簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 沈正嵐
Cheng-Lan Shen
論文名稱: 以中文為母語的兒童習得主題結構之實證研究
An Empirical Study of Chinese-Speaking Children's Acquisition of Topic Constructions
指導教授: 陳純音
Chen, Chun-Yin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 121
中文關鍵詞: 語言習得主題結構主題顯著性語法學漢語
英文關鍵詞: langauge acqusition, topic constructions, topic-prominence, syntax, Chinese
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:202下載:86
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討以中文為母語的兒童如何習得中文的主題結構。本實驗共設計兩種測驗:句子選擇測驗與引導說話測驗。受試對象為六十位年齡四至六歲的兒童。依照受試者的年齡,分成四歲、五歲、六歲三個實驗組。此外,尚有二十位以中文為母語的成人為控制組。
    實驗結果顯示,在中文主題中的語義特性中,指稱(definiteness)較總稱(genericness)容易習得。然而,三組受試者仍尚未完全習得這兩個語意特性。研究亦發現四歲跟五歲的兒童在語意特性的習得有很大的差異。在語法性方面,所有格式(possessive-like)主題最早習得,原位衍生式(base-generated)主題次之,而移位式(moved)主題最難習得。主題鏈(topic chain)對兒童來說亦是很難習得的特性,三組受試者都尚未完全習得中文主題鏈。研究發現支持語言習得先天性理論(the nativist approach),受試者皆有自己的語法,沒有模仿實驗者的句子,因此行為學派的語言習得理論(the behaviorist approach)在本研究不成立。本研究結果亦顯示兩種測驗有顯著的差異。普遍來說,句子選擇測驗的分數較引導說話測驗高。但在所有格式主題的習得結果中,受試者在引導說話測驗表現較好。我們可以將此測驗差異歸因於引導說話測驗給予受試者較大彈性,他們可以自由說出他們已經習得的所有格式主題。然而句子選擇測驗較為限制,受試者必須從兩個選項中選擇一個,因此受試者在句子選擇測驗中的對所有格式主題的表現較差。

    The present study aims to investigate semantic and syntactic features of Chinese topics, topic chains, two theoretical approaches of language acquisition, and methodological effects in Chinese-speaking children’s acquisition of topic constructions. Sixty Chinese-speaking children and twenty adult controls participated in the present experiment, and the children were divided into three groups according to their age: Group 1 (4-year-old), Group 2 (5-year-old), and Group 3 (6-year-old). The present study employed two tasks: a sentence selection task as a comprehension task and an elicited imitation task as a production task.
    The results showed that definiteness was easier to acquire than genericness of Chinese topics. No subjects in the present study have fully acquired the adult’s grammar in the use of generic and definite topics. A developmental gap between ages 4 and 5 was found in acquiring semantic topics. With regards to syntactic features, possessive-like topics were the easiest topic to acquire, followed by base-generated topics and moved topics. The children were found to use syntactic topics according to their own grammar. Topic chains were found difficult for the subjects. One-way ANOVA showed that all the subjects and the control group performed significantly differently (p<0.05), indicating that no subjects have acquired topic chains. However, the subjects were found to retain the topic or to use pronouns to replace with the zero topic of the following sentence. Our findings support the nativist approach because the subjects in the present study did not imitate the experimenter’s input and they constructed their own grammar. Finally, significant task effects were found in the results of the present study. The SS task was generally easier than the EI task. However, the subjects responded to possessive-like topics more correctly in the EI task than in the SS task because they could produce their own possessive-like topics and showed more correct responses in the SS task.

    ENGLISH ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………i CHINESE ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………iii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………iv LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………vi LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………… viii 1.INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Motivation ………………………………………………………………1 1.2 Theoretical Background ……………………………………………4 1.3 Research Questions……………………………………………………7 1.4 Significance of the Study…………………………………………7 1.5 Organization of the Proposal ……………………………………8 2.LINGUISTIC PROPERTIES AND PREVIOUS STUDIES OF TOPIC CONSTRUCTION IN CHINESE …………………………………………………10 2.1 Linguistic Properties of Topic Constructions in Chinese …………………………………………………………………………10 2.1.1 Semantic Properties of Chinese Topic Constructions…10 2.1.2 Syntactic Properties of Chinese Topic Constructions …………………………………………………………………13 2.2 Syntactic Theories of Topic Constructions in Chinese……………………………………………………………………………18 2.2.1 Xu and Langenden (1985)…………………………………………19 2.2.2 Yip (1995) ……………………………………………………………22 2.2.3 Chen (1995) …………………………………………………………24 2.2.4 Huang and Ting (2006) ……………………………………………26 2.3 Empirical Studies on the Acquisition of Topic Constructions in Chinese…………………………………………………30 2.3.1 Chien and Lust (1983) ……………………………………………30 2.3.2 Jin (1994) ……………………………………………………………32 2.3.3 Chen and Shi (1999) ………………………………………………34 2.4 Summary of Chapter 2…………………………………………………38 3.RESEARCH DESIGN AND RESULTS…………………………………………40 3.1 Subjects……………………………………………………………………40 3.2 Materials and Methods ………………………………………………41 3.2.1 The Elicited Imitation Task……………………………………43 3.2.2 The Sentence Selection Task……………………………………45 3.3 Procedures…………………………………………………………………48 3.3.1 Pilot Study……………………………………………………………48 3.3.2 Formal Study …………………………………………………………49 3.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………52 3.4.1 The Sentence Selection Task……………………………………52 3.4.2 The Elicited Imitation Task……………………………………57 3.5 Summary of Chapter 3…………………………………………………62 4.DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………64 4.1 Difficulty Levels of Semantic Topics…………………………64 4.2 Difficulty Levels of Syntactic Topics ………………………69 4.3 The Use of Topic Chains ……………………………………………75 4.4 The Behaviorist Approach or the Nativist Approach ……79 4.5 Methodological Effects………………………………………………81 4.6 Summary of Chapter 4 ………………………………………………84 5.CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………86 5.1 Major Findings of the Present Study …………………………86 5.2 Linguistic Implications ……………………………………………88 5.3 Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for Further Research ……………………………………………………………89 BIBILOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………91 APPENDIX A Pictures and Sentences Given in the Elicited Imitation Task…………………………………………………………………99 APPENDIX B Test Sentences Used in the Sentence Selection Task…………106 APPENDIX C Results of the Use of Topic Chains…………………………………111

    Bates, E., S. McNew, B. MacWhinney, A. Devescovi, and S. Smith. 1982. Functional constraints on sentence processing: A cross-linguistic study. Cognition, 11, 245-299.

    Berko and Brown. 1960. Psycholinguistic research methods. Handbook of Research Methods in Child Development, ed. by Paul Mussen, 517–557. New York: Wiley.

    Brown, H. Douglas. 2000. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. London: Longman.

    Bohannon III, J. N. and J. D. Bonvillian. 2001. Theoretical approaches to languageacquisition. The Development of Language, ed. by J. Berko Gleason, 254-314. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Chafe, W. L. 1976. Giveness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics, and Point of View. Subject and Topic, ed. by Charles. Li, 27-55. Academic Press, New York.

    Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Chen, Chun-yin Doris. 1995. Topics in Chinese: A or A’? Studies in English Literature and Linguistics, 21:79-106.

    Chen, Chun-yin Doris and Shi, Min-Li. 1999. A note on NP-topics in Second Language Acquisition of Chinese. Studies in English Literature and Linguistics, 25:133-157.

    Chen, P. 1992. The reflexive ziji in Chinese: functional vs. formalist approaches. Research on Chinese Linguistics in Hong Kong, ed. by Thomas H.-T. Lee, 1-36. Hong Kong: The Linguistics Society of Hong Kong.

    Chien, Yu-Chin and Barbara Lust. 1985. The concepts of topic and subject in first language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese. Child Language, 56: 1359-1375.

    Chomsky, Noam. 1964. Formal discussion. The Acquisition of Language. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 29, ed. by U. Bellugi and R. Brown (1, Serial No. 92).

    Chomsky, Noam. 1977. On wh-movement. Formal syntax, ed. by Peter Culicover, Tom Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, 71–132. New York: Academic Press.

    Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Foris Publications.

    Erbaugh, Mary. 1982. Coming to order: natural selection and the origin of syntax in the Mandarin-speaking child. CA: University of California at Berkeley dissertation.

    Fletcher, P. and B. MacWhinney, editors. 1995. The Handbook of Child Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Fuller, Judith and Jeanette Gundel. 1987. Topic-prominence in interlanguage. Language Learning, 37: 1-18.

    Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1998. An Introduction to Language. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.

    Gelman, Susan A., and Twila Taridif. 1998. A cross-linguistic comparison of generic noun phrases in English and Mandarin. Cognition, 66: 215-248.

    Geilman, L., and E. Wanner. 1982. Language acquisition: The state of the state of the art. Language Acquisition: The State of the Art, ed. by E. Wanner and L. Geitman, 3-50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Gordon, Peter. 1996. The truth-value judgment task. Methods for Assessing Children’s Syntax, ed. by D. McDaniel, C. McKee, and H. S. Cairns, 211-231. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.

    Pan, Haihua and Jianhua Hu. 2002. NP prominence computation and the reference resolution of Ziji. Contemporary Linguistics, 4.1: 46-60.

    Gundel, J. K. 1988. Universals of topic-comment structure. Studies in Syntactic Typology, ed. by H. Hammond, E. Moravcsik, and J. Wirth. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V.

    Gundel, J. K., H. Hedberg, and R. Zacharski. 1993. Referring expressions in discourse. Language, 69, 274–307.

    Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2nd edition.

    Huang, C.-T. J. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry, 15: 531–574.

    Huang and Ting. 2006. Dangling Topics in Mandarin Chinese? Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 32: 119-146.

    Keenan E. O. and B. Schieffelin. 1976. Topic as a discourse notion: A study of topics in the conversations of children and adults. Subject and Topic, ed. by Charles Li, 335-384. New York: Academic Press.

    Kuno, S. 1972. Functional sentence perspective: a case study from Japanese and English. Linguistic Inquiry, 3: 269-320.

    Jin, Hong Gang. 1994. Topic-prominence and Subject-prominence in L2 acquisition: evidence of English-to-Chinese typological transfer. Language Learning, 44: 101-121.

    Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley.

    Li, Audrey. 1990. Passive, BA, and topic constructions. Order & Constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Li, C. and S. Thompson. 1976. Subject and topic: A new typology of language. Subject and Topic, ed. by Charles. Li, 457-489. New York: Academy Press.

    Li, C. and S. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Liao, H.-T. M. 1999. An experimental study of topic-prominence and pro-drop in second language of Chinese. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University MA thesis.

    Tang, Ting-Chi. 1979. Studies in Chinese Syntax. Taipei, Taiwan: Student Book Co., Ltd.

    Maratsos, M. 1983. Some current issues in the study of the acquisition of grammar. Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 3. Cognitive development, ed. by J. H.

    Flavell, E. M. Markman, and P. H. Mussen, 707-786. New York: Wiley.

    McDaniel, D., C. Mckee, and H. S Crains. 1996. Methods for Assessing Children's Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    McNeill, D. 1966. The creation of language by children. Psycholinguistics Papers, ed. by J. Lyons and R. Wales. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.

    Meisel, Jürgen M. 1995. Parameters in acquisition. The Handbook of Child Language, ed. by P. Fletcher, and B. MacWhinney, 10-35. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

    Miao, Xiaochun and Zhu, Manshu. 1992. Language development in Chinese children. Language Processing in Chinese, ed. by H. C. Chen and O. J. L. Tzeng, 237-276. Amsterdam and New York: North-Holland.

    Mu, Zhijun. 1995. Topic-Comment Constructions in the Acquisition of Chinese as a Second/Foreign Language. IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign dissertation.

    Pan, B.A., and J. B. Gleason. 1997. Semantic development: Learning the meanings of words. The Development of Language, ed. by J. B. Gleason, 125-158. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

    Pan, Haihua and Jianhua Hu. 2002. Licensing dangling topics in Chinese. Paper Presented at the 2002 LSA Annual Meeting in San Francisco, CA, USA.

    Paul, Waltraud. 2002. Sentence initial topics in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistics 3: 695-714.

    Peterson, Thomas H. 1974. On definite restrictive relatives in Moorèe. Journal of West African Languages, 9.2: 71-78.

    Poeppel, David and Kenneth Wexler. 1993. The Full Competence Hypothesis of Clause Structure in Early German. Language, 69.1: 1-33.

    Prasada, S. 2000. Acquiring generic knowledge. Trends in Cognitive Science, 4:66–72.

    Roeper, T. 2006. Watching noun phrases emerge: Seeking compositionality. Semantics in Acquisition, ed. by V. van Geenhoven, 37-64. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

    Rutherford, W. 1983. Language typology and language transfer. Language Transfer in Language Learning, ed. by S. M. Gass and L. Selinker, 358-370. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

    Shi, Dingxu. 1989. Topic Chain as a Syntactic Category in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 17: 223-262.

    Shi, Dingxu. 1992. The Nature of Topic Comment Constructions and Topic Chains. Los Angeles, CA: University of California, Los Angeles dissertation.

    Shi, Dingxu. 2000. Topic and Topic Construction in Mandarin Chinese. Language, 76.2: 383-408.

    Skinner, B. F. 1957. Verbal Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Slobin D. I., ed. 1973. Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar. Studies of Child Language Development, ed. by C.A. Ferguson and D.I. Slobin, 485-497. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.

    Slobin, D. I. 1982. Universal and particular in the acquisition of language. Language acquisition: The state of the art, ed. by E. Wanner and L. Gleitman, 128-172. UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Slobin, D. I. 1985. The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Stern, H. H. 1983. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.

    Staats, Arthur.W. 1971. Child Learning, Intelligence and personality: Principles of a behavioral interaction approach. NY: Harper and Row Publishers.

    Tsao, Feng-fu. 1979. A Functional Study of Topic in Chinese: The first step toward discourse analysis. Taipei, Taiwan: Student Book Company Limited.

    Xu, Liejiong and D. Langenden. 1985. Topic structures in Chinese. Language, 61: 1-27.

    Yip, Virginia. 1995. Interlanguage and Learnability: From Chinese to English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    You, Yu-ling. 1998. Interpreting Chinese Zero Anaphors within Topic Continuity. IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign dissertation.

    Yuan, Boping. 1995. Acquisition of base-generated topics by English-speaking learners of Chinese. Language Learning, 45: 557-603.

    QR CODE