研究生: |
許婷婷 Hui, Ting-Ting |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
家庭適應能力和凝聚力與第三文化孩童心理幸福感的關係研究:以跨文化適應為仲介變項 A Study on the Relationship Between Family Adaptability, Cohesion and Third Culture Kids’ (TCKs) Psychological Well-Being: Acculturation Adaptation as Mediator |
指導教授: |
林正昌
Lin, Cheng-Chang |
口試委員: |
黃博聖
Huang, Po-Sheng 張雨霖 Chang, Yu-Lin 林正昌 Lin, Cheng-Chang |
口試日期: | 2022/05/05 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育心理與輔導學系 Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling |
論文出版年: | 2022 |
畢業學年度: | 110 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 97 |
中文關鍵詞: | 第三文化小孩 、家庭適應力 、家庭凝聚力 、跨文化適應 、心理幸福感 |
英文關鍵詞: | third culture kids, family adaptability, family cohesion, acculturation adaptation, psychological well-being |
研究方法: | 調查研究 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202201468 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:149 下載:20 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
第三文化小孩在成長過程中,跟著父母到不同國家居住,要不斷的面對跨文化的適應,對其心理幸福感有顯著影響!在這過程中不變而又對第三文化小孩有顯著影響力的是其家庭。過去針對這方面的研究多集中在移動對第三文化小孩身心方面的負面影響,或針對其性格特質的研究。因此,本研究目的在探討家庭中的兩個重要功能-家
庭適應能力(family adaptability)和家庭凝聚力(family cohesion)和第三文化小孩(third culture kids, TCKs)心理幸福感(psychological well-being)的關係,並以跨文化適應為仲介效果。本研究於2020年5月至10月期間,透過不同機構、學校、個人朋友圈等途徑發放問卷,回收後有效問卷總計202份,再進行研究分析。結果顯示,如以家庭為整體來分析,家庭功能對第三文化小孩的跨文化適應和心理幸福感都有顯著的正向影響。分開家庭適應能力和家庭凝聚力來分析,家庭適應能力對第三文化小孩的跨文化適應有顯著的正向影響,但對心理幸福感的影響未達顯著;家庭凝聚能力對跨文化適應的影響未達顯著,但對幸福心理感的影響達顯著;跨文化適應對幸福心理感的影響未達顯著,而仲介效果也不成立。最後,依據實證分析之結果,討論本研究之限制、對關心第三文化孩童的家長和機構給予實務應用參考,以及提出對於未來學術研究的建議。
This quantitative study on Third Culture Kids (TCKs) was conducted to illustrate the relationships between family functions (adaptability and cohesion) and the psychological well-being of TCKs, with acculturation adaptation as mediation among TCKs aged 11-18 and currently living outside both parents’ passport country (ies). TCKs are people who were raised in a culture other than their parents or the culture of their country of nationality for a significant part of their child development years (Pollock & Ruth, 2009). This investigation surveyed TCKs around the world using the snowball method of sending questionnaires to international schools, mission organizations, personal friends and TCK groups on Facebook and Instagram. The scales used in this research include Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales IV (FACES IV), the Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA) and Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB).
Results from the surveys reveal that family flexibility has a significant impact on TCKs’ acculturation adaption while having no significant relationship with their PWB score. Family cohesion is shown to be significantly related to TCKs’ acculturation adaptation even though it does not have a significant impact on their PWB score. TCKs’ acculturation adaptation also does not have a significant relationship with their PWB score. This study also demonstrates that there is no mediation effect for TCKs’ acculturation adaptation.
Abe, J. A. A. (2018). Personality, well-being, and cognitive-affective styles: A cross-sectional study of Adult Third Culture Kids. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49, 811–830. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118761116
Ali, A. J. (2003). The intercultural adaptation of expatriate spouses and children: An empirical study on the determinants contributing to the success of expatriation. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Groningen.
Andrews, L. A. (1995). The measurement of adult MKs well-being. Evangelical Missions Quarterly 31, 442–449.
Barker, G. G., & Cornwell, T. L. (2019). Acculturation, communication, and family relationships: Challenges and opportunities. Western Journal of Communication, 83, 624–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2019.1620961
Barringer, C. F. (2001, March 15–20). Counseling Third Culture Kids [paper presentation]. Annual Conference of the American Counseling Association, San Antonio, United States. https://0-search.ebscohost.com.opac.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,shib&db=eric&AN=ED451459&lang=zh-tw&site=eds-live
Bennett, J. M. (2015). The SAGE encyclopedia of intercultural competence. SAGE Publications.
Berge, J. M., Wall, M., Larson, N., Loth, K. A., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). Family functioning: Associations with weight status, eating behaviors, and physical activity in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 351–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.07.006
Berry, J. W. (2006). Stress perspectives on acculturation In L. S. David (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 43-56). Cambridge University Press.
Bikos, L. H., & Lewis Hall, M. E. (2009). Psychological functioning of international missionaries: Introduction to the special issue. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12, 605–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903312427
Black, J. S. (1990). Locus Of control, social support, stress, and adjustment in international transfers. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 7(1), 7–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731881
Bonebright, D. A. (2010). Adult Third Culture Kids: HRD challenges and opportunities. Human Resource Development International, 13, 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678861003746822
Brinkmann, U., & Weerdenburg, O. (2014). Intercultural readiness: Four competences for working across cultures. Springer Publishing Company.
Britannica, E. (2017). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Brookfield, G. R., Services. (2016, April 14). The 20th Annual Global Mobility Trends Survey Report. https://globalmobilitytrends.bgrs.com
Brown, R. J. (2008). Dominant stressors on expatriate couples during international assignments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 1018–1034. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802051303
Burnes, B., & Cooke, B. (2013). Kurt Lewin's field theory: A review and re-evaluation. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15, 408–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2012.00348.x
Byerly, B. (2008, January 7). Our TCK president: Obama and his team of Third Culture Kids. Wordpress. https://benbyerly.wordpress.com/2008/12/15/our-tck-president-obama-and-his-team-of-third-culture-kids/
Caligiuri, P. M. (2000). The big five personality characteristics as predictors of expatriate’s desire to terminate the assignment and supervisor-rated performance. Personnel Psychology, 53, 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00194.x
Caligiuri, P. M., Hyland, M. M., Joshi, A., & Bross, A. S. (1998). Testing a theoretical model for examining the relationship between family adjustment and expatriates' work adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 598–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.4.598
Celenk, O., & van de Vijver, F. J. (2014). Assessment of psychological acculturation and multiculturalism: An overview of measures in the public domain In V. Benet-Martínez & Y.-y. Hong (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity (pp. 205–226). Oxford University Press.
Chan, D. W., Chan, L. K., & Sun, X. (2019). Developing a brief version of Ryff’s scale to assess the psychological well-being of adolescents in Hong Kong. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35, 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000403
China, N. (2021, October 7). Foreign Residents by Nationality. Ministry of the Interior National Immigration Agency Republic of China (Taiwan). https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5475/5478/141478/141380/?Page=1&PageSize=20&type=&alias=
Cleave, S. (1982). Continuity from pre‐school to infant school. Educational Research, 24, 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188820240301
Cockburn, L. (2002). Children and young people living in changing worlds: The process of assessing and understanding the 'Third Culture Kid'. School Psychology International, 23, 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034302234008
Cottrell, A. B. (2007, March). Adult TCKS: Life choices, commitment and personal characteristics [paper presentation]. 8th Family in Global Transition Conference, Houston, Texas. https://tckresearcher.net/Cottrell%20ATCK%20commitment.pdf
Craddock, A. E. (2001). Family system and family functioning: Circumplex model and FACES IV. Journal of Family Studies, 7, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.5172/jfs.7.1.29
Daniels, V. (2003). Kurt Lewin notes. Sonoma State University. http://www.psicopolis.com/Kurt/klnotes.htm
David L., S., & Berry, J. W. (2006). The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Davis, P. S., Suarez, E. C., Crawford, N. A., & Rehfuss, M. C. (2013). Reentry program impact on missionary kid depression, anxiety, and stress: A three-year study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 41, 128—140. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009164711304100203
de Waal, M. F., Born, M. P., Brinkmann, U., & Frasch, J. J. F. (2020). Third Culture Kids, their diversity beliefs and their intercultural competences. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 79, 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.09.002
Denovan, A., & Macaskill, A. (2017). Stress and subjective well-being among first year UK undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18, 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9736-y
Devens, J. A. (2005). Depression rates among Third Culture Kids in an international school setting [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Capella University.
Dewaele, J.-M., & van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2009). The effect of multilingualism/multiculturalism on personality: No gain without pain for Third Culture Kids? International Journal of Multilingualism, 6, 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710903039906
DGBAS. (2019). National Statistic Report Number 141. Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan,DGBAS. https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/9729162630MKFOK1MR.pdf
Dillon, A., & Ali, T. (2019). Global nomads, cultural chameleons, strange ones or immigrants? An exploration of Third Culture Kid terminology with reference to the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Research in International Education, 18, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240919835013
Dmitrieva, J., Chen, C., Greenberger, E., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2004). Family relationships and adolescent psychosocial outcomes: Converging findings from Eastern and Western cultures. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14, 425–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.00081.x
Ebbeck, M., & Reus, V. (2005). Transitions: Third Culture Children. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 30(3), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910503000303
Everri, M., Caricati, L., Mancini, T., Messena, M., & Fruggeri, L. (2020). Italian validation of Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale (FACES IV) Short Version for Adolescents: SAD_FACES. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29, 2507–2514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01771-9
Everri, M., Mancini, T., & Fruggeri, L. (2016). The role of rigidity in adaptive and maladaptive families assessed by FACES IV: The points of view of adolescents. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 25, 2987–2997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0460-3
Fail, H., Thompson, J., & Walker, G. (2016). Belonging, identity and Third Culture Kids. Journal of Research in International Education, 3, 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240904047358
Firmin, M., Warner, S., & Lowe, A. (2006). Social adjustment among students growing up in foreign mission-field contexts. Christian Higher Education, 5(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363750500182711
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55, 647–654. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.647
Fray, J. S. (1988). An exploratory study of the culture shock experience of missionary children homecomers. [Unpublished doctoral disseration]. The University of Tennessee.
Fung, C. W. (2017). The path “Home”: A self-narrative of a Taiwanese Third Culture Kid’s cross-cultural and reentry experience [Unpublished master thesis]. National Taipei University of Education.
Garcia, D., Sagone, E., De Caroli, M. E., & Nima, A. A. (2017). Italian and Swedish adolescents: Differences and associations in subjective well-being and psychological well-being. Peer Journal, 5, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2868
Gilbert, K. R. (2008). Loss and grief between and among cultures: The experience of Third Culture Kids. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 16, 93–109. https://doi.org/10.2190/IL.16.2.a
Greenberger, E., & Chen, C. (1996). Perceived family relationships and depressed mood in early and late adolescence: A comparison of European and Asian Americans. Developmental Psychology, 32, 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.707
Gülaçtı, F. (2010). The effect of perceived social support on subjective well-being. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 3844–3849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.602
Habeeb, H., & Hamid, A. A. R. M. (2021). Exploring the relationship between identity orientation and symptoms of depression among Third Culture Kids college students. International Journal of Instruction, 14, 999–1010.
Haynie, D. L., South, S. J., & Bose, S. (2006). Residential mobility and attempted suicide among adolescents: An individual-level analysis. Sociological Quarterly, 47, 693–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2006.00063.x
Hirai, R., Frazier, P., & Syed, M. (2015). Psychological and sociocultural adjustment of first-year international students: Trajectories and predictors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 438–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000085
Holmbeck, G. N., & Wandrei, M. L. (1993). Individual and relational predictors of adjustment in first-year college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.40.1.73
Huff, J. L. (2001). Parental attachment, reverse culture shock, perceived social support, and college adjustment of missionary children. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 29, 246–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710102900307
Huynh, Q.-L., Howell, R. T., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2009). Reliability of bidimensional acculturation scores: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 256–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022108328919
Jackson, J., & Cochran, S. D. (1991). Loneliness and psychological distress. The Journal of Psychology, 125, 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1991.10543289
Johnson, L. R. (2016). The acculturation of Third Culture Kids and the implication for international school transition programs [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Northcentral University.
Kahn, J. H., Hessling, R. M., & Russell, D. W. (2003). Social support, health, and well-being among the elderly: What is the role of negative affectivity? Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00135-6
Kang, S.-M. (2006). Measurement of acculturation, scale formats, and language competence: Their implications for adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 669–693. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106292077
Kennedy, M. A., Parhar, K. K., Samra, J., & Gorzalka, B. (2005). Suicide ideation in different generations of immigrants. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 353–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000611
Key, A. (2018). The Psychological well-being of missionary kids [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ball State University.
Kim, J. O., Eltiti, S., Crawford, N., & Pak, J. (2019). Effect of cultural identification and family affection on coping abilities in Missionary Kids. Journal of Religion & Health, 58, 1872—1885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00848-0
Kim, J. O., Pak, J., & Eltiti, S. (2017). Cultural differences in family affection and coping abilities for Missionary Kids. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 45, 79-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711704500201
Klemens, M. J., & Bikos, L. H. (2009). Psychological well-being and sociocultural adaptation in college-aged, repatriated, Missionary Kids. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12, 721–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903032629
Kortegast, C., & Yount, E. M. (2016). Identity, family, and faith: U.S. Third Culture Kids transition to college. Journal of Student Affairs Research & Practice, 53, 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2016.1121148
Koutra, K., Triliva, S., Roumeliotaki, T., Lionis, C., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2013). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Greek version of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales IV package (FACES IV Package). Journal of Family Issues, 34, 1647–1672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12462818
Lazarova, M., McNulty, Y., & Semeniuk, M. (2015). Expatriate family narratives on international mobility: Key characteristics of the successful moveable family In L. Mäkelä & V. Suutari (Eds.), Work and family interface in the international career context (pp. 29–51). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17647-5_3
Lewin, K. (1939a). Field theory and experiment in social psychology: Concepts and methods. American Journal of Sociology, 44, 868-896.
Lewin, K. (1939b). Field theory and experiment in social psychology: Concepts and methods. American Journal of Sociology, 44(6), 868–896.
Lewin, K., Heider, G. M., & Heider, F. (1966). Principles of topological psychology. McGraw-Hill publications.
Liebkind, K. (2001). Acculturation. In M. B. Brewer & M. Hewstine (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 386–406). Blackwell Publishers.
Limberg, D., & Lambie, G. W. (2011). Third culture kids: implications for professional school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 15(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X1101500102
Lin, W.-H., & Yi, C.-C. (2019). The effect of family cohesion and life satisfaction during adolescence on later adolescent outcomes: A prospective study. Youth & Society, 51, 680–706. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X17704865
Lucier‐Greer, M., Arnold, A. L., Mancini, J. A., Ford, J. L., & Bryant, C. M. (2015). Influences of cumulative risk and protective factors on the adjustment of adolescents in military families. Family Relations, 64, 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12123
Lyttle, A. D., Barker, G. G., & Cornwell, T. L. (2011). Adept through adaptation: Third culture individuals’ interpersonal sensitivity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.02.015
Matthewman, J. (2011). The rise of the global nomad: How to manage the new professional in order to gain recovery and maximize future growth. Kogan Page Publishers.
McClellan, F. J. (2011). "You don't really have friends, you have acquaintances" : Exploring the experience of friendship for 'adult third culture kids' from the UK : An interpretative phenomenological analysis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of East London.
McCubbin, H. I., Thompson, A. I., & McCubbin, M. A. (1996). Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation: Inventories for research and practice [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Meeus, W. (2016). Adolescent psychosocial development: A review of longitudinal models and research. Developmental Psychology, 52, 1969–1993. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000243
Meier, L. K., & Oros, L. B. (2019). Adaptation and psychometric analysis of Ryff's scales of psychological well-being in Argentinean adolescents. Psykhe, 28(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.27.2.1169
Menozzi, C. (2020). International Migration 2020 Highlight (ST/ESA/SER.A/452). U. N. Publication.
Miller, S. T., Wiggins, G. M., & Feather, K. A. (2020). Growing up globally: Third Culture Kids’ experience with transition, identity, and well-being. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 42, 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-020-09412-y
Mirnics, Z., Vargha, A., Tóth, M., & Bagdy, E. (2010). Cross-cultural applicability of FACES IV. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 21, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975351003618577
Moore, A. M., & Barker, G. G. (2012). Confused or multicultural: Third culture individuals’ cultural identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.11.002
Morales, A. (2017). Intercultural sensitivity, gender, and nationality of Third Culture Kids attending an international high school. Journal of International Education Research, 13, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.19030/jier.v13i1.9969
Nations, U. (2016). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016. U. N. Publication.
Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural shock: Adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, os-7, 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/009182966000700405
Oishi, S., Krochik, M., Roth, D., & Sherman, G. D. (2012). Residential mobility, personality, and subjective and physical well-being: An analysis of cortisol secretion. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611412395
Olson, D. H. (2000). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 144—167. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00144
Olson, D. H., Waldvogel, L., & Schlieff, M. (2019). Circumplex Model of marital and family systems: An update. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 11, 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12331
Olson, D. H. L. (2010). FACES IV manual. Life Innovations.
Ouarasse, O. A., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2005). The role of demographic variables and acculturation attitudes in predicting sociocultural and psychological adaptation in Moroccans in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 251–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.06.005
Pan, S. (2020). “Away” at “Home”: The “Returnee” experience and self identity of children of Taiwanese entrepreneurs and expatriates in Malaysia [Unpublished Master Thesis]. National Chengchi University.
Peterson, B. E., & Plamondon, L. T. (2009). Third culture kids and the consequences of international sojourns on authoritarianism, acculturative balance, and positive affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 755-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.014
Pollock, D. C., Ruth E. Van Reken, & Pollock, M. V. (2017). Third culture kids: Growing up among worlds. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Pollock, D. C., & Ruth, V. R. (2009). Third Culture Kids growing up among worlds. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
Rasmussen, K., & Salkind, N. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of educational psychology. Sage Publications.
Risch, R. P. (2008). On the move: Transition programs in international schools [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Lehigh University.
Rosenbusch, K., & Cseh, M. (2012). The cross-cultural adjustment process of expatriate families in a multinational organization: a family system theory perspective. Human Resource Development International, 15, 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2011.646895
Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49–65. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.79.1.49
Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., Paulhus, D. L., & Dere, J. (2013). Does acculturation predict interpersonal adjustment? It depends on who you talk to. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 502–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.02.002
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Salkind, N. J., & Rasmussen, K. (2008). Encyclopedia of educational psychology. SAGE Publications.
Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (1995). Acculturative stress among young immigrants in Norway. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 36, 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1995.tb00964.x
Sears, C. (2011). Integrating multiple identities: Narrative in the formation and maintenance of the self in international school students. Journal of Research in International Education, 10, 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240911399262
Seligman, M. E. P. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction In M. E. P. Seligman & M. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 279–298). Springer.
Sellers, E. D. (2011). Exploration of themes evolving from the experiences of Third Culture Kids [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ball State University
Seymour, N. (2015). Psychological Well-being in adolescents: Planning towards and thinking about the future [Unpublished doctoral disseration]. University of London.
Shaffer, M., & Harrison, D. (2001). Forgotten partners of international assignments: Development and test of a model of spouse adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 238–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.2.238
Shek, D. T. L. (1997). The relation of family functioning to adolescent psychological well-being, school adjustment, and problem behavior. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 158, 467–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221329709596683
Shigeto, A., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Brown, G. L. (2014). Roles of family cohesiveness, marital adjustment, and child temperament in predicting child behavior with mothers and fathers. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 200–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513490586
Slee, P. T. (1996). Family climate and behavior in families with conduct disordered children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 26, 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02353242
Smith, V. M. J. (2011). Third Culture Kids: Transition and persistence when repatriating to attend university [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Oklahoma State University.
Sterle, M. F., Fontaine, J. R. J., De Mol, J., & Verhofstadt, L. L. (2018). Expatriate family adjustment: An overview of empirical evidence on challenges and resources. Frontiers in Psychology 9, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01207
Stultz, W. (2003). Global and domestic nomads or Third Culture Kids: who are they and what the University needs to know. Journal of student affairs, 12, 6-11.
Tan, E. C., Wang, K. T., & Cottrell, A. B. (2021). A systematic review of third culture kids empirical research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 82, 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.03.002
Teoh, T. P. A. (2019). The impact of family relocation on Singaporean Third Culture Kids [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Regent University.
Testa, S., Doucerain, M. M., Miglietta, A., Jurcik, T., Ryder, A. G., & Gattino, S. (2019). The Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA): New evidence on dimensionality and measurement invariance across two cultural settings. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 71, 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.04.001
Thornton, S. (2008). Understanding human development: Biological, social and psychological processes from conception to adult life. Palgrave Macmillan.
Usborne, E., & de la Sablonnière, R. (2014). Understanding my culture means understanding myself: The function of cultural identity clarity for personal identity clarity and personal psychological well-being. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 44, 436–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtsb.12061
Useem, J., Useem, R. H., & Donoghue, J. D. (1963). Men in the middle of the Third Culture: The roles of American and Non-Western people in cross-cultural administration. Human Organization, 22, 169–179. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.22.3.5470n44338kk6733
Useem, R. H., & Cottrell, A. B. (1999, August 31). TCKs four times more likely to earn bachelor's degrees. TCK World. http://www.tckworld.com/useem/art2.html
Van Der Zee, Karen I., Van Oudenhoven, & Pieter, J. (2000). The multicultural personality questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectiveness. European Journal of Personality, 14, 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0984(200007/08)14:4<291::AID-PER377>3.0.CO;2-6
Van Der Zee, K. I., Ali, A. J., & Haaksma, I. (2007). Determinants of effective coping with cultural transition among expatriate children and adolescents. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 20, 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800601032781
Van Reken, R., & Bethel, P. (2005). Third Culture Kids: Prototypes for understanding other cross-cultural kids. Intercultural Management Quarterly, 6, 3–9.
Van Reken, R. E., David C. Pollock, & Pollock, M. V. (2017). Third culture kids: Growing up among worlds. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
VandenBos, G. R. (2015). APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association
Viejo, C., Gómez-López, M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2018). Adolescents' psychological well-being: A multidimensional measure. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15, 2325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102325
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1992). Locus of control, mood disturbance, and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16(2), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(92)90017-O
Warinowski, A., & Laakkonen, E. (2020). Psychological adjustment of expatriate children in cultural transitions. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 11(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs111202019471
Weeks, K., Weeks, M., & Willis-Muller, K. (2010). The adjustment of expatriate teenagers. Personnel Review, 39(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481011007841
Wickstrom, D. L., & Fleck, J. R. (1983). Missionary children: Correlates of self-esteem and dependency. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(3), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718301100308
Wilson, J. L. (2011). Family variables in the cultural and psychological adjustment of Third Culture Kids [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of North Texas.