威廉‧霍加斯以「現代道德主題」畫中的《浪女進程》系列，打造十八世紀英國「墮落女性」經典形象，成為後世各種學術研究的主題。根究西方「墮落女性」源頭 --- 聖經中接受惡魔誘惑的夏娃 --- 她被上帝逐出天堂、背負原罪，並使女性承受十月懷胎的折磨。在背景為十八世紀英國倫敦城的《浪女進程》故事裡，霍加斯呈現了俗世墮落女性的罪惡，與法律、疾病和死亡所帶給她的懲罰。此模式延伸至「現代道德主題」畫其它作品，霍加斯也安排許多同樣踰越規範的女性角色，犯下了包括外遇、偷竊、殺嬰或拋棄兒女等罪，但在處罰部分，經本論文調查十八世紀英國「血腥法典」時期背景，卻發現這些女性角色原本該受的法律刑責，幾乎皆未如實呈現，而是以身心折磨、非自然死亡以及社會的剝削與忽視等手法給予責罰。

透過這些懲罰手段和女性角色犯罪的過程，霍加斯不僅呈現女性所犯的錯誤，也包括男性及社會在女性罪與罰中所佔的分量。Norman Bryson認為在霍加斯安排下，英雄可以變成惡棍，惡棍可以變成受害者，端看觀者如何解讀。本論文將以此概念，進一步解析「現代道德主題」畫中十八世紀英國女性如何面臨各種社會現實與男性之壓迫，使觀眾得以將「惡棍變成受害者」、模糊原本道德立論。本論文亦探究霍加斯個人經歷的影響，最終呈現霍加斯如何以「現代道德主題」版畫中女性的罪與罰，表達他對女性道德標準、社會地位與功能之看法。

William Hogarth created a paradigmatic figure of “fallen woman” with Harlot's Progress in his "Modern Moral Subject" series. It has become the research subject of countless studies. Tracking the source of fallen women in western culture --- Eve who accepted devil's temptation --- she was expelled by God, bore the name of original sin and women had to be tortured by pregnancy ever since. In Harlot's Progress which depicts London city in eighteenth century England, Hogarth presents crimes committed by secular fallen harlot, and the following punishments of penalties, diseases and death. The model extends to other engravings of "Modern Moral Subject". There are also many female figures who exceed norms, and commit crimes of adultery, theft, infanticide or children abandonment. But for their punishments, however, this study investigates the background of eighteenth century "Bloody Code" era in England and finds that the penalties these women supposed to have are almost absent. They are punished by tortures, unnatural death, or neglected by society instead.

Through these punishments and the process of female crimes in the "Modern Moral Subject" series, Hogarth presents not just women's faults, but also the responsibilities which men and society shared in women's crime and punishment. Norman Bryson mentioned that, in Hogarth's arrangement, heroes can become villains, and villains victims, depending on which interpretation the onlooker has chosen to read. According to the concept, this study analyzes how male and society place the pressures on women, which make the onlooker change the villains into victims and blur their ethical judgments. This study also explores Hogarth’s personal experiences and their influence, and finally reveals Hogarth’s opinions about women’s ethical standards, social status and functions through women’s crime and punishment in his “Modern Moral Subject” engravings.

一、英文書目

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Auerbach, Nina. Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Bailey, Joanne. Unquiet Lives: Marriage and Marriage Breakdown in England, 1660-1800, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Baker, John Hamilton. An Introduction to English Legal History, London: Butterworths LexisNexis, 1979.
Battestin, Martin C.; Battestin, Ruthe R. Henry Fielding: A Life, New York: Routledge, 1993.
Beattie, J.M. "The Criminality of Women in Eighteenth-century England”, Journal of Social History 8 (1974-1975): 80-116.
----- Policing and Punishment in London 1660-1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Bell, Ian A. Literature and crime in Augustan England, London: Routledge, 1991.
Bender, John. Imagining the Penitentiary: Fiction and the Architecture of Mind in Eighteenth-Century England, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Bindman, David. Hogarth, London: Thames and Hudson, 1981.
----- Hogarth and His times: Serious Comedy, California: University of California Press, 1997.
Blackstone, William, Sir.; Morrison, Wayne. Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, UK: Routledge Cavendish, 2001.
Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M. and Tyrrell, Ian R. Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: an International Encyclopedia, California: ABC-CLIO, 2003.
Boswell, James; Chapman, R. W. Life of Johnson, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Boucé, Paul-Gabriel. Sexuality in Eighteenth-century Britain, (Manchester: Manchester University Press ND, 1982.
Braudel, Fernand. Civilisation matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme XVe-XVIIIe, Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1979.
Briggs, John; Harrison, Christopher; McInnes, Angus & Vincent, David. Crime and Punishment in England, 1100-1990, Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.
Brown, Ron M. The Art of Suicide, UK: Reaktion Books, 2001.
Carter, Sophie. Purchasing Power: Representing Prostitution in Eighteenth-century English Popular Print Culture, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004.
Colquhoun, Patrick. Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis, UK: Bye & Law for J. Mawson, 1806.
Crawford, Patricia M. Women and Religion in England, 1500-1720, London: Routledge, 1993.
Curwood, John; Hawkins, William. A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown: or, a System of the Principal Matters Relating to that Subject, Digested under Proper Heads, vol. 1, London: Printed for S. Sweet, 1824.
Dabydeen, David. Hogarth's Blacks: Images of Blacks in Eighteenth Century English Art, Manchester: University Press ND, 1987.
Faller, Lincoln B. Turned to Account: the Forms and Functions of Criminal Biography in Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-century England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Gay, John; Brant, Clare & Whyman, Susan E. eds. Walking the Streets of Eighteenth-century London: John Gay's Trivia (1716), UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Hamlin, Hannibal, Psalm Culture and Early Modern English Literature, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Haslam, Fiona. From Hogarth to Rowlandson: Medicine in Art in Eighteenth-century Britain, UK: Liverpool University Press, 1996.
Head, Dominic. The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Hill, Bridget. Women, Work and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-century England, London: Routledge, 2003.
Hogarth,William. The Analysis of Beauty: Written with a View of Fixing the Fluctuating Ideas of Taste, Printed for R. Scholey by T. Davison, 1810.
Hutcheon, Linda; Hutcheon, Michael. Opera: Desire, Disease, Death, US: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1999.
Hutcheson, Gilbert. Treatise on the Offices of Justice of Peace; Constable; Commissioner of Supply; and Commissioner under Comprehending Acts, in Scotland, Printed for P. Hill, 1815.
Hutton, Richard Holt; Bagehot, Walter. The National Review, vol. 4, Robert Theobald, 1857.
Iacovetta, Franca; Valverd, Mariana. Gender Conflicts: New Essays in Women's History, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1992.
Keener, Frederick M.; Lorsch, Susan E. eds., Eighteenth-Century Women and the Arts , New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
King, Peter. Crime, Justice, and Discretion in England 1740-1820, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Landau, Norma. Law, Crime and English society, 1660-1830, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Laurence, John. A History of Capital Punishment: with Special Reference to Capital Punishment in Great Britain, New York: Kennikat Press, 1971.
Linebaugh, Peter. The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century, UK: Verso, 2003.
Lyman, Stanford M. The Seven Deadly Sins: Society and Evil, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1989.
McCreery, Cindy. The Satirical Gaze: Prints of Women in Late Eighteenth-century England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004.
McLynn, Frank. Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-century England, London & New York: Routledge, 1989.
Merians, Linda Evi. The Secret Malady: Venereal Disease in Eighteenth-century Britain and France, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1996.
Mitchell, Elizabeth Kathleen. Death by Hogarth, Mass.: Harvard University Art Museums, 1999.
Newman, Gerald; Ellen Brown, Leslie. Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837, UK: Taylor & Francis, 1997.
Nichols, John. Biographical Anecdotes of William Hogarth: With a Catalogue of His Works Chronologically Arranged; and Occasional Remarks, J.B. Nichols and Son, 1833.
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Panofsky, Edwin. Meaning in the Visual Art. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1955.
Paulson, Ronald. Hogarth: The ‘Modern Moral Subject’ 1697-1732, vol. I, Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 1992.
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----- Hogarth: Art and Politics 1750-1764, vol. III, Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., 1993.
----- Sin and Evil: Moral Values in Literature, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.
Perkin, Joan. Women and Marriage in Nineteenth-century England, London: Routledge, 1989.
Rose, Craig. England in the 1690s: Revolution, Religion, and War,UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 1999.
Rosenthal, Laura Jean. Infamous Commerce: Prostitution in Eighteenth-century British Literature and Culture, London: Cornell University Press, 2006.
Saxton, Kirsten T. Narratives of Women and Murder in England, 1680-1760: Deadly Plots, UK : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009.
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Thorn, Jennifer. Writing British infanticide: Child-murder, Gender, and Print, 1722-1859, US: University of Delaware Press, 2003.
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Turner, David M. Fashioning Adultery: Gender, Sex, and Civility in England, 1660-1740, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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Zunshine, Lisa. Bastards and Foundlings: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-century England, US: Ohio State University Press, 2005.

二、中文期刊書目

林怡君，〈怪誕的存有，優雅的死亡－ 湯姆斯．羅蘭森的《英國死亡之舞》〉，中壢市：國立中央大學，2006。

三、中譯本

Alexander, Victoria D.《藝術社會學：精緻與通俗形式之探索》，張正霖、陳巨擘譯，臺北市：巨流圖書公司，2008。
Braudel, Fernand.《15至18世紀的物質文明、經濟和資本主義，卷三》，施康強、顧良譯，臺北市：左岸文化，2006。
Panofsky, Edwin.《造形藝術的意義》，李元春譯，臺北市：遠流，1997。
Speck, William Arthur.《劍橋英國簡史》，糜佳譯，臺北市：左岸文化，2006。