress Index - Manual, 2nd ed., Virginia: University of Virginia. Pediatric Psychology Press.
Abidin, R. R. (1990). Introduction to the special issue: The stresses of parenting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 298-301.
Abidin, R. R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behavior. Hawkins, 1968(4), 407-412.
Abidin, R. R. & Brunner, J. F. ﹙1995﹚. Development of a Parenting Alliance Inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24﹙1﹚, 31-40.
Allen, S. M. & Hawins, A. J. ﹙1999﹚. Maternal gatekeeping: Mothers’s beliefs and behaviors that inhibit greater father involvement in family work. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 61﹙1﹚, 199-212.
Belsky, J., Crnic, K. & Gable, S. ﹙1995﹚. The determinants of coparenting in families with toddler boys: Spousal differences and daily Hassles. Child Development. 66, 629-642.
Blumel, S. R.(1991). Explaining marital success and failure. In Bahr, S. J. ﹙Ed.﹚, Family research: A sixty-year review﹙1030-1990﹚, 2, 1-114.
Bradbury, T. N., Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. H.(2000).Research on the nature and determinations of marital satisfaction:A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 964-980.
Bronfenbrenner, U.(1986). Ecology of family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, (6), 723-742.
Byrnes, J. H. L.﹙2002﹚. The emotional functioning and marital satisfaction of mothers of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. St. John’s University. Digital doctoral dissertations. 0-493-89185-4.
Cowan, C. P. & Cowan, P. A.﹙1983﹚.Quality of couple relationships and parenting stress in beginning families. Society for Research in Child Development,
Cowan, C. P. & Cowan, P. A.﹙1994﹚.林淑貞譯。做父母,也要做情人-別讓養兒育女啃蝕婚姻,臺北:遠流。
Cusinato, M.(1994).Parenting over the family life cycle. In L’Abate, L.﹙Ed﹚, Handbook of Developmental Family Psychology and Psychopathology.
Fuller, T. L. & Fincham, F. D.(1994). The marital life cycle- A development approach to study of marital change. In L’Abate, L. ed., Handbook of Developmental Family Psychology and Psychopathology.
Gable, S. & Crnic, K. ﹙1994﹚. Coparenting within the family system. Family Relations. 43﹙4﹚. EBSCO, 01976664.
Gable, S. Belsky, J., & Crnic, K. ﹙1995﹚. Coparenting during the child’s 2nd year: A descriptive account. Journal of Marriage & Family. 57﹙3﹚. EBSCO, 00222445.
Goldsmith, E. B. (1996). Resource Management for Individuals and Families. West Publishing Co.
Goodman, N. (1993). Marriage and the Family. 陽琪、陽琬(1995)譯,婚姻與家庭,臺北市:桂冠。
Hawkins, J. L. (1968). Association between companionship hostility and marital satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30, 647-650.
Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. C.(1958). Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Kalmijn, M. ﹙1999﹚. Father involvement in childrearing and the perceived stability of marriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 409-421.
Kamo, Y. ﹙1992﹚. Marital adjustment. Encyclopedia of Sociology. 1176-1181.
Kitzmann, K. M. ﹙2000﹚. Effects of marital conflict on subsequent triadic family interactions and parenting. Developmental Psychology. 36﹙1﹚, 3-13.
Lawrence, E. C.﹙1982﹚. The relationship between husband supportiveness and wife’s adjustment to motherhood. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Virginia.
Li., L. T.﹙1993﹚. Intergenerational interaction and marital satisfaction among married women. Fu Jen Studies ﹙Science and Engineering﹚,27,81-98。
Lewis, R. A. & Spanier, G. B ( 1979). Theorizing about the quality and stability of marriage. In Burr, W. R., Hill, R., Nye, F. I., & Reiss, I. L. ﹙Ed.﹚, Contemporary Theories about the Family, 1, 268-294. NY: the Free Press.
McBride, Brent, A., Rane, Thomas R. ﹙1998﹚. Parenting alliance as a predictor of father involvement: An exploratory study. Family Relations, 47﹙3﹚. EBSCO 01976664.
McHale, J. P. ﹙1995﹚. Coparenting and triadic interactions during infancy: The roles of marital distress and child gender. Developmental Psychology, 31﹙6﹚, 985-996.
McHale, J. P. ﹙1997﹚. Overt and covert co-parental processes in the family. Family Process, 36, 183-210.
McHale, J. P., Rao, N., Krasnow, A. D.﹙2000﹚. Constructing family climates: Chinese mothers’ reports of their co-parenting behavior and preschoolers’ adaptation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24﹙1﹚, 111-118.
Olson, D. & Olson, A. ﹙2000﹚. Empowering couples: Building on your strengths. Life Innovations, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 林秀慧、莊璧光譯。(2003)。共創活力的婚姻:親密關係的十大指標。臺北:愛家文化基金會。
O’Neill, B. & Brennan, P. Q.(1997). Financial Planning Education Throughout the Life Cycle. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 32-27.
Powell, L. H. & Cassidy, D.﹙2001﹚. Family life education. CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Rutter, M. ﹙1994﹚. Family discord and conduct disorder: Cause, consequence, or correlate? Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 170-186.
Schumn, W. R., Paff-Bergen, L. A., Hatch, R. C., Obiorah, F. C., Copeland, J. M., Meens, L. D., Bugaighis, M. A. ﹙1986﹚. Concurrent and discriminant validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 381-387.
Smith, S.(1986﹚. Maternal parenting stress and husband supportiveness following the birth of a couple’s first child and the prediction of marital quality and stability four years later. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Virginia.
Spanier, G. B. & Lewis, R. A. ( 1980). Marital quality: A review of the seventies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42﹙4﹚, 825-839.
Stright, A. D. & Bales, S. S.﹙2003﹚. Coparenting quality: contributions of child and parent characteristics. Family Relations, 52, 232-240.
Talbot, J. A.﹙2001﹚. Individual parental adjustment variables as moderators of the relationship between marital quality and coparenting quality. Clark University. Digital doctoral dissertations. 0-493-41202-6.
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K. & Foster, C. A.﹙2003﹚. Parenthood and Marital Satisfaction: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 574-583.
Van Egeren, L. A.﹙1999﹚. The development of the parenting partnership over the transition to parenthood. Michigan State University. Digital doctoral dissertations. 0-599-67724-4.
Voydanoff & Donnelly.﹙1999﹚. Multiple roles and psychological distress : The intersection of the paid worker, spouse, and parent roles with the role of the adult child. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61﹙3﹚, 725-738.