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研究生: 劉怡伶
Liu, Yi-Ling
論文名稱: 後馬哈迪時期馬中關係
Malaysia-China Relations in the Post-Mahathir Era
指導教授: 孫國祥
Sun, Kuo-Hsiang
關弘昌
Kuan, Hung-Chang
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 東亞學系
Department of East Asian Studies
論文出版年: 2017
畢業學年度: 105
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 165
中文關鍵詞: 馬來西亞外交關係馬中關係阿都拉納吉層次分析
英文關鍵詞: Malaysia,, diplomatic relations, Malaysia-China relations, Abdullah, Najib, levels of analysis
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202202573
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:176下載:40
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  • 馬來西亞在國際社會上的表現秉持不侵犯自身利益的原則,向來不正面挑戰大國或與其他國家交惡,對外關係採取務實的外交理念。從馬中關係來看,馬來西亞面對崛起的中國,有國際環境和內部政治的考量因素。馬哈迪時期馬來西亞與中國建立穩定的情誼基礎。雖然後續的領導人延續對中政策,但是隨著國際社會環境的變遷、國內政治經濟情勢的發展、還有領導人不同的領導風格,馬中關係也推演至不同的深化階段。
    本論文主要探討馬來西亞與中國的外交關係,分別由國際、國家、個人等三個層次分析作為研究途徑。阿都拉與納吉時期的馬中關係產生的延續與變化,是本文分析在後馬哈迪時期馬中關係受影響之因素。最後本文認為後馬哈迪時期的馬來西亞政府未大幅改變馬哈迪之對中政策,僅做出些微調整。本文透過三個層次分析得出馬中關係在阿都拉時期所受到的影響主要體現在個人層次,即阿都拉的性格與政治理念與其前任不同;至於納吉執政時期恰逢國際局勢變遷之際,因此顯示國際層次為馬中關係帶來影響性因素。

    When dealing with foreign affairs in international society, Malaysia’s diplomatic policy has always been pragmatic in nature. While upholding its national interests, Malaysian government avoids direct confrontation with major powers and plays a benign role among its counterparts. Malaysia-China relations, to Malaysia, are not just about facing the China’s rise, but also show Malaysia’s consideration of its external conditions and domestic political atmosphere. The foundation of the bilateral ties between these two countries was forged during Mahathir’s administration. Although Mahathir’s successors continued his China policy, Malaysia-China relations have moved to another stage due to the change in international environment, the development of national political economy and the shift in political leadership.
    This research aims to examine the diplomatic relations between Malaysia and China through three levels of analysis, i.e., international level, state level and individual level. The author analyzes the shift and continuity in Malaysia-China relations under both Abdullah Badawi’s and Najib’s premierships, in order to understand the factors contributing to the development of the relationship in the post-Mahathir era. The findings of the research conclude that the successive government after Mahathir’s leadership has taken no major shift in Malaysia’s China policy but has made some adjustments. The outcome of three levels of analysis shows that the individual level had significant influence on Malaysia-China relations during Abdullah Badawi’s administration due to his personality and political ideology differing from those of his predecessor. On the contrary, there have been profound changes in international political economy since Najib took the helm, significantly affecting Najib’s China policy.

    目次 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與研究問題 1 一、研究背景與研究動機 1 二、研究問題與目的 6 第二節 文獻回顧 10 一、馬來西亞對外關係 10 二、馬來西亞與中國之關係 12 第三節 研究方法與架構 16 一、研究方法 16 二、研究架構 17 第四節 研究範圍與限制 22 一、研究範圍 22 二、研究限制 22 第二章 阿都拉時期之馬中關係 25 第一節 國際層次 25 一、東亞區域的變化(2003-2009) 26 二、中國的東南亞政策及東協觀點(2003-2009) 27 三、美國因素(2003-2009) 31 第二節 國家層次 35 一、國內政治 35 二、國內經濟 40 第三節 領導人層次 43 一、阿都拉從政背景 43 二、阿都拉領導作為 46 第四節 阿都拉時期馬中關係變化 50 一、 國際層次之馬中關係 50 二、國家層次之馬中關係 57 三、領導人層次之馬中關係 61 第五節 本章小結 63 第三章 納吉時期之馬中關係 67 第一節 國際層次 67 一、東亞區域的變化(2009-2015) 68 二、中美兩國之東南亞政策(2009-2015) 68 三、南海爭議(2009-2015) 73 第二節 國家層次 79 一、國內政治 79 二、國內經濟 82 第三節 領導人層次 86 一、納吉從政背景 87 二、納吉領導思維 89 第四節 納吉時期馬中關係之變化 91 一、國際層次之馬中關係 91 二、國家層次之馬中關係 95 三、領導人層次之馬中關係 104 第五節 本章小結 106 第四章 阿都拉與納吉時期馬中關係之層次分析比較 109 第一節 阿都拉及納吉時期的馬中關係之比較 109 一、阿都拉時期之馬中關係 109 二、納吉時期之馬中關係 110 第二節 馬中關係之影響因素 111 一、馬來西亞外交自主權 112 二、對中國的認知 114 三、領導人性格差異 116 第三節 馬中關係之變化 116 一、對中政策之延續 118 二、防範政策轉變—美國扮演關鍵角色 119 三、東協重要性-主持東亞高峰會的比較 120 第四節 本章小節 125 第五章 結論 127 第一節 研究成果 127 一、國際層次 128 二、國家層次 130 三、領導人層次 132 第二節 研究發現 133 一、馬來西亞對中國的主要目標改變 133 二、馬來西亞對中關係調整 135 第三節 後續研究與展望 136 一、馬中關係模式研究發展 136 二、馬中關係未來變化 137 三、馬臺或馬中臺三方的互惠互利可能性 138 參考文獻 139 圖目錄 圖1-1研究架構圖21 表目錄 表1-1馬來西亞歷任首相之表格5 表2-1 阿都拉時期馬中關係的三個層次特點表格—國際層次34 表2-2 阿都拉時期馬中關係的三個層次特點表格—國家層次42 表2-3 阿都拉時期馬中關係的三個層次特點表格—領導人層次49 表2-4 阿都拉時期馬中關係變化的三個層次表格-國際層次56 表2-5 阿都拉時期馬中關係變化的三個層次表格-國家層次60 表2-6 阿都拉時期馬中關係變化的三個層次表格-領導人層次63 表3-1 納吉時期馬中關係的三個層次特點表格—國際層次78 表3-2馬來西亞主要貿易夥伴83 表3-3 納吉時期馬中關係的三個層次特點表格—國家層次86 表3-4 納吉時期馬中關係的三個層次特點表格—領導人層次91 表3-5 納吉時期馬中關係變化的三個層次表格-國際層次94 表3-6 納吉時期馬中關係變化的三個層次表格-國家層次103 表3-7 納吉時期馬中關係變化的三個層次表格-領導人層次106 表4-1 阿都拉與納吉時期馬中關係的特點、相同與不同之處表格123

    參考文獻
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    新經濟模式只承諾使用新途徑,納吉:我沒說要廢除扶弱政策(2010年6月29日)。【當今大馬】。取自https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/135865
    《婆羅洲郵報》報道,「馬中艦艇瓊台礁對峙」(2015a年6月5日)。【星洲網】。取自http://news.sinchew.com.my/node/427429
    數家中國公司參與競標檳城53億林吉特輕軌項目(2015年10月16日)。【新華網】。取自http://my.xinhuanet.com/2015-10/16/c_128326741.htm

    二、英文
    (一)專書
    Abdul Razak Baginda (Ed.) (2009). Malaysia’s Defence & Security Since 1957. Malaysia: Malaysia Strategic Research Centre.
    Berridge, G. R. (2002). Diplomacy Second Edition: Theory and Practice. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230277359.
    Dhillon, Karminder Singh (2009). Malaysian Foreign Policy in the Mahathir Era, 1981-2003: Dilemmas of Development. Singapore: National University of Singapore.
    Hamilton, K. and Langhorne, R. (1995). The Practice of Diplomacy in Evolution, Theory and Administration. London, England: Routledge.
    Jeshurun, Chandran (2007). Malaysia: Fifty Years of Diplomacy 1957-2007. New York: The Other Press.
    Kransner, Stephen D. (1999). Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
    Lemiere, Sophie (ed.) (2014). Misplaced Democracy: Malaysian Politics and People. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
    Mingst, Karen A. (2008). Essential of International Relations. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 4th ed.
    Ooi, Kee Beng (2006). Era of Transition: Malaysia after Mahathir. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Saravanamuttu, Johan and Saravanamuttu, Jayaratnam (2010). Malaysia’s Foreign Policy: The First Fifty Years: Alignment, Neutralism, Islamism. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Scott, James C. (1968). Political Ideology in Malaysia: Reality and the Beliefs of an Elite. New Haven: Yale University Press.
    Spruyt, Hendrik (1994). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. New Jersey: Princeton University Press
    Yeoh, Oon (2009). Najib’s First 100 Days: no honeymoon. Selangor, Malaysia: Gerakbudaya Enterprise.

    (二)專書論文、學位論文
    Abdul Azim Zabidi (2013). “Before Malaysia’s Time”: An Interview with Abdul Azim Zabidi. In Bridget Welsh and Chin, James U.H.(Eds.), Awakening the Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (pp. 111-126). Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
    Chander, Ramesh (2013). Abdullah Badawi’s Economic Policies: Between Promise and Delivery. In Bridget Welsh and Chin, James U.H.(Eds.), Awakening the Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (pp.419-432). Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
    Dhillon, Karminder Singh (2005). Malaysian Foreign Policy in the Mahathir Era, 1981-2003 (Doctoral dissertation). Boston University, Massachusetts Retrieved from http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/cgi-bin2/Libo.cgi?
    Gomez, Edmund Terence (2012). The Politics and Policies of Corporate Development: Race, Rents and Redistribution in Malaysia. In Hal Hill, Tham Siew Yean and Ragayah Haji Mat Zin (Eds.), Malaysia’s Development Challenges: Graduating from the Middle (63-82). New York: Routledge.
    Hill, Hal (2008). Malaysian Economic Development in Comparative Southeast Asian Perspective. In Liao, Shaolian (Ed.), Malaysia and Sino-Malaysian Relations in a Changing World (pp. 1-34). Xiamen, China: Xiamen University Press.
    Khalid, K. M. (2013). Malaysian Foreign Relations and Diplomacy under Abdullah Badawi. In Bridget Welsh and Chin, James U.H.(Eds.), Awakening the Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (pp. 527-550). Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
    Kim, Shee Poon (2008). Malaysia’s Changing Policies toward China: From Non-Recognition to Rapprochement. In Liao, Shaolian (Ed.), Malaysia and Sino-Malaysian Relations in a Changing World (pp. 231-252). Xiamen,China: Xiamen University Press.
    Kuik, C. C. (2013). Malaysia’s China Policy under Abdullah More Continuity than Change? In Bridget Welsh and Chin, James U.H.(Eds.), Awakening the Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (pp. 590-608). Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
    Kuik, C. C. (2014b). Malaysia-China Relations: Three Enduring Themes. In Meredith L. Weiss (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia (pp. 417-427). London & New York: Routledge.
    Lee, John (2011). Malaysia “Punching above its Weight”…and Finally Hitting the Target. In Daljit Singh (Ed.), Southeast Asian Affairs (pp.158–170). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Liow, Joseph Chin Yong (2005). Balancing, Bandwagoning, or Hedging: Strategic and Security Patterns in Malaysian’s Relations with China, 1981-2003. In Ho, Khai Leong and Ku, Samuel C Y (Eds.), China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenges. (pp. 281-306). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies/ Kaohsiung, Taiwan ROC: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Liow, Joseph Chin Yong (2009). Malaysia's Post-Cold War China Policy: A Reassessment. In Jun Tsunekawa (Ed.), The Rise of China: Responses from Southeast Asia and Japan. (pp. 47-79). Tokyo, Japan: The National Institute for Defense Studies.
    Martinez, P. A. (2005). Malaysia in 2004: Abdullah Badawi Defines His Leadership. In Chin Kin Wah (Ed.), Southeast Asian Affairs, utheast Asian Affairs. (pp.191-210). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Nathan, K. S. (2013) National Security Conceptions and Foreign Policy Behaviour: Transcending the Dominant Race Paradigm? In Anthony Milner, Abdul Rahman Embong and Tham Siew Yean (Eds.), Transforming Malaysia: Dominant and Competing Paradigms. (pp. 202). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
    Pan, Yining (2008). China-Malaysia Relationship: Malaysia’s Security Perceptions of China’s Rise. In Liao, Shaolian (Eds.), Malaysia and Sino-Malaysian Relations in a Changing World (pp. 274-282). Xiamen, China: Xiamen University Press.
    Selat, A. M. (2006). New Direction in Malaysia’s Foreign Policy: from Tunku to Abdullah Badawi. In Ruhans Harun(Ed.), Malaysia’s Foreign Relations: Issues and Challenges. (pp. 13-28). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of Malaysia Press.
    Sodhy, P. (2007). Malaysia-US Relations. In Abdul Razak Baginda (Ed.), Malaysia’s Foreign Policy: Continuity and Change. Shah Alan: Marshall Cavendish(Malaysia) Sdn Bhd.
    Tun Abdullah Badawi (2013). “Doing the Invisible”: A Conversation with Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. In Bridget Welsh and Chin, James U.H.(Eds.), Awakening the Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (pp. 3-38). Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.

    (三)期刊論文
    Apdal, M. S. and Thayer, C. A. (2003). Security, Political Terrorism and Militant Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1-36.
    Astarita, C. (2008). China's Role in the Evolution of Southeast Asian Regional Organizations. China Perspectives, 3(75):78-86.
    Dalpino, C. E. (2005). China’s Emergence in Asia and Implications for U.S. Relations with Southeast Asia. Statement before the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1-10.
    Gatsiounis, I. (2006). Islam Hadhari in Malaysia. Hudson Institute, 78-88.
    Bakar, I. A. (2005). Malaysian Perceptions of China. Historia Actual Online, (7): 93-105.
    Johnson, J. R. (2010). Cooperation and Pragmatism: Malaysian Foreign Policy under Najib. Asia Pacific Bulletin, 63: 1-2.
    Khalid, K. M. (2011). Malaysia's Foreign Policy under Najib. University of California Press, 51(3): 429-452.
    Kuik, C. C. (2008). The Essence of Hedging: Malaysia and Singapore’s Response to a Rising China. Contemporary Southeast Asia: a Joumal of International and Strategic Affairs, 30(2): 159-185.
    Kuik, C. C. (2012). Malaysia’s China Policy in the Post-Mahathir Era: A Neoclassical Realist Explanation. Singapore: Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 244: 1-56.
    Kuik, C. C. (2013). Making Sense of Malaysia’s China Policy: Asymmetry, Proximity, and Elite’s Domestic Authority. Oxford Journals: The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 6: 429-467. doi:10.1093/cjip/pot006.
    Liow, J. C. Y. (2000). Malaysia-China Relations in the 1990s: The Maturing of a Partnership. Asian Survey, 40(4): 672-691.
    Mauzy, D. K. and Job, B. L. (2007). U.S. Policy in Southeast Asia: Limited Re-engagement after Years of Benign Neglect. Asian Survey, 47(4): 622-641.
    McDevitt, M. (2007). The 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review and National Security Strategy: Is There an American Strategic Vision for East Asia? Issues and Insights, 7(1): 1-3.
    Ott, M. C.(1972)Foreign Policy Formulation in Malaysia. Asian Survey, 12(3): 225-241.
    Pandian, S., Omar, R. and Sani M. A.M. (2010). “Work with me, not for me”: Malaysia under Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (2003-2009). Asian Culture History, 2(1): 97-107.
    Singer, J. D. (1961). The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations Cambridge University Press, 14(1): 77-92.
    Sodhy, P. (2003). US-Malaysian Relations during the Bush Administration: The Political, Economic, and Security Aspect. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 25(3): 363-386.
    Tay, S. C. S. (2004). Asia and the United States after 9/11: Primacy and Partnership in the Pacific. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 28(1): 622-641.
    Welsh, B. (2005). Malaysia in 2004: Out of Mahathir’s Shadow? Asian Survey, 45(1): 153-160. doi: 10.1525/as.2005.45.1.153.
    Welsh, B. (2013). Malaysia’s Election and Najib’s Challenged Mandate. Asia Pacific Bulletin, 216: 1-2.
    Yurdusev, A. N. (1993). “Level of Analysis” and “Unit of Analysis”: a Case for Distinction. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 22(1): 77-88. doi: 10.1177/03058298930220010601
    (四)官方資訊
    1、政府演講、官方文件
    Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, (2005, Mar. 31). Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand,Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi, China-Malaysia Economic Conference, Bandar Sunway. (2004, Feb.24)
    Chairman’s Statement of the 27th ASEAN Summit Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Our People, Our Community, Our Vision. (2015, Nov. 18- 22). Retrieved from http://asean.org/asean/asean-structure/asean-summit/27th-asean-summit-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-18-22-november-2015/
    Najib Razak (2016, May 17). Global Competitiveness: Malaysia's Aspirations. [NajibRazak.com]. Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/bm/blog/global-competitiveness-malaysias-aspirations/
    Najib Razak (2015, Nov. 21-22).Opening Address By Datuk Seri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak, Prime Minister Of Malaysia Opening Ceremony of the 27th ASEAN Summit and Related Summit. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [Bernama]. Retrieved from http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v8/bu/newsbusiness.php?id=1192001
    Najib Razak (2013, June 13). Keynote Address By YAB Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak Prime Minister Of Malaysia At Invest Malaysia 2013. [NajibRazak.com], Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/bm/speeches/keynote-address-by-yab-dato-sri-mohd-najib-bin-tun-haji-abdul-razak-prime-minister-of-malaysia-at-invest-malaysia-2013/.
    Najib Razak (2012, May 28). 26th Asia-Pacific Roundtable –ISIS. [NajibRazak.com]. Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/en/speeches/26th-asia-pacific-roundtable-isis/.
    Najib Razak (2009, June 22). Datuk Seri Najib, Speech at, “Malaysia Foreign Policy: Future Direction for 2009-2015”, in Heads of Mission Conference, Putrajaya Kuala Lumpur,
    Najib Razak (2009, June 22). Keynote Address at the 7th Heads if Mission Conference – “Malaysian Foreign Policy: Future Direction for 2009-2015”. [NajibRazak.com]. Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/en/speeches/keynote-address-at-the-7th-heads-of-mission-conference-malaysian-foreign-policyfuture-direction-for-2009-2015/
    Najib Razak (2006, Mar. 9). Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, “Strategic Outlook for East Asia: A Malaysian Perspective”, Keynote Address to the Malaysia and East Asia International Conference, Kuala Lumpur,
    Statement by Christopher J. LaFleur, Ambassador-Designate to Malaysia, U.S.-Malaysian Relations on “a Positive Path”. (2004, Sep. 10). [U.S Department of State]. Retrieved from http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/37271.htm
    “Agreement Between the Government Of Malaysia And The Communist Party Of Malaya To Terminate Hostilities” 1989 [Their Word]
    “Malaysia International Trade and Industry Report 2015"“U.S. Accession to ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC)” [Association of Southeast Asian Nations]
    “Rethinking the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) in the Post-Cold War Era” (2011, May 31) 25TH Asia-Pacific Roundtable” [Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia.]

    (五)官方網站
    [Association of Southeast Asian Nation]. Retrieved from http://www.asean.org/Biography Najib Razak.
    [NajibRazak.com]. Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/en/about/
    [Department of Statistics Malaysia, Official Portal]. Retrieved from https://www.statistics.gov.my/.
    Five Power Defense Arrangements (FPDA). [Global Security]. Retrieved from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/int/fpda.htm
    Malaysia’s Foreign Policy. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia]. Retrieved from http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy
    [Maritime Security Coast Surveillance]. Retrieved from http://www.coastalsurveillancemda.com/
    [Muslim Population]. Retrieved from http://www.muslimpopulation.com/asia/
    [Malaysia’s Free Trade Agreements]. Retrieved from http://fta.miti.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/60?mid=39
    [The World Bank]. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2015&locations=MY&start=1961&view=chart
    [U.S. Department of State]. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/10/215235.htm
    (六)研討會、書評
    Dalpino, C. E. (2005, June). China’s Emergence in Asia and Implications for U.S. Relations with Southeast Asia. The Emergence of China Throughout Asia: Security and Economic Consequences for the U.S. Symposium conducted at United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
    Gibbons, D. S. (1969). Political Ideology in Malaysia: Reality and the Beliefs of an Elite. By James C. Scott. New Haven: Yale University Press [Review of Political Ideology in Malaysia: Reality and the Beliefs of an Elite. by James C. Scott]. The Journal of Asian Studies. 29(1): 203-205. doi: 10.2307/2942581.
    Khalid, K. M. (conference) (2009, Set. ). Malaysian Foreign Policy Orientation and Relations in the Post-Mahathir Years. (pp. 306-336). University of Malaya in International Conference on Malaysia: Malaysia in Global Perspective, Cairo University, Egypt.
    Lim, T. S. (2009). Renewing 35 Years of Malaysia-China Relations: Najib’s Visit to China. Singapore: East Asia Institute, 1-14.
    Roff, William R. (1971, Jun.). Review. [Review of Political Ideology in Malaysia: Reality and the Beliefs of an Elite. by James C. Scott]. the Academy of Political Science. 356-358. doi: 10.2307/2148057.
    Shee, P. K. (2004) .The Political Economy of Mahathir’s China Policy: Economic Cooperation, Political and Strategic Ambivalence. The International Studies Association of Ritsumeikan University: Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies. at International Studies Association of Ritsumeikan University, Japan.
    Sodhy, P. (2012). Malaysia-US Relations 2000-2011. Malaysia: Institute of Strategic and International Studies,1-134

    (七)網路資訊
    Chang, Felix K. (2014, July 9). A Question of Rebalancing: Malaysia’s Relations with China. [Foreign Policy Research Institute]. Retrieved from http://www.fpri.org/article/2014/07/a-question-of-rebalancing-malaysias-relations-with-china/
    Clinton, H. (2011, Oct. 11). America's Pacific Century. [Foreign Policy]. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/
    Das, Sanchita Basu and Iseas-Yii (2015, Dec. 5). Evaluating Malaysia’s ASEAN Chairmanship. [Esat. Asia Forum]. Retrieved from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/12/05/evaluating-malaysias-asean-chairmanship/
    Graham, Euan (2014, Oct. 21). FPDA—not Fade Away. [Australian Strategic Policy Institute]. Retrieved from http://www.aspistrategist.org.au/fpda-not-fade-away/
    Grudgings, Stuart (2014, Feb. 26). Insight – China's Assertiveness Hardens Malaysian Stance in Sea Dispute. [Reuters]. Retrieved from http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-malaysia-china-maritime-insight-idUKBREA1P1Z020140226
    Huxley, Tim (2012, Nov. 8,). The future of the Five Power Defence Arrangements. [Australian Strategic Policy Institute]. Retrieved from http://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-future-of-the-five-power-defence-arrangements
    Keck, Zachary (2013, Oct. 19). Malaysia to Establish Marine Corps and South China Sea Naval Base. [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/malaysia-to-establish-marine-corps-and-south-china-sea-naval-base/ Zachary Keck
    Kuik, C. C. (2014a, Oct. 28). Malaysia-China Relations after MH370: Policy Change or Business as Usual? [The Asan Forum]. Retrieved from http://www.theasanforum.org/malaysia-china-relations-after-mh370-policy-change-or-business-as-usual/
    Kuik, C. C. (2015, Dec. 6). Malaysia’s Balancing Act. [The New York Times]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/07/opinion/malaysias-balancing-act.html?_r=2
    Lockman, Shahriman (2013, Apr. 24). Why Malaysia isn’t afraid of China(for now). [The Strategist]. Retrieved from http://www.aspistrategist.org.au/why-malaysia-isnt-afraid-of-china-for-now/
    Mergawati Zulfakar (2013, Feb. 20). Najib Hopes Wen Will Continue to Promote Malaysia-China Relations. [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/11/20/najib-hopes-wen-will-continue-to-promote-malaysiachina-relations/
    Nguyen, Huu Tuc (2015, Jan.20). Malaysia Likely to Keep China "Hedging" Policy, [Asia Cargo News]. Retrieved from: http://www.asiacargonews.com/en/news/detail?id=96
    Parameswaran, Prashanth (2015a, Dec. 4). Malaysia Wants Expanded Naval Protocol Amid South China Sea Disputes. [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/malaysia-wants-expanded-naval-protocol-amid-south-china-sea-disputes/
    Parameswaran Prashanth (2015b, Mar. 6) Malaysia's South China Sea Policy: Playing It Safe.. [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/malaysias-south-china-sea-policy-playing-it-saf
    Parameswaran, Prashanth (2015c, Jun. 9). Malaysia Responds to China’s South China Sea Intrusion. [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/06/malaysia-responds-to-chinas-south-china-sea-intrusion/e/
    Parameswaran, Prashanth (2015d, Nov. 6). What Did the 3rd ASEAN Defense Minister’s Meeting Plus Achieve? [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/11/what-did-the-3rd-asean-defense-ministers-meeting-plus-accomplish/
    Permal, Sumathy (2015, Sep. 28). MinDef: The 1st Malaysia-China Strategic Defence and Security Consultation (SDSC). [Official Portal Ministry of Defence, Malaysia]. Retrieved from http://www.mod.gov.my/en/information/257-arkib-berita/1293-mindef-the-1st-malaysia-china-strategic-defence-and-security-consultation-sdsc.html
    Permal, Sumathy (2015a, Sep. 28). China and Malaysia’s First-Ever Joint Military Exercise is an Important Strategic Move. [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/09/28/friendship-and-peace-on-the-waterway/
    Pullin, Richard (2015, Oct. 18). Malaysia slams China's "provocation" in South China Sea. [Reuters]. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/malaysia-southchinasea-china-idUSL3N12I04D20151018
    Qin, Jize (2013, Feb. 6). China, Malaysia Launch Joint Industrial Park. [China Daily]. Retrieved from http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-02/06/content_16205587.htm
    Rahmat, Ridzwan (2015, Dec. 03). Malaysia Calls for Expanded Use of Cues in South China Sea. [HIS Jane’s360]. Retrieved from http://www.janes.com/article/56426/malaysia-calls-for-expanded-use-of-cues-in-south-china-sea
    Symonds, Peter (2015, Apr. 28). South China Sea Disputes Dominate ASEAN Summit. [World Socialist Web Site]. Retrieved from https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/04/28/asea-a28.html
    Tarmizi, Jastin Ahmad (2015, Dec. 27). In Command of Our Seas. [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/12/27/in-command-of-our-seas-he-may-be-new-at-the-helm-but-admiral-datuk-seri-ahmad-kamarulzaman-ahmad-bad/
    Tho, Xin Yi (2014, Nov. 10). Malaysia, China Intimate Friends, Says Chinese President. [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/11/10/apec-chinese-president-meets-najib-razak/
    Trefor Moss (2015, Aug. 4). Asean Urged to Stand Up to Beijing Over South China Sea. [The Wall Street Journal]. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/asean-urged-to-stand-up-to-beijing-over-south-china-sea-1438690560
    Wee, Sui-Lee and Mogato, Manuel (2014, May 23). China Warns Japan, Philippines Accuses China in Maritime Spat. [Reuters]. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-idUSBREA4M04Y20140523
    Wong, Sai Wan and Chow, How Ban (2009, June 4). Najib’s Visit Heralds a New Era of Diplomatic Ties with China. [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2009/06/04/najibs-visit-heralds-a-new-era-of-diplomatic-ties-with-china/
    “Engage China” The View from Kuala Lumpur. [Asiaweek.com]. Retrieved from
    http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/97/0801/cs2.html
    Hillary Clinton's Trips to Asia. (2010, Jan. 14). [The Washington Post]. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/13/AR2010011304283.html
    Joint Press Release on the 7th FPDA Defence Ministers' Meeting. (2009, Jun. 1). [MINDEF Singapore]. Retrieved from http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/press_room/official_releases/nr/2009/jun/01jun09_nr.html#.V2oBcvl97IU
    Joint Statement on the ASEAN-U.S. Strategic Partnership. (2015a, Nov. 21). [The White House]. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/11/21/joint-statement-asean-us-strategic-partnership
    Khazanah Sets Up First Overseas Office in Beijing. (2008, Oct. 24). [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/10/24/khazanah-sets-up-first-overseas-office-in-beijing/
    Malaysia-China Relations at the Best Level in History -Najib. (2015, Nov. 18). [Astro Awani]. Retrieved from http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/malaysia-china-relations-best-level-history-najib-81317
    Malaysia to Establish Marine Corps, Naval Base Close to Shoal. (2013, Oct. 18). [Malaysia Today]. Retrieved from http://www.malaysia-today.net/malaysia-to-establish-marine-corps-naval-base-close-to-shoal/
    Malaysia, China, Hold Their First Ever Defence and Security Consultation. (2012, Sep. 11). [Nam News Network]. Retrieved from http://namnewsnetwork.org/v3/read.php?id=MjA1ODE3
    Malaysia to help resolve Middle East crisis. (2006, Dec. 19). [The Star Online Tuesday]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2006/12/19/malaysia-to-help-resolve-middle-east-crisis/
    Najib Stresses China Ties Despite Growing Asia Territorial Disputes. (2014, May 22). [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/05/22/najib-razak-malaysia-china-japan-territorial-disputes/
    Najib Describes China Trip as Encouraging for Diplomatic Relations. (2014, June 1). [Malaymail Online]. Retrieved from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/najib-describes-china-trip-as-encouraging-for-diplomatic-relations#sthash.aaNwWjSp.dpuf
    Obama Expected to Push for Closer Ties with Malaysia, Asean During Visit. (2014a, Apr.16). [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/04/16/obama-to-push-for-closer-malaysia-asean-ties/
    Obama was Overwhelmed by Malaysian Hospitality, Says US Ambassador. (2014b, May 5). [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/05/05/obama-overwhlemed-malaysia-hospitality/
    Obama to Discuss TPPA and South China Sea in KL. (2015b, Nor. 3). [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/11/03/obama-to-discuss-tppa-and-south-china-sea-in-kl/
    Official Launch of Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park. (2013, Feb. 5). [Office of The Prime Minister Putrajaya, Malaysia]. Retrieved from http://www.pmo.gov.my/home.php?menu=speech&page=1908&news_id=643&speech_cat=2
    Special Committee to Study Economic Impact on Malaysia-China Trade. (2014a, Apr. 12).[Malaymail Online]. Retrieved from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/money/article/government-to-form-special-committee-to-study-economic-impact-on-malaysia-c#sthash.kvYt0Agj.dpuf
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    U.S., Malaysia don't Bite over Hunger Strike. (2002, Apr. 16). [CNN]. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/04/15/malaysia.kelly/
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