本研究的目的是探討女子籃球員在空手及運球側向跨步切入動作時，軸心腳在支撐期前20%間髖、膝、踝的角度變化，並針對軸心腳膝關節的負荷加以探討。研究方法是使用Vicon motion analysis system 十台攝影機，及KISTLER 9281(60x40)測力板一塊，用以觀察女性籃球員在運球側向跨步與空手側向跨步切入時下肢各關節的角度及力矩變化。並配合Biovision肌電訊號擷取系統，觀察在空手及運球時的側向跨步切入動作時，股四頭肌群與腿後肌群間的共同收縮機制是否有所不同。以成對獨立樣本T-test進行差異性檢定；結果發現：女性籃球員在運球側向跨步切入時，表現出較大的著地初期膝關節屈曲角度，以及在支撐期前20%表現出較大的膝關節外翻角度、較大的膝關節屈曲力矩以及膝關節外翻力矩。在膝關節外翻角度峰值發生時，運球側向跨步切入動作時膝關節的屈曲角度、髖關節屈曲角度、髖關節內旋角度以及踝關節的內旋角度皆顯著大於側向跨步切入。在膝關節內旋角度峰值時，運球側向跨步切入動作表現出較大的膝關節屈曲角度、膝關節外翻角度、髖關節屈曲角度、髖關節內旋角度以及踝關節內旋角度。在膝關節外翻力矩峰值的時候，運球側向跨步切入動作也表現出較大的膝關節屈曲角度以及較大的膝關節外翻角度。此外，比較起當膝關節所承受的內旋力矩達到峰值的時候，運球側向跨步切入動作也表現出較大的膝關節屈曲角度以及外翻角度。在股四頭肌群與腿後肌群共同收縮機制部分，從六位實驗參與者的結果發現，運球側向跨步切入時，股四頭肌群與腿後肌群之間的比率大於空手側向跨步切入。由本研究結果可知，在運球側向跨步切入時，女性籃球員軸心r腳膝關節承受較大的負荷，也提高了非接觸性前十字韌帶傷害發生的可能性。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematics of pivot foot lower extremity and knee kinetics during the first 20% of the stance phase while female basketball players performing dribbling side-step cutting and non-dribbling side-step cutting. Vicon motion analysis system(10 cameras) and KISTLER 9281 force plate was used to collect the kinematics and kinetic data. In addition, the co-contraction of quadriceps and hamstrings during the first 20% of the stance phase was recorded by Biovision EMG system. Paired T-test was used to analyze the factors between dribbling side-step cutting and non-dribbling side-step cutting. The findings of this study indicated that female basketball players exhibited greater initial knee flexion angle, greater knee abduction angle, greater knee flexor moment, and greater knee abductor moment of the first 20% of the stance phase in dribbling side-step cutting. Otherwise, at the time of knee peak abduction angle, hip flexion and internal rotation angle, knee flexion angle, and ankle inversion angle were greater in dribbling side-step cutting of the first 20% of the stance phase than in non-dribbling side-step cutting; at the time of knee peak internal rotation angle, hip flexion and internal rotation angle, knee flexion and abduction angle, and ankle inversion angle were greater in dribbling side-step cutting of the first 20% of the stance phase than in non-dribbling side-step cutting. Furthermore, the knee flexion angle and abduction angle were greater of the first 20% of the stance phase in dribbling side-step cutting than non-dribbling side-step cutting while the knee was under peak abductor moment. Also, the knee flexion angle and abduction angle were greater of the first 20% of the stance phase in dribbling side-step cutting than non-dribbling side-step cutting while the knee was under peak internal rotator moment. The co-contraction ratio of quadriceps and hamstrings during the first 20% of the stance phase exhibited activation of the quadriceps was higher than hamstrings when compared with dribbling side-step cutting and non-dribbling side-step cutting. From these findings of this study, we suggest female basketball players might obtain greater knee loading and face higher incidence rate of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury.

Andrews, J.R., McLeod, W.D., Ward, T., & Howard, K. (1977). The cutting mechanism. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 111-121.

Arms, S.W., Pope, M.H., & Johnson, R.J. (1984). The biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation and reconstruction. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 12, 8–18.

Arendt, E.A., & Dick, R. (1995). Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basketball and soccer: NCAA data and review of literature. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 23(6), 694-701.

Ashby, B.M., & Heegaard, J.H. (2002). Role of arm motion in the standing long jump.
Journal of Biomechanics, 35, 1631-1637.

Agel, J., Arendt, E.A., & Bershadsky, B. (2005). Anterior cruciate ligament injury in national collegiate athletic association basketball and soccer: A 13-Year Review. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33, 524-531.

Beynnon, B., Howe, J. G., Pope, M. H., Johnson, R. J., & Flemimg, B. C. (1992). The measurement of anterior cruciate ligament strain in vivo. International Orthopaedics, 16, 1–12.

Bendijaballah, M.Z., Shirazi-Adl, A., and Zukor, D.J.(1997). Finite element analysis of human knee joint in varus-valgus. Clinical Biomechanics. 12, 139-148.

Bell, A.,L., Pedersen, D.,R., & Brand, R.,A. (1990). A Comparison of the Accuracy of Several hip Center Location Prediction Methods. Journal of Biomechanics, 23, 617-621.

Besier, T. F., Lloyd, D. G., Cochrane, J. L., & Ackland, T. R. (2001). External loading of the knee joint during running and cutting maneuvers. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(7), 1168-1175

Besier, T. F., Lloyd, D. G., & Ackland, T. R. (2003). Muscle Activation Strategies at the Knee during Running and Cutting Maneuvers. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35(1), 119–127.

Boden, B.P., Dean, G.S., Feagin, J.A. Jr., & Garrett, W.E. Jr. (2000). Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics, 23, 573-578.

Buff, H.U., Jones, L.C., & Hungerford, D.S. (1988). Experimental determination of forces transmitted through the patella-femoral joint. Journal of Biomechanics, 21, 17-23.

Chaudhari, A.M., Hearn, B.K., & Andriacchi, T.P. (2005). Sport-Dependent Variations in Arm Position Influence Knee Loading Implications for ACL Injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(6), 824-830.

Colby, S.M., Hintermeister, R.A., Torry, M.R., & Steadman, J.R. (1999). Lower limb stability with ACL impairment. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 29 (8), 444-451.
Colby, S., Francisco, A., Yu B., Kirkendall, D., Finch M., and Garrett W. (2000)
Electromyographic and Kinematic Analysis of Cutting Maneuvers: Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 28(2), 234-240.

Cowling, E.J., & Steele, J.R. (2001). The effect of upper-limb motion on lower-limb
muscle synchrony: implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American, 83, 35-41.

Cowley, H.R., Ford, K.R., Myer, G.D., Kernozek, T.W., and Hewett, T.E.(2006). Differences in Neuromuscular Strategies Between Landing and Cutting Tasks in Female Basketball and Soccer Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 41(1), 67–73.

Cochrane, J.L., Lloyd, D.G., Buttfield, A., Seward, H., & McGivern, J. (2007). Characteristics of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Australian football. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports, 10(2), 96-104.

Cross, M. J., Gibbs, N. J., & Bryant, G. J. (1989). An analysis of the sidestep cutting maneuver. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 17, 363–366.

Decker, M.J., Torry, M.R., Wyland, D.J., Sterett, W.I., and Richard Steadman, J. (2003). Gender differences in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics and energy absorption during landing. Clinical Biomechanics, 18 (7), 662-669.

Deitch, J.R., Starkey, C., Walters, S.L., & Moseley, J.B.(2006). Injury Risk in Professional Basketball Players Association and National Basketball Association Athletes Injury Risk in Professional Basketball Players: A Comparison of Women’s National Basketball. American Journal of Sports Medicine,34.1077-1083.

Ferber, R., Davis, I.M., &Williams, D.S. ( 2003). Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics during running. Clinical Biomechanics. 18, 350-357.

Graf, B.K., Cook, D.A., De Smet, A.A., & Keene, J.S.(1993). “Bone bruises” on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 21, 220-223.

Haze, K., & Stein R.B. (1999). Turning strategies during human walking. Journal of Neurophysiology, 81, 2914–2922.

Hewett, T.E., Stroupe, A.L., Nance, T.A., & Noyes, F.R. (1996). Plyometric training in female athletes: decreased impact forces and increased hamstring torques. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24, 765-773.

Hewett, T.E., Myer, G.D., Ford, K.R., Heidt, R.S.J., Colosimo, A.J., McLean, S.G., van den Bogert, A.J., Paterno, M.V., & Succop, P., (2005). Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 33, 492-501.

Kaplan, P.A., Walker, C.W., Kilcoyne, R.F., Brown, D.E., Tusek, D., & Dussault,
R.G.(1992). Occult fracture patterns of the knee associated with anterior cruciate ligament tears: assessment with MR imaging. Radiology, 183, 835-838.

Kernozek, T.W., Torry, M.R., Van Hoof, H., Cowley, H., & Tanner, S. (2005). Gender differences in frontal and sagittal plane biomechanics during drop landings. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 37(6), 1003-1012.

Krosshaug, T. , Nakamae, A., Boden, B. P. , Engebretsen, L., Smith, G., Slauterbeck, J. R., Hewett, T. E., & Bahr, R. (2007). Mechanisms of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Basketball Video Analysis of 39 Cases. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35, 359-367.

Laubach, L. (1976). Comparative muscular strength of men and women: a review of the literature. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 47, 534-542.

Lawrence III, R.K., Kernozek, T.W., Miller, E.J., Torry, M.R., & Reuteman, P. (2008). Influences of hip external rotation strength on knee mechanics during single-leg drop landings in females, Clinical Biomechanics. 23, 806-813.

Lloyd, D.G., & Buchanan, T.S. (1996). A model of load sharing between muscles and soft tissues at the human knee during static tasks. Journal of Biomechanical Engineer, 118, 367–376.

Malone, T.R., Hardaker, W.T., & Garrett, W.E. (1993). Relationship of gender to anterior cruciate ligament injuries in intercollegiate basketball players. Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic Association, 2, 36-39.

Markolf, K. L., Burchfield, D. M., Shapiro, M. M., Shepard, M. F., Finerman, G. A., & Slauterbeck, J. L. (1995). Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 13, 930-935,

Malinzak, R.A., Colby, S. Kirkendall, D. & Garrett, W. E. (2001). A comparison of knee joint motion patterns between men and women in selected athletic tasks. Clinical Biomechanics, 16, 438-445.

McLean, S.G., Su, A., and van den Bogert, A.J. (2003). Development and Validation of a 3-D Model to Predict Knee Joint Loading During Dynamic Movement. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 125, 864-874.

McLean, S. G. Huang, X., Antonie, & J. van den Bogert. (2005). Association between lower extremity posture at contact and peak knee valgus moment during sidestepping:Implications for ACL injury. Clinical Biomechanics, 20, 863-870

Messina, D.F., Farney, W.C., & DeLee, J.C. (1999). The incidence of injury in Texas high school basketball: a prospective study among male and female athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 294-299.

Milner, C.E., Hamill, J., & Davis, I. (2007) Are knee mechanics during early stance related to tibial stress fracture in runners?. Clinical Biomechanics, 22, 697-703.

Myklebust, G., Maehlum, S., & Engebretsen, L. (1997). Registration of cruciate ligament injuries in Norwegian top level team handball: a prospective study covering two seasons. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 7, 289-292.

Myklebust, G., Maehlum, S., & Holm, I. (1998) A prospective cohort study of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in elite Norwegian team handball. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sport, 8, 149-153.

Ohtsuki, T., Yanase, M., & Aoki, K. (1987). Quick change of the forward running direction in response to unexpected changes of situation with reference to ball games. In: Jonsson B.B., editor. Biomechanics X. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.629-635.

Olsen, O.E., Myklebust, G., Engebretsen, L.,& Bahr, R. (2004). Injury mechanisms for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in team handball: a systematic video analysis. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 1002-1012.

Patla, A.E., Prentice, S.D., Robinson C., & Neufeld J. (1991). Visual control of locomotion: strategies for changing direction and for going over obstacles. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 603-634.

Rosen, M.A., Jackson, D.W., & Berger, P.E. (1991). Occult osseous lesions documentedby magnetic resonance imaging associated with anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. Arthroscopy, 7,45-51.

Schott, P., Dart J., & Schuh, M. (1995). Biomechanical analysis of two change of direction maneuvers while running. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 22, 254-258.

Zeiss, J., Paley, K., Murray, K., & Saddemi, S.R. (1995). Comparison of bone contusion seen by MRI in partial and complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 19, 773-776.

Zeller, B.,L., McCror y, J.,L., Kibler, W.,B., & Uhl, T.,L. ( 2003). Differences in kinematics and electromyographic activity between men and women during the single-legged squat. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31, 449-456.