研究生: |
黃盈晨 Huang, Ying-Chen |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
格鬥與生存─身體面向的勇氣現象學 Fighting and Survival: Phenomenology of Courage in the Body Dimension |
指導教授: |
劉一民
Liu, I-Min |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
體育學系 Department of Physical Education |
論文出版年: | 2020 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 418 |
中文關鍵詞: | 存在的勇氣 、身體主體 、矛盾結構 、在世存有 、格鬥選手 |
英文關鍵詞: | courage of existence, bodily subject, contradictory structure, being-in-the-world, fighting player |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202100076 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:151 下載:32 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
格鬥是一個相當隨機且極具傷害的地運動,格鬥選手在擂台上時,常常會遭遇到種種失敗、痛苦與傷害的威脅,導致其陷入嚴重的恐懼與焦慮當中,甚至有時會出現許多失常或脫序的行為。然而,亦有許多的選手,在面對這種艱困的處境或強大的敵人時,仍舊能不怕打擊與受傷,縱使傷痕累累,也能繼續面對攻擊而勇往直前。本研究嘗試探究這種不畏威脅而繼續向前的勇氣,並且試圖找到一種能讓選手勇往直前的方法。故我們首先梳理了當代與勇氣相關的討論,試圖釐清勇氣一詞的意涵,在琳瑯滿目的各種勇氣的一般定義中,發現其基底為主動態的欲求與選擇,以及被動態的堅毅,然而縱使如此,當代的勇氣討論仍與我們有些距離與應用上的困難。之後我們透過轉向田立克 (Paul Tillich, 1886-1965) 與羅洛梅 (Rollo May, 1909-1994) 的討論,對更深層的存在勇氣,及與其相對的焦慮進行探討,發現勇氣須回到個人的存在層次上進行處理,同時勇氣在這裡被認為是一種具有「不顧」性質的自我肯定,我們在這基礎上更進一步地將其推論為,一種存在的向前推進的行動。雖然這些討論相較於一般勇氣而言,更貼近個人的處境,但由於其過度偏向精神性的討論,進而也忽略了身體的向度,導致我們在面對格鬥選手處境的了解上仍有一定的難度。為了補足身體的向度,我們轉向從梅洛龐蒂 (Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1908-1961)《知覺現象學(Phenomenology of Perception)》,與Arthur Frank (1946-)《受傷的說故事的人 (The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics)》的觀點中進行補充,並透過與當代的疼痛研究,以及現今流行的格鬥訓練思維的對話,進而發現了格鬥選手置身的矛盾處境及與其相對應的勇氣。在這裡我們發現,作為一個身體主體,當其走向格鬥世界時,將不可避免地遭受到世界的吸引與種種的威脅,同時由於其身體作為各種運動相互綜合與衝突的場所,使得這一身體主體終將不斷地遭受到矛盾與衝突的騷擾,故其作為一種在處境下的「有限的自由」,最終,僅能在與世界的「召喚─回應」結構中,擺出姿勢繼續掙扎著。格鬥主體本身就處在這一矛盾與衝突的處境中,繼續在充滿著失敗、痛苦與傷害的環境中繼續掙扎,問題不在於不顧威脅,而是面對威脅時,透過行動去解答:我該怎麼辦?此一生存問題。勇氣體現在於這種格鬥主體為了他的計劃而不願離開時,所採取的一系列行動,這種行動通常以一種掙扎的樣態進行表達,而勇氣就在這種掙扎當中被揭示。因此,縱使格鬥世界如何地殘酷與艱難,但由於格鬥主體始終在形成與轉變中,並且能介入自己的形成,因此只要格鬥主體抱著他的計劃不放,繼續在種種的矛盾與衝突中,以及面對著種種的威脅與攻擊,卻仍繼續朝著計劃與世界走去。當我們放下一種普遍勇氣的追求,而轉向個人存在時,最終無論其表現是好或壞、光榮與難堪,這種掙扎都表達了一種格鬥的勇氣。最後,我們發現,無論是當代人亦或是選手,就其處境而言,勇氣體現在這一句話當中:想辦法,活下去。
Fighting is a sport which is random and harmful. When fighting in the arena, players often encounter a variety of threats and failures, agony and injuries, which lead to serious fear and anxiety, and even abnormal or unusual behaviors. However, many players, in the face of such a difficult situation or a powerful opponent, are still not afraid of blows and injuries. Though wounded, the fighting player still unflinchingly continues to face the attack. This dissertation attempts to explore the unyielding and unflinching courage to keep moving forward, despite threats, and tries to find a way to make the player move forward audaciously. We begin by examining contemporary discussions of courage in an attempt to clarify the meaning of the word “courage.” In the wide variety of definitions of courage, we can find that the active desire and choice are its essence on the one hand and the passive persistence on the other hand. However, the contemporary discussion on courage is somewhat distant and difficult to apply. Then the discussion turns to Paul Tillich (1886-1965) and Rollo May (1909-1994) in order to examine the deep courage of existence and its anxiety. The dissertation finds that courage must be dealt with the dimension of individual existence; courage is in this context regarded as a kind of self-affirmation with the nature of “in spite of.” Based on the above contention, we further extend our discussion that the action of moving forward in existence. Although these discussions are closer to the individual’s situation than to general definition of courage, they fail to discuss the bodily dimension by focusing heavily on the spiritual dimension. This becomes more difficult for us to understand the situation of the fighting players in the arena. To patch the discussion of bodily dimension, the dissertation turned to Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s (1908-1961) Phenomenology of Perception and Arthur Frank’s (1946- ) The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics. Through the contemporary research on pain and the training concept of fighting, the dissertation discovers that the contradictory situation and corresponding courage amidst the fighters. The researcher discovers that as a body subject, it will inevitably be subjected to the attractions and threats of the world when it enters the world of fighting. Meanwhile, as a place where various movements mingle and collide with one another, the body subject will be constantly harassed by collisions and conflicts. In this regard, it can be regarded as a “limited freedom” in this situation. In the end, it can only continually strive and struggle by posing in the “calling and response” structure with the world. The fighting subject itself is in this situation of contradiction and conflict, continually struggling in the environment full of failures, agony and injuries. However, the question does not rely on whether one disregards the threats, but whether one responds through action: What should I do? This is a question that concerns existence. Courage shows that the fighting subject in the series of actions taken when he or she does not want to leave his plans. This action as such is often expressed in the form of a struggle from which courage is revealed. Thus, no matter how cruel and difficult the fighting world can be, the fighting subject is always forming and transforming, and it can intervene itself in its own formation. As long as the fighting subject sticks to its plan, it can still go on the plan and the world, even though in the face of contradictions and conflicts, threats and attacks. When one drops the pursuit of a universal courage and turn to his/her individual existence, the struggle expresses the courage of combat after all, whether its performance be good or bad, glorious or embarrassing. In a nutshell, the dissertation discovers that courage, both for the current generation and for the players, can in their situation embodies this statement: Let’s find a way to survive and thrive.
Arbib, Michael著,《人如何學會語言?:從大腦鏡像神經機制看人類語言的演化 (How the Brain Got Language?-The Mirror System Hypothesis)》(鍾沛君譯),臺北:商周,2014。
Brand, Paul & Yancey, Philip著,《疼痛─不受歡迎的禮物 (Pain:The Gift Nobody Wants)》(江智惠、陳怡如譯),臺北:智庫文化,1995。
Ellenberger, Henri,〈精神病現象學和存在分析的臨床導論〉(郭本禹等譯)《存在─精神病學和心理學的新方向 (Existence: A New Dimension In Psychiatry And Psychology)》Rollo May、Ernest Angel、Henri F. Ellenberger編,北京:中國人民大學,2012,118-160。
Jullien, François著,《功效論─在中國與西方思維之間 (Traité de l'efficacité)》(林志明譯),臺北:五南,2011。
Minkowski, Eugène,〈在一例精神分裂性抑鬱症病例中的發現〉(郭本禹等譯)《存在─精神病學和心理學的新方向 (Existence: A New Dimension In Psychiatry And Psychology)》Rollo May、Ernest Angel、Henri F. Ellenberger編,北京:中國人民大學,2012,162-176。
Seligman, Martin E. P. 著,《真實的快樂 (Authentic Happiness)》(洪蘭譯),(臺北:遠流,2009)。
Vertosick, Frank T.著,《聽疼痛說話 (Why We Hurt:The Natural History of Pain)》(廖月娟譯),臺北:天下遠見,2004。
von Gebsattel, Viktor Emil,〈強迫症患者的世界〉(郭本禹等譯)《存在─精神病學和心理學的新方向 (Existence: A New Dimension In Psychiatry And Psychology)》Rollo May、Ernest Angel、Henri F. Ellenberger編,北京:中國人民大學,2012,215-236。
王國鑌、陳泰廷、黃崇儒、洪聰敏,〈鏡像神經元之旅:以Mu節律探討動作技能學習與運動表現〉,《臺灣運動心理學報》,15(2)(臺北,2015.11):127-147。
王雲路,《新譯司馬法》,臺北:三民書局,1996。
王寶莉,〈我不能再用腳尖跑步:一個受傷運動員身體意識的現象學考察〉,臺北:國立臺北教育大學體育研究所未出版碩士論文,2008。
卡謬 (Albert Camus)著,《薛西弗斯的神話 (The Myth of Sisyphus)》(張漢良譯),臺北:志文,2014。
史密斯 (David Smith)著,《胡塞爾與笛卡爾式的沉思 (Husserl and the Cartesian Meditations)》(趙玉藍譯),廣西:廣西師範大學,2007。
史提華、米庫納 (David Stewart &AlgisMickunas)著,《現象學入門 (Exploring Phenomenlogy)》(范庭育譯),臺北:康德人工智能科技公司,1988。
尼采 (Friedrich Nietzsche)著,《查拉圖斯特拉如是說 (Also sprach Zarathustra)》(楊恒達譯),南京:譯林,2012。
尼采 (Friedrich Nietzsche)著,《善惡的彼岸 (Beyond Good and Evil)》(朱泱譯),臺北:水牛,1999。
尼采 (Friedrich Nietzsche)著,《悲劇的誕生 (Die Geburt der Tragödie)》(周國平譯),臺北:貓頭鷹,2000。
尼采 (Friedrich Nietzsche)著,《權力意志 (The Will to Power)》(張念東、凌素心譯),北京:商務,1998。
弗洛姆 (Erich Fromm)著,〈人的境遇〉(孫大川譯)《人的潛能和價值》臺北:結構群,1990,71-82。
弗洛姆 (Erich Fromm)著,《生命的展現 (To Have or To Be?)》(孟祥森譯),臺北:遠流,1989。
田立克 (Paul Tillich)著,《存在的勇氣 (The Courage to Be)》(成顯聰、王作虹譯),臺北:遠流,1990。
田立克 (Paul Tillich)著,《蒂里希選集 (Paul Tillich)》(高師寧譯),上海:上海三聯書局,1999。
石明宗,〈山難經驗:一個運動與宗教觀點的考察〉,臺北:國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所未出版博士論文,2005。
朱熹,《四書》,上海:上海古籍出版社,1996。
何曙安,〈大學生勇氣量表之編製研究〉,嘉義:國立嘉義大學輔導與諮商學系研究所未出版碩士論文,2016。
克勞塞維茨 (Carl Von Clausewitz)著,《戰爭論 (VomKriege)》(楊南芳譯),新北:左岸文化,2006。
吳忠誼,〈肉身性與享受的駐足─重返運動教練經驗世界的探索〉,《運動文化研究》,35(臺北,2019.09):83-125。
吳倩雯,〈以關懷倫理學實施「勇敢」品德教學方案之行動研究〉臺北:國立臺北教育大學課程與教學研究所未出版碩士學位論文,2011。
呂碧琴,〈自信心與運動表現〉,《中華體育》,4.4(臺北,2002.12):21-25。
呂碧琴,〈銘刻在身的痛:優秀女性運動員運動身體痛/苦之敘事〉,臺北:國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所未出版博士學位論文,2010。
李亦芬、蔡秀華、程瑞福,〈科技與技術:跆拳道電子護具之比賽技術的田野研究〉,《體育學報》,49.2(臺北市,2016. 06):177-193。
李佑峰,〈蛙人身體的深層經驗─從身體受苦凝視生命意義〉,《運動文化研究》,21(臺北,2012.12):69-112。
李波,《荀子注評》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2016。
亞里士多德 (Aristotle)著,《尼各馬科倫理學 (Nicomachean Ethics)》(高思謙譯),臺北:臺灣商務,2006。
周俊文,〈運動自信心之探討〉,《中華體育》,16.4(臺北,2002.12):60-67。
林育陞,〈創傷後壓力症候群 (PTSD) 藥物治療與心理治療效用之探討〉,《諮商與輔導》,363(臺北,2016.3):2-6。
林明佳、蕭璜議、薛名淳、王文宜,〈教練戰術指令及回饋行為對大專拳擊選手戰術執行能力之影響〉,《運動教練科學》,39(臺北,2015.09):63-75。
林明佳、薛名淳、邱逸翔,〈全國優秀拳擊選手心理技能之研究〉,《運動知識學報》,9(新北,2012.07):1-11。
林明佳、謝采慈、高麗娟,〈個人神話探索:拳擊生命自我敘說〉,《運動管理》,16(臺北,2012.04):45-64。
林彥志,〈運動心理堅韌性研究之探討〉,《中華體育季刊》,25.3(臺北,2011.09):509-517。
林錫卿,〈住院兒童靜脈注射疼痛、害怕相關因素之探討〉,臺北:國立台北護理健康大學護理系未出版碩士論文,2011。
林靜秀,〈回到臨床場景的醫病對話:梅洛龐蒂利基於知覺身體的表達語言〉,《東吳哲學學報》,23(臺北,2011.02):61-80。
林耀盛、龔卓軍,〈我的傷口先於我存在?從創傷的精神分析術到倫理現象學作為本土心理治療的轉化〉,《應用心理研究》,41(臺北,2009.03):185-234。
芬克 (Eugen Fink)著,〈胡賽爾現象學的操作概念〉(黃文宏譯)《面對實事本身》(倪梁康編),北京:東方,2006,588-605。
芬克 (Eugen Fink)著,〈對胡塞爾現象學還原的反思〉(靳希平譯)《面對實事本身》(倪梁康編),北京:東方,2006,569-587。
阿德里安‧雷恩 (Adrian Raine)著,《暴力解剖 (The Anatomy of Violence)》(鐘鷹翔譯),重慶市:重慶出版社,2016。
阿德勒 (Alfred Adler)著,《你的生命由你決定 (What Life Could Mean to You)》(盧娜譯),新北:人本自然,2002。
阿德勒 (Alfred Adler)著,《阿德勒心理學講義 (The Science of Living)》(吳書榆譯),臺北:經濟新潮社,2015。
阿德勒 (Alfred Adler)著,《超越困境的十五堂心理課 (Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind)》(文韶華譯),新北:人本自然,2005。
施皮格伯格 (Herbert Spiegelberg)著,《現象學運動 (The Phenomenological Movement)》(王炳文、張金言譯),北京:商務,2011。
柏拉圖 (Plato)著,《柏拉圖全集 (Plato)》(王曉朝譯),新北:左岸文化,2003。
柯林斯 (Randall Collins)著,《暴力:從常態到殘暴,以微觀角度探索個人、家庭和社會中超過30種暴力的形成和真相 (Violence ─A Micro-Sociological Theory)》(劉冉譯),北京:北京大學,2016。
胡塞爾 (Edmund Husserl)著,《現象學的方法 (Die PhänomenologischeMethode)》(倪梁康譯),上海:上海譯文,2005。
胡賽爾 (Edmund Husserl)著,《歐洲為科學危機和超越現象學 (Die Krisis der EuropaischenWissenschaften und die TranszendentalePhanomenologie)》(張慶熊譯),臺北:桂冠,1992。
郁賢皓、周福昌、姚曼波,《新譯左傳讀本(上)》,臺北:三民書局,2002。
韋格蒂烏斯 (Flavius Vegetius Renatus)著,《兵法簡述 (Epitome of military science)》(袁堅譯),北京:解放軍,1997。
埃洛阿 (Emmanuel Alloa)著,《感性的抵抗─梅洛龐蒂對透型性的批判 (La Résistance du Sensible : Merleau-Ponty Critique de la Transparence)》(曲曉蕊譯),福州:福建教育,2016。
海德格 (Martin Heidegger)著,《尼采 (Friedrich Nietzsche)》(孫周興譯),北京:商務印書館,2008。
海德格 (Martin Heidegger)著,《存在與時間 (Being and Time)》(陳嘉映、王慶節譯),北京:生活、讀書、新知三聯書局,2012。
索夫斯基 (Wolfgang Sofsky)著,《暴力十二章 (Traktatüber die Gewalt)》(邱慈貞譯),臺北市:玉山社,2006。
索科羅斯基 (Robert Sokolowski)著,《現象學導論 (Introduction to Phenomenlogy)》(李維倫譯),臺北:心靈工坊,2011。
索發克里斯 (Sophocles)著,《伊底帕斯王 (Oedipus the King)》(胡耀恆、胡宗文譯),臺北:桂冠,1998。
索發克里斯 (Sophocles)著,《伊底帕斯在科羅納斯 (Oedipus at Colonus)》(呂健忠譯),臺北:書林,1992。
馬可‧奧勒留 (Marcus Aurelius)著,《沉思錄 (Meditation)》(何懷宏譯),北京:中央編譯,2009。
馬斯洛 (Abraham Maslow)著,〈人的動機理論〉(孫大川譯)《人的潛能和價值》,臺北:結構群,1990,137-154。
馬斯洛 (Abraham Maslow)著,《自我實現與人格成熟 (Toward A Psychology of Being)》(文韶華譯),臺北:光啓,1989。
高瑋苓,〈論多瑪斯勇德的實踐〉,臺北:輔仁大學哲學研究所未出版碩士論文,2012。
張志傑,〈運動失憶症的關聯因子:完美主義、生活事件壓力與運動員生活壓力〉,桃園:國立體育大學體育學院體育研究所碩士論文,2018。
張育愷、顏士弦,〈心理韌性在競技運動情境之探討〉,《中華體育》,52.2(臺北,2011.09):505。
梅洛龐蒂 (Maurice Merleau-Ponty)著,〈哲學家及他的影子〉(姜志輝譯)《符號 (Signes)》,北京:商務印書館,2003。
梅洛龐蒂 (Maurice Merleau-Ponty)著,〈間接語言〉(楊大春譯)《世界的散文 (La Prose du Monde)》,北京:商務印書館,2005。
梅洛龐蒂 (Maurice Merleau-Ponty)著,《行為的結構 (La Structure du Comportement)》(楊大春、張堯均譯),北京:商務印書,2005。
梅洛龐蒂 (Maurice Merleau-Ponty)著,《知覺的世界 (Causeries)》(王士盛、周子悅譯),南京:江蘇人民出版社,2019。
梅洛龐蒂 (Maurice Merleau-Ponty)著,《知覺的首要地位及其哲學結論 (Le Primat de la Perception et sesConséquencesPhilosophiques)》(王東亮譯),北京:生活‧讀書‧新知三聯書店,2002。
梅洛龐蒂 (Maurice Merleau-Ponty)著,《知覺現象學 (Phenomenology of Perception》(姜志輝譯),北京:商務印書館,2012。
粘瑞狄、吳治翰、齊璘、林季燕、張育愷,〈正念、執行功能與運動表現之關聯〉,《臺灣運動心理學報》,18.2(臺中,2018.11):39-56。
陳世榮,〈軍人勇氣內隱連結測驗的發展〉,臺北:國防大學政治作戰學院心理碩士班未出版碩士論文,2011。
陳立勝,《「身體」與「詮釋」─宋明儒學論集》,臺北:國立臺灣大學出版中心,2011。
陳泰廷、蔡侑蓉、黃崇儒、洪聰敏,〈提昇高爾夫推桿表現應具備的心生理與心理特質〉,《臺灣運動心理學報》,12.1(臺中,2012.05):45-51。
陳榮煌、陳和德、陳文進、陳雍元,〈專項體能對於武術散手運動之影響〉,《中華體育》,19.3(臺北,2005.09):67-73。
陳榮煌、廖俊強、陳雍元,〈武術散手運動體能要素之探討〉,《中華體育》,20.1(臺北,2006.03):75-82。
陳曦,《六韜》(北京:中華書局,2016),157-159。
陳巍,〈同感等於鏡像化嗎?─鏡像神經元與現象學的理論兼容性及其爭議〉,《哲學研究》,18.2(2019.06):96-107。
斯賓諾莎 (Baruch Spinoza)著,《倫理學 (Ethics)》(邱振訓譯),臺北:五南,2010。
普特曼 (Daniel Putman)著,《心理勇氣 (psychological courage)》(訾非、田浩譯),北京:中國輕工業,2009。
游騰威,〈台灣大學生勇氣量表編製與發展之研究〉,臺北:世新大學社會心理學研究所未出版碩士論文,2012。
須永潔,〈運動失憶症 YIPS 對於運動員的影響─不同運動項目之探索〉,嘉義:國立嘉義大學體育與健康休閒學系未出版碩士論文,2019。
黃盈晨,〈從存在哲學深掘運動的焦慮問題〉,《體育學報》,52.2(臺北,2019.06):263-278。
黃盈晨,〈運動不可測性的存有之否定與掌握─塔雷伯與余連視野下的交會〉,臺北:國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所未出版碩士論文,2014。
黃崇儒,〈運動心理堅韌性概念的建構與測量〉臺北:國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所未出版博士論文,2003。
黃崇儒、郭香雲,〈運動員自信心的來源〉,《中華體育》,13.3(臺北,1999.12):60-66。
聖艾修伯里 (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry)著,《戰鬥飛行員 (Pilote de Guerre)》(張臺青譯),臺北:人本自然文化,1999。
葛羅斯曼 (Dave Grossman)著,《論殺戮 (On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society)》(霍大譯),臺北:遠流,2016)。
寧曉萌,〈「沉默的我思」:梅洛龐蒂哲學中一個有待澄清的問題〉,《現象學與人文科學》,6(臺北,2016.09):53-73。
齊克果 (Søren Kierkegaard)著,《危機與絕望》(林湘譯),臺北:源成文化,1976。
齊克果 (Søren Kierkegaard)著,《憂懼之概念 (The Concept of Anxiety)》(孟祥森譯),臺北:臺灣商務印書館,1969。
劉一民,〈運動技術重建經驗的發生現象學探討〉,《運動文化研究》,21(臺北,2012.12):7-36。
劉一民,〈運動風格經驗的現象學探討─風格與反風格間的周旋〉,《運動文化研究》,18(臺北,2011.09):7-39。
劉一民,〈運動員的身體書寫世界─凝視生命的深度〉,《運動書寫》(臺北:師大書院,2006),1-19。
劉一民,〈臺灣運動現象學研究底蘊探源─哲學、方法與生存實踐的導入〉,《運動文化研究》,27(臺北,2015.12):7-45。
劉連杰,《梅洛龐蒂─身體主體間性美學思想研究》,北京:人民出版社,2013。
劉勝利,《身體、空間與科學─梅洛龐蒂的空間現象學研究》,南京:江蘇人民出版社,2014。
劉琪,〈美國大學運動代表隊心理技能使用情形之調查研究〉,《中華體育》,14.4(臺北,2001.03):71-80。
德穆‧莫倫 (Dermot Moran)著,《現象學導論 (Introduction to Phenomenlogy)》(蔡錚雲譯),新北:桂冠,2005。
潘小慧,〈多瑪斯論「勇德」之意義與性質〉,《哲學與文化》,31.9(臺北,2004.09):151-170。
潘小慧,〈儒家哲學中的“勇德”思想〉,《哲學與文化》,34.1(臺北,2007.01):119-132。
蔣興儀、魏建國,〈瑪拉布論創傷:創傷的一般理論與受創主體的再定位〉,《思與言:人文與社會科學期刊》,55.1(臺北,2017.03):165-210。
鄧佩娟,〈華人勇氣量表編製〉,嘉義:國立嘉義大學輔導與諮商學系研究所未出版碩士論文,2017。
鄭至坤,〈武術散手比賽得分動作技巧判定之檢驗與分析---以2002年釜山亞洲運動會為例〉,臺北:臺灣師範大學體育學系未出版在職進修碩士班學位論文,2007。
黎建球,〈現代人的死亡焦慮〉,《哲學與文化》,39.12(臺北,2012.12):5-16。
盧元駿,《說苑今註今譯》,臺北:臺灣商務,1979。
賴明輝,〈我國優秀男子拳擊選手訓練歷程之研究〉,臺北:臺灣師範大學體育學系未出版在職進修碩士班學位論文,2010。
薩波斯基 (Robert M. Sapolsky)著,《行為─暴力、競爭、利他,人類行為背後的生物學 (The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst)》(吳芠譯),新北:八足,2019。
魏汝霖,《孫子兵法今註今譯》,臺北:臺灣商務,1981。
羅洛梅 (Rollo May),〈存在心理治療的貢獻〉(郭本禹等譯)《存在─精神病學和心理學的新方向 (Existence: A New Dimension In Psychiatry And Psychology)》Rollo May、Ernest Angel、Henri F. Ellenberger編,北京:中國人民大學,2012。
羅洛梅 (Rollo May)著,《人的自我尋求 (Man`s Search for Himself)》(郭本禹譯),北京:中國人民大學,2013。
羅洛梅 (Rollo May)著,《自由與命運 (Freedom and Destiny)》(龔卓軍、石世明譯),新北:立緒,2014。
羅洛梅 (Rollo May)著,《哭喊神話 (The Cry for Myth)》(朱侃如譯),新北:立緒,2016。
羅洛梅 (Rollo May)著,《創造的勇氣 (The Courage To Be)》(傅佩榮譯),新北:立緒,2016。
羅洛梅 (Rollo May)著,《焦慮的意義 (The Meaning of Anxiety)》(朱侃如譯),新北:立緒,2015。
羅洛梅 (Rollo May)著,《愛與意志(Love and Will )》(朱侃如譯),新北:立緒,2016。
羅洛梅 (Rollo May)著,《權力與無知 (Power and Innocence)》(朱侃如譯),新北:立緒,2016。
羅傑斯 (Carl Rogers)著,〈成為一個人意味著甚麼〉(孫大川譯)《人的潛能和價值》,臺北:結構群,1990,279-301。
羅舜璋,〈綜合格鬥的參與-暴力還是武力?〉,臺北:臺灣大學社會學研究所未出版碩士學位論文,2016。
蘇伯千、謝宗霖、狄懋昌、黃俊彥,〈從中國散打運動探討臺灣散打運動之發展〉,《運動健康休閒學報》,4(臺南縣,2013. 06):144-151。
鷲田清一,《梅洛龐蒂─認識論的割斷》(劉績生譯),石家莊:河北教育文化,2001。
Allen, Barry, Striking Beauty – A Philosophical Look at the Asian Martial Art, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015).
Andreasson, Jesper & Johansson, Thomas, “T Negotiating violence: Mixed martial arts as a spectacle and sport,” Sport in Society, 22.7(July 2018): 1183-1197.
Beauchez, Jérôme, “Embodying combat: How boxers make sense of their ‘conversations of gestures,” Ethnography, 20.4(April 2018): 483-502.
Bernier, Marjorie, et al., “Mindfulness and acceptance approaches in sport performance,” Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3.4(New Milford, April 2009), 320-333.
Bitenc, Črtomir & Serec, Maša, “Physical courage high- and non- risk athletes,” Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences,10 (September 2017): 57-69.
Bledsoe, Gregory Harper, Li, Guohua & Levy, Fred, “Injury risk in professional boxing, Southern Medical Journal, 98.10(October 2005) 994-998.
Botvinick, Matthew & Cohen, Jonathan, “Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see,” Nature, 391.6669(February 1998): 756.
Bowman, Paul, “In toxic hating masculinity: MMA hard men and media representation,” Sport in History, 40.3(London, May 2020): 1-16.
Breivik, Gunnar, Being-in-the-Void: A Heideggerian Analysis of Skydiving,” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 37.1(London, January 2010): 29-46.
Breyer, Thiemo, “Violence as violation of experiential structures,” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 16 (June 2016): 737-751.
Carman, Taylor, The Cambridge Companion to Merleau-Ponty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Chapman, Richard, “Neuromatrix theory: Do we need it?” Pain Forum, 5(2) (1996): 139-142.
Chien, George C. Chang & Bolash, Robert, “Phantom Limb Pain,” Treatment of Chronic Pain Conditions (New York, Springer, 2017), 283-286.
Cigrovski, Vjekoslav, et al., “Sport courage, worry and fear in relation to success of alpine ski learning,” Sports, 6.96(August 2018): 1-13.
Clausen, H, McCrory, Paul & Anderson, Vicki, “The risk of chronic traumatic brain injury in professional boxing: change in exposure variables over the past century,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39.9(October 2005): 661-664.
Cliff, Richardson, “Phantom Limb Pain; Prevalence, Mechanisms and Associated Factors,” Amputation, Prosthesis Use, and Phantom Limb Pain (New York, Springer, 2009), 137-156.
Cournoyer, Janie & Hoshizaki, T. Blaine, “Head dynamic response and brain tissue deformation for boxing punches with and without loss of consciousness.” Clinical Biomechanics, 67 (July 2019) 96-101.
Dai, Guo-Bin & Lu, An ,“Wushu: a culture of adversaries,” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 46.3 (London, August 2019): 321-338.
Dave, Grossman& Christensen, Loren W., On Combat: The Psychology and Physiology of Deadly Conflict in War and in Peace, Millstadt, IL: Warrior Science Pub, 2008.
Descombes, Vincent, Modern French Philosophy, trans. Scott-Fox, L. & Harding, J. M. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 55-56.
Devonport, Tracey J., “Perceptions of the contribution of psychology to success in elite kickboxing,” Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1 (July 2006): 99-107.
Dixon, Nicholas, “ Internalism and external moral evaluation of violent sport,” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 43(1)(November 2015): 101-113
Dorfman, Eran, “Overwriting the body: Saint-Exupéry, Merleau-Ponty, Nancy,” Continental Philosophy Review, 49(November 2015): 293-308.
Downey, Greg, “Producing pain: Techniques and technologies in no-holds-barred fighting,” Social Studies of Science, 37.2(April 2007): 201-226.
Frank, Arthur W., “The standpoint of storyteller,” Qualitative Health Research, 10.3(June 2000), 354-365.
Frank, Arthur W., The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995).
Frank, Arthur W., “Not whether but how: Considerations on the ethics of telling patients’ stories,” Hastings Center Report, 49(6) (December 2019), 13-16.
Gallagher, Shaun, “Logical and Phenomenological Arguments Against Simulation Theory,” Folk Psychology Re-Assessed (Netherlands, Springer, 2007):63-78.
Gallagher, Shaun, “Reuse and body-formatted representations in simulation theory.” Cognitive Systems Research, 34-35 (August 2015): 35-43.
Gallese, Vittorio, “Embodied simulation: From neurons to phenomenal experience,” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 4.1(March 2005): 23-48.
García, Sánchez, Raúl, and Malcolm, Dominic, “Decivilizing, Civilizing or Informalizing? The International Development of Mixed Martial Arts.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45.1(March 2010):39-58.
Giraux, Pascal, and Sirigu, Angela, “Illusory movements of the paralyzed limb restore motor cortex activity,” NeuroImage, 20.1(December 2003): 107-111.
Giummarraab, Melita J., et al. “Central mechanisms in phantom limb perception: The past, present and future.” Brain Research Reviews, 54.1(April 2007): 219-302.
Goud, Nelson H., “Courage: Its Nature and Development,” The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 44.1(Virginia, 2011): 102-116.
Green, Kyle, “It hurts so it is real: sensing the seduction of mixed martial arts,” Social & Cultural Geography, 12.4(London, May 2011): 377-396.
Green, Kyle, “No holds barred sport fighting: a 10 year review of mixed martial arts competition,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40.2(March 2006): 169-172;
Hammami, Nadhir, et al., “Combat sport injuries profile: A review,” Science & Sports, 33.2(April 2018): 73-79.
Hannah, Sean T., Sweeney, Patrick J. & Lester, Paul B., “Toward a courageous mindset: The subjective act and experience of courage,” The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2.2(London, April 2007): 129-135.
Harpold, Matthew E., “Mental Cage: A Qualitative Analysis of the Mental Game in the Sport of Mixed Martial Arts,” Georgia: Diss. Georgia Southern University, 2008.
Heidegger, Martin, Being and Time (Sein und Zeit), trans. Macquarrie, John & Robinson, Edward (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Thought, 1962).
Hill, Anne, “Phantom limb pain: A review of the literature on attributes and potential mechanisms,” Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17.2(February 1999):125-142.
Howard, Matt C. & Reiley, Peter J., “Physical courage predicts relevant outcomes in associated contexts: The creation of a measure and empirical analysis into the construct,” Journal of Business Research”, 110 (March 2020): 80-94.
Jackson, Mark & Simpson, Karen, “Pain after amputation,” Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, 4.1(February 2004): 20-23.
Jensen, Peter, et al., “In the cage: MMA fighters’ experience of competition,” Sport Psychologist, 27 (March 2013): 1-12.
Katz, Joel & Melzack, Ronald, “Pain ‘Memories’ in Phantom Limbs: Review and Clinical Observation,” Pain, 43 (1990), 319-336.
Konter, Erkut & Ng, Johan, “Development of sport courage scale,” Journal of Human Kinetics, 33.1(June 2012):163-172.
Konter, Erkut & Toros, Turhan, “Courage and performance in soccer,” International Journal of Academic Research, 5.4(July 2013): 276-282.
Konter, Erkut, Ng, Johan & Bayansalduz, Mehmet, “Revised version of sport courage scale for children,” Energy Education Science and Technology Part B: Social and Educational Studies, 5.1(January 2013): 331-340.
Kugel, Uri, et al., “Psychology of Physical Bravery,” Psychology of Physical Bravery (Oxford Handbooks Online). University of Oxford: Oxford University Press, January 2017.
Lee, Benjamin & Mcgill, Stuart. “Striking dynamics and kinetic properties of boxing and MMA gloves,” Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas, 9.2(July 2014), 106-115.
Liebert, Robert M., & Morris, Larry W., “Cognitive and Emotional Components of Test Anxiety: A Distinction and Some Initial Data,” Psychological Reports, 20.3(June 1967): 975–978.
Liu, I-Min, “The Embodiment of Sport: An Inquiry on the Dialogue between the Human Body and the Sport World,” (Indiana: Diss. Purdue University, 1987).
Lorge, Peter, “Practising Martial Arts Versus Studying Martial Arts,” The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33.9(United Kingdom, July 2016), 904-914.
Lystad, Reidar, Gregory, Kobi & Wilson, Juno, “The epidemiology of injuries in mixed martial arts: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2.1(January 2014): 1-10.
Maddi, Salvatore R., “Hardiness: The courage to grow from stresses,” The Journal of Positive Psychology”, 1.3(February 2006): 160-180.
Martínková, Irena & Parry, Jim, “Martial categories: Clarification and classification,” Journal Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 43.1(London, April 2015): 143-162.
McIntosh, Andrew & Patton, Declan. “Boxing headguard performance in punch machine tests,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49.17(September 2015) 1108-1112.
McMillan, T. M. & Rachman, S. J., “Fearlessness and courage in paratroopers undergoing training,” Personality and Individual Differences, 9.2(December 1988): 373-378.
Melzack, Ronald & Katz, Joel, “Pain in the 21st Century: The Neuromatrix and Beyond,” Psychological Knowledge in Court (Boston: Springer, 2006), 129-48.
Melzack, Ronald, “The McGill Pain Questionnaire.” Anesthesiology, 103 (July 2005), 199-202
Melzack, Ronald, “The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire.” Pain, 30.2(August 1987), 191-197.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Phenomenology of Perception (Phénoménologie de la perception), trans. Landes, Donald A. (London: Routledge, 2012).
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Sense and Non -Sense (Sens et Non-Sens), trans. Dreyfus, Hubert L. & Dreyfus, Patricia Allen (Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1964), 185.
Mine, Koya, Ono, Kenta &Tanpo. Nobuhito, “Effectiveness of management for yips in sports: A systematic review,” Journal of Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine, 2.1(May 2018): 25-33.
Nikolajsen, L. & Jensen, T. S., “Phantom limb pain,” British Journal of Anaesthesia, 87(1) (July 2001): 107-116.
Nikolajsen. L. & Jensen, T. S., “Phantom limb pain,” British Journal of Anaesthesia, 87.1(July 2001): 107-116.
Norton, Peter J. & Weiss, Brandon J., “The role of courage on behavioral approach in a fear-eliciting situation: A proof-of-concept pilot study,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23.2(March 2009): 212-217.
Olson, Kern A., “History of pain: A brief overview of the 19th and 20th centuries.” Practical Pain Management, 13.7(June 2015).
Peterson, Christopher & Seligman, Martin E. P., Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Piskorska, Elżbieta, et al., “Mental skills in combat sports – review of methods anxiety evaluation,” Archives of Budo, 12 (October 2016) 301-313.
Pury, Cynthia L. S. & Kowalski, Robin M., “Human strengths, courageous actions, and general and personal courage,” The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2.2(London, April 2007): 120-128.
Pury, Cynthia L. S., et al., “Blended courage: Moral and psychological courage elements in mental health treatment seeking by active duty military personnel,” The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9.1(London, September 2013):30-41.
Pury, Cynthia L. S., et al., “Courage,” The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd ed. (University of Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
Pury, Cynthia L. S., Kowalski, Robin M. & Spearman, Jana, “Distinctions between general and personal courage,” The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2.2(London, April 2007): 99-114.
Rachman, S. J., “Fear and courage: some military aspects,” Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 128 (United Kingdom June 1982): 101-104.
Rachman, Stanley, “Fear and courage,” Behavior Therapy, 15.1(New York, January 1984): 109-120
Ronkainen, Noora J. & Nesti, Mark, “An existential approach to sport psychology: Theory and applied practice,” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15.1(London, August 2014): 1-13.
Ryal, Emily, “Being-on-the-Bench: An Existential Analysis of the Substitute in Sport,” Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 2.1(London, April 2008): 56-70.
Scarry, Elaine, The Body in Pain (New York: Oxford University Press, 1952).
Schmidt, Norman & Koselka, Margaret, “Gender differences in patients with panic disorder: Evaluating cognitive mediation of phobic avoidance,” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24.5(October 2000): 533-550.
Shelp, Earl E., “Courage: A neglected virtue in the patient–physician relationship,” Social Science and Medicine, 18.4(London, 1984): 351-360.
Sherman, Richard A., et al., “The mystery of phantom pain: Growing evidence for psychophysiological mechanisms,” Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 14 (December 1989): 267-280.
Simpson, Duncan & Wrisberg, Craig, “Fail to prepare, prepare to fail: Professional boxers’ experiences of training,” The Sport Psychologist, 27.2(June 2013): 109-119.
Smyth, Bryan, “Heroism and history in Merleau-Ponty’s existential phenomenology,” Continental Philosophy Review, 43(November 2015): 167-191.
Smyth, Bryan, “On the Problem of Exupérian Heroism in Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception,” (Montréal: McGill University, 2005).
Spencer, Dale C., “Habit(us), ”Body Techniques and Body Callusing: An Ethnography of Mixed Martial Arts,” Body & Society, 15.4(December 2009): 119-143.
Spencer, Dale C., “Narratives of despair and loss: pain, injury and masculinity in the sport of mixed martial arts,” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4.1(February 2012): 117-137.
Spencer, Dale C., “Sensing violence: An ethnography of mixed martial arts,” Ethnography, 15.2(June 2014): 232-254.
Stenius, Magnus, The Body in Pain and Pleasure─ An Ethnography of Mixed Martial Arts (Umeå: Umeå University, 2015), 34.
Strotmeyer, Stephen & Lystad, Reidar P., “Perception of injury risk among amateur Muay Thai fighters.” Injury Epidemiology, 4(2) (January 2017):1-6.
Tillich, Paul, The Courage to Be (New York: Yale University Press, 1952), 32.
Vaccaro, Christian A., Schrock, Douglas P. & McCabe, Janice M., “Managing emotional manhood: Fighting and fostering fear in mixed martial arts,” Social Psychology Quarterly, 74.4(December 2011) 414-437.
van Bottenburg, M., and Heilbron, Johan. “De-Sportization of Fighting Contests: The Origins and Dynamics of No Holds Barred Events and the Theory of Sportization.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41.3-4(December 2006): 259–282.
van Rysewyk, Simon, “A Call for Study on the Meanings of Pain,” Meanings of Pain (New York: Springer), 1-22.
Wacquant, Loïc, Body & Soul (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004)
Wehrle, Maren, “Being a body and having a body. The twofold temporality of embodied intentionality,” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 19 (February 2019): 499-521.
Woodard, Cooper & Pury, Cynthia L. S., “The construct of courage: Categorization and measurement,” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59.2(Washington, June 2007): 135-147.
Woodard, Cooper, “Hardiness and the concept of courage,” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,” 56.3(Summer 2004): 173-185.
Woodard, Cooper, “Hardiness and the concept of courage,” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 56.3(Washington, July 2004): 173–185.
網路資料
中國哲學書電子化計劃,ctext.org/confucianism/zh?searchu=%E5%8B%87,2019年12月15日讀取。
中國哲學書電子化計劃,ctext.org/school-of-the-military/zh?searchu=%E5%8B%87&page=4,2019年12月15日讀取。
台灣師大圖書館【寒泉】古典文獻全文檢索資料庫,skqs.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/dragon/?fbclid=IwAR2H0v_FetD4lY_Wihce5EslC_RwoRFaP999ds8Btv96acMsdgbLEYAohik,2019年12月15日讀取。
衛爾良:〈【跆拳道】從功夫時代、踢王決、武跆王、PRO-TKD看職業化可能〉,武備誌,2018年3月1日www.hk01.com/%E6%AD%A6%E5%82%99%E5%BF%97/164229/%E8%B7%86%E6%8B%B3%E9%81%93-%E5%BE%9E%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%AB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3-%E8%B8%A2%E7%8E%8B%E6%B1%BA-%E6%AD%A6%E8%B7%86%E7%8E%8B-pro-tkd%E7%9C%8B%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD,2020年11月15日讀取。
關鍵時刻,〈從太極到詠春 碰上MMA跟泰拳完全一個大悲劇!關鍵時刻20180321-6朱學恒〉,Youtube,2018年3月21日,www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_00jeDFFqo,2020年11月15日讀取。
Joe W,〈被KO太極大師雷雷:如果我真用内力,可能就出人命了〉,Youtube,2017年5月3日,www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJfy1Egtm9o,2020年11月15日讀取。
Purported land,〈MMA vs Wing Chun Kung fu 徐曉東與丁浩比賽的高清視頻回放〉,Youtube,2018年7月26日,www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3UzahOPhI0,2020年11月15日讀取。
Purported land,〈熊呈呈KO詠春余昌華 (高清) Chinese MMA guy VS. Wing Chun Kung-Fu master〉,Youtube,2018年3月18日,www.youtube.com/watch?v=vm-8jBN4V0M,2020年11月15日讀取。
Sunnybrook Hospital,〈How using a mirror can relieve phantom pain〉,Youtube,2020年4月15日,www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Vkb2iz5Ue0,2020年11月15日讀取。
TK4 Finals : Buakaw Banchamek VS Khayal Dzhaniev,Youtube,2015年8月5日 www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7JCYMxsDdc, 2019年11月15日讀取。