無中文摘要

Supervisors and their behaviors are the crucial facet of the subordinates’ behaviors and the success of organizations. This study investigated the unappealing side of the leadership and subordinates’ behavioral responds. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between employees’ perceived abusive supervision and counterproductive work behavior by perceived stress as a mediator. This study conducted a quantitative research and online self-reported questionnaires targeting a sample of 356 full-time employees that have direct supervisors. IBM SPSS statistics and AMOS were used to analyze the sample. The result showed that perceived stress served as a partial mediator in the relationship between perceived abusive supervision and organizational counterproductive work behavior (CWB-O), but not perceived abusive supervision and interpersonal counterproductive work behavior (CWB-I). This finding is critical for future reference in organizational management and human resource development.

Adams, J. S., & Freedman, S. (1976). Equity theory revisited: Comments and annotated bibliography. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 43-90.

Ahmad, J., Athar, M. R., Azam, R. I., Hamstra, M. R., & Hanif, M. (2018). A resource perspective on abusive supervision and extra-role behaviors: The role of bubordinates’ psychological capital. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 26(1).73-86.

American Psychological Association (2016). Stress in America: The State of Our Nation. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2016/state-nation.pdf

American Psychological Association (2017). Stress in America: The State of Our Nation. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2017/state-nation.pdf

Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., Sun, L. Y., & Debrah, Y. A. (2007). Antecedents and outcomes of abusive supervision: Test of a trickle-down model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 191-201.

Ashforth, B. E. (1987). Organizations and the petty tyrant: An exploratory study. 47th annual meeting of the Academy of Management, New Orleans, August. 9-12.

Ashforth, B. (1994). Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations, 47(7), 755-778.

Ashforth, B. E. (1997). Petty tyranny in organizations: A preliminary examination of antecedents and consequences. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 14(2), 126-140.

Aquino, K., Grover, S. L., Bradfield, M., & Allen, D. G. (1999). The effects of negative affectivity, hierarchical status, and self-determination on workplace victimization. Academy of Management Journal, 42(3), 260-272.

Aquino, K., & Bradfield, M. (2000). Perceived victimization in the workplace: The role of situational factors and victim characteristics. Organization Science, 11(5), 525-537.

Aquino, K., & Byron, K. (2002). Dominating interpersonal behavior and perceived victimization in groups: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship. Journal of Management, 28(1), 69-87.

Barling, J. (1996). The prediction, experience, and consequences of workplace violence. In G. R. VandenBos, & E. Q. Bulatao (Eds.), Violence on the Job: Identifying Risks and Developing Solutions (pp. 29-49). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Beehr, T. A., & Newman, J. E. (1978). Job stress, employee health, and organizational effectiveness: A facet analysis, model, and literature review. Personnel Psychology, 31(4), 665-699.

Bensimon, H. F. (1994). Violence in the workplace. Training & Development, 48(1), 26-32.

Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349-360.

Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Processual justice: Communicating criteria of fairness. In R. J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, & M. H. Bazerman (Eds.), Research on Negotiation in Organizations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Bies, R. J., Tripp, T. M., & Kramer, R. M. (1997). At the breaking point: Cognitive and social dynamics of revenge in organizations. In R. A. Giacalone & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Antisocial Behavior in Organizations (pp. 18-36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Schilling, E. A. (1989). Effects of daily stress on negative mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5), 808-818.

Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2), 99-109.

Botsford Morgan, W., Nelson, J., King, E. B., & Mancini, V. S. (2018). Reactions to men’s and women’s counterproductive work behavior. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 37(6), 582-599.

Brees, J., Martinko, M., & Harvey, P. (2016). Abusive supervision: subordinate personality or supervisor behavior?. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 405-419.
Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (2013). Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control. Academic Press.

Bruk-Lee, V., & Spector, P. E. (2006). The social stressors-counterproductive work behaviors link: Are conflicts with supervisors and coworkers the same?. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(2), 145-156.

Buss, A. H. (1961). The Psychology of Aggression. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Cabrera, E. F. (2009). Protean organizations: Reshaping work and careers to retain female talent. Career Development International, 14(2), 186-201.

Cannon, W. B. (1932). The Wisdom of the Body. New York, NY: W W Norton & Co.

Chen, L. L., Fah, B. C. Y., & Jin, T. C. (2016). Perceived organizational support and workplace deviance in the voluntary sector. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 468-475.

Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296-325.

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.

Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Health: Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology (pp. 31-67). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Darr, W., & Johns, G. (2008). Work strain, health, and absenteeism: a meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(4), 293-318.

Deng, Y. X., & He, G. B. (2009). Development of Counterproductive Work Behavior. Chinese Journal of Ergonomics, 15(2), 70-72.

Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 547-559.

Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 331-351.

Dunlop, P. D., & Lee, K. (2004). Workplace deviance, organizational citizenship behavior, and business unit performance: The bad apples do spoil the whole barrel. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(1), 67-80.

Eby, L., Buits, M., Lockwood, A., & Simon, S. A. (2004). Protégés negative mentoring experiences: Construct development and nomological validation. Personnel Psychology, 57(2), 411-447.

Einarsen, S., & Raknes, B. I. (1997). Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men. Violence and Victims, 12(3), 247-263.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388.

Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 291-309.

Goh, A., Bruursema, K., Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (2003, April). Comparisons of Self and Coworker Reports of Counterproductive Work Behavior. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando, FL.

Gonzalez-Prendes, A. A., & Resko, S. M. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral theory. In S. Ringel & J. Brandell (Eds.), Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research (pp. 14-41). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishers.

Grandey, A. A., & Kern, J. (2004). Biting the hand that serves them: When does customer aggression predict employee exhaustion. Unpublished Manuscript, Penn State University, University Park.

Grandey, A. A., Kern, J. H., & Frone, M. R. (2007). Verbal abuse from outsiders versus insiders: Comparing frequency, impact on emotional exhaustion, and the role of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(1), 63-79.

Griffin, M. A., & Clarke, S. (2011). Stress and well-being at work. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 3. Maintaining, Expanding, and Contracting the Organization (pp. 359-397). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Hart, P. M., & Cooper, C. L. (2001). Occupational stress: Toward a more integrated framework. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology (pp. 93–114). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Health & Safety Executive. (2018). Work Related Stress Depression or Anxiety Statistics in Great Britain. Retrieved from http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/index.htm

Hinton, P. R., Brownlow, C., McMurray, I., & Cozens, B. (2004). SPSS Explained. East Sussex, UK: Routledg.

Hobfoll, S. (1989). Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. The American Psychologist, 44 (3), 513–524.

Hoffman, B. J., Blair, C. A., Meriac, J. P., & Woehr, D. J. (2007). Expanding the criterion domain? A quantitative review of the OCB literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 555-566.

Hollinger, R. C. (1986). Acts against the workplace: Social bonding and employee deviance. Deviant Behavior, 7(1), 53-75.

Interactive, H. (2011). Stress in the workplace. American Psychological Association.

Jex, S. M., & Beehr, T. A. (1991). Emerging theoretical and methodological issues in the study of work-related stress. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 9, 311-365.

Jezl, D. R., Molidor, C. E., & Wright, T. L. (1996). Physical, sexual and psychological abuse in high school dating relationships: Prevalence rates and self-esteem issues. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 13(1), 69-87.

Judge, T. A., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D. (1994). Job and life attitudes of male executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(5), 767-782.

Kao, F. H., & Chen, B. S. (2014) Job stress in workplace: Review and extension. Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1), 77-101. [text in Chinese]

Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York, NY: Wiley.

Keashly, L. (1997). Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1(1), 85-117.

King, M., Stanley, G., & Burrows, G. (1987). Stress: Theory and Practice. Sydney, Australia: Grune & Stratton.

King, M. G., Burrows, G. D. and Stanley, G. V. (1983). Measurement of stress and arousal: validation of the stress/arousal adjective checklist. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 473-479.

Kozako, I. N. A. M. F., Safin, S. Z., & Rahim, A. R. A. (2013). The relationship of big five personality traits on counterproductive work behaviour among hotel employees: An exploratory study. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 181-187.

Lavelle, J. J., Harris, C. M., Rupp, D. E., Herda, D. N., Young, R. F., Hargrove, M. B., Thornton‐Lugo, M. A. & McMahan, G. C. (2018). Multifoci effects of injustice on counterproductive work behaviors and the moderating roles of symbolization and victim sensitivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(8), 1022-1039.

Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Theory-based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1(1), 3-13.

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. In R. S. Lazarus, & S. Folkman (Eds.), The Handbook of Behavioral Medicine, (pp. 282-325). New York, NY: Springer.

LeBlanc, M. M., & Kelloway, E. K. (2002). Predictors and outcomes of workplace violence and aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 444-453.

Lee, P. S (2018, January 18). What the bosses taught me - a workplace survey. 1111 Job Bank. Retrieved from https://www.1111.com.tw/news/show-m.asp?ano=110536 [text in Chinese]

Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory?. In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 27-55). Boston, MA: Springer.

Lievens, F., Conway, J. M., & De Corte, W. (2008). The relative importance of task, citizenship and counterproductive performance to job performance ratings: Do rater source and team‐based culture matter?. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(1), 11-27.

Martinko, M. J., Gundlach, M. J., & Douglas, S. C. (2002). Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: A causal reasoning perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 36-50.

Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2001). MMPI-2 configurations among victims of bullying at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 467-484.

Mikkelsen, E. G. E., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Basic assumptions and symptoms of post-traumatic stress among victims of bullying at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(1), 87-111.

Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159-1168.

Montoro, L., Useche, S., Alonso, F., & Cendales, B. (2018). Work environment, stress, and driving anger: a structural equation model for predicting traffic sanctions of public transport drivers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(3), 497-509.

Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475-480.

Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (1998). Aggression in the workplace. In R. Giacalone & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Antisocial Behavior in Organizations (pp. 37-67). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Nunnally, J. (1978), Psychometric Methods. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 26(7), 777-796.

Peters, L. H., & O’Connor, E. J. (1980). Situational constraints and work outcomes: The influences of a frequently overlooked construct. Academy of Management Review, 5(3), 391-397.

Phillips A.C. (2013) Perceived Stress. In: Gellman M.D., Turner J.R. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. New York, NY: Springer.

Pindek, S., & Spector, P. E. (2016). Organizational constraints: a meta-analysis of a major stressor. Work & Stress, 30(1), 7-25.

Pradhan, S., Jena, L. K., & Mohapatra, M. (2018). Role of gender on the relationship between abusive supervision and employee’s intention to quit in Indian electricity distribution companies. Gender in Management: an International Journal, 33(4), 282-295.

Reynolds, C. A., Shoss, M. K., & Jundt, D. K. (2015). In the eye of the beholder: A multi-stakeholder perspective of organizational citizenship and counterproductive work behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 25(1), 80-93.
Richardson, K. M., & Rothstein, H. R. (2008). Effects of occupational stress management intervention programs: a meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(1), 69-93.

Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.

Rospenda, K. M. (2002). Workplace harassment, services utilization, and drinking outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(2), 141–155.

Rospenda, K. M., Richman, J. A., Ehmke, J. L. Z., & Zlapoter, K. W. (2005). Is workplace harassment hazardous to your health? Journal of Business and Psychology, 20, 95-110.

Sackett, P. R., Berry, C. M., Wiemann, S. A., & Laczo, R. M. (2006). Citizenship and counterproductive behavior: Clarifying relations between the two domains. Human Performance, 19(4), 441-464.

Sackett, P. R., & DeVore, C. J. (2001). Counterproductive behaviors at work. In N. Anderson, D. Ones, H. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology (pp. 145–164). London, UK: Sage.

Schat, A. C. H., Desmarais, S., & Kelloway, E. K. (2006). Exposure to workplace aggression from multiple sources: Validation of a measure and test of a model. Unpublished Manuscript, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.

Selye, H. (2013). Stress in Health and Disease. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston: Elsevier.

Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 434-443.

Small and Medium Enterprise Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs (2018). White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises in Taiwan. Retrieved from https://book.moeasmea.gov.tw/book/doc_detail.jsp?pub_SerialNo=2018A01333&click=2018A01333# [text in Chinese]

Spector, P. E. (1998). A control theory of the job stress process. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of Organizational Stress (pp. 153–169). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Spector, P. E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: truth or urban legend?. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 221-232.

Spector, P. E., Bauer, J. A., Fox, S. (2010). Measurement artifacts in the assessment of counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior: Do we know what we think we know? Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(4), 781-790.

Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 269-292.

Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). The stressor-emotion model of counterproductive work behavior. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive Work Behavior: Investigations of Actors and Targets (pp. 151-174). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal?. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 446-460.

Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356-367.

Taylor, O.A. (2012). The relationship between Culture and Counterproductive Workplace Behaviours: A Meta-Analsyis. The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.

Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190.

Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Hoobler, J. M., & Ensley, M. D. (2004). Moderators of the relationship between coworkers’ organizational citizenship behavior and fellow employees’ attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 455–465.

Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33, 261-289.

Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Henle, C. A., & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59(1), 101-123.

Tepper, B. J., Eisenbach, R. J., Kirby, S. L., & Potter, P. W. (1998). Test of a justice-based model of subordinates’ resistance to downward influence attempts. Group & Organization Management, 23, 144 –160.

Tepper, B. J., Moss, S. E., Lockhart, D. E., & Carr, J. C. (2007). Abusive supervision, upward maintenance communication, and subordinates' psychological distress. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1169-1180.

Thau, S., Bennett, R. J., Mitchell, M. S., & Marrs, M. B. (2009). How management style moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance: An uncertainty management theory perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 79-92.

Tillman, R. M., Stockbridge, M. D., Nacewicz, B. M., Torrisi, S., Fox, A. S., Smith, J. F., & Shackman, A. J. (2018). Intrinsic functional connectivity of the central extended amygdala. Human Brain Mapping, 39(3), 1291-1312.

Ugwu, L. I., Enwereuzor, I. K., Fimber, U. S., & Ugwu, D. I. (2017). Nurses’ burnout and counterproductive work behavior in a Nigerian sample: The moderating role of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 7, 106-113.

Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Measurement error in “Big Five Factors” personality assessment: Reliability generalization across studies and measures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 224-235.

Walker, L. E. (1980). The Battered Woman. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

Wang, G., Harms, P. D., & Mackey, J. (2015). Does it take two to tangle? Subordinates' perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision. Journal of Business Ethics, 131, 487-503.

Whelpley, C. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (2016). Self-esteem and counterproductive work behaviors: a systematic review. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(4), 850-863.

Wright, R. A., & Brehm, S. S. (1982). Reactance as impression management: A critical review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(4), 608-618.

Yukl, G. A. (2010). Leadership in Organizations (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Zellars, K. L., Tepper, B. J., & Duffy, M. K. (2002). Abusive supervision and subordinates' organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(6), 1068-1076.

Zhang, H., Luo, X. R., Liao, Q., & Peng, L. (2015). Does IT team climate matter? An empirical study of the impact of co-workers and the confucian work ethic on deviance behavior. Information & Management, 52(6), 658-667.