本研究旨在建構青少年諮商團體領導能力訓練方案，並且探究青少年諮商團體領導能力訓練方案的成效。研究者用文獻回顧與專家內容效度進行方案建構；並運用準實驗研究設計方法，比較實驗組與對照組在團體領導能力量表上前後測的差異，同時結合團體焦點訪談以探究實驗組在訓練方案中的學習經驗。
研究結果發現，青少年諮商團體領導能力訓練方案，有助於青少年團體領導者提昇團體領導能力。特別是在：引導與推進過程的能力、建立互動規範、促進凝聚力、深化團體、突破過程障礙等五個能力在量表得分有顯著的提昇效果。在參與訓練方案後的焦點訪談資料分析結果發現，青少年團體領導者的學習經驗主要包括：建立團體規範、引導表達與增進互動、團體焦點的維持與轉移、增進團體凝聚力、化解抗拒、增加個人的覺察、問題解決與行動，以及學習回顧、評量與結束團體的技巧八個面向。
最後，本研究依據研究發現，做出結論並提出相關建議，提供研究者、訓練者，以及青少年團體領導者在後續青少年諮商團體領導的參考依據。

The purpose of this study was to construct a training project to promote the leadership competency for adolescent group counseling. The study also examined the effects of the leadership training project for adolescent group counselor. The study could divide into three stages to execute. In the first stage of the study, 8 experts were interviewed for the leadership training project for adolescent group counselor. In the second and third stage of the study, the method of Quasi-Experimental Design and Focusing Group Interviewing were used to reach examining the effects of this training project. The study gathered both the qualitative and quantitative data to explore the effects of the leadership training project for adolescent group counselor, which includes the contents and competencies for training adolescents group counselor. Besides, the leadership training project for adolescent group counselor was proved to promote the leadership competencies of the experimental group, which includes process leading and facilitating, norm building, cohesion facilitating, group depth enhancing, process obstacle breaking through. Moreover, the leadership training project was provided rich learning experiences for the experimental group. Based on these findings, the leadership training project for adolescent group counselor can be used in future adolescents group counseling training. Finally, the researcher listed some suggestions for the future researcher and counseling education.

一、中文部分
中央研究院（2015）。IRB教育訓練。線上檢索日期：2018年6月2日，網址：http://irb.sinica.edu.tw/education.html。
王麗斐（2000）。「共識質化研究」：一個因心理治療研究而生的另類質化研究法。輔導季刊，36，7-16。
台灣輔導與諮商學會（2013）。諮商心理實習及實習機構審查辦法。線上檢索日期：2014年9月30日，網址：http://www.guidance.org.tw/internship_02.html。
台灣諮商心理學會（2012）。台灣諮商心理學會心理諮商督導認證辦法。線上檢索日期：2013年3月31日，網址：http://www.twcpa.org.tw/eweb/uploadfile/20130117114514404.doc。
田秀蘭、陳淑琦、劉玲君、王櫻芬（2003）。兒童團體輔導能力的內涵與評量研究。中華輔導學報，14，89-116。
江宛凌（2005）。以塔羅牌為媒介諮商中低自尊大學生所知覺重要事件與晤談感 受之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立屏東教育大學，屏東縣。
考選部（2017）。專門職業及技術人員考試法規。線上檢索日期：2018年6月2日，網址：http://wwwc.moex.gov.tw/main/ExamLaws/wfrmExamLaws.aspx?kind=3&menu_id=320&laws_id=113。
吳秀碧（2005）。諮商團體領導原理的建構：螺旋式領導方法。中華輔導學報，17，1-32。
吳秀碧（2010）。一個進階領導者系統化訓練模式的建構。輔導季刊，46（2），55-65。
吳秀碧（2017）。團體諮商與治療。一個嶄新的人際-心理動力模式。台北市：五南文化。
吳秀碧、許育光（2012）。團體領導能力量表之編製與信、效度建構。中華輔導與諮商學報，32，2-32。
宋曜廷、潘佩妤（2010）。混合研究在教育研究的應用。教育科學研究期刊，55（4），97-130。
李慧玟（2011）。校園高關懷國中生介入方案－優勢取向小團體諮商之效果（未出版之博士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
周雅容（1997）。焦點團體法在調查研究上的應用。調查研究，3，51-73。
林杏足（2003）。青少年諮商的同冰之行—建立關係的方法與策略。輔導季刊，39（2），1-9。
林逸媛（2003）。性侵害倖存少女參與優勢取向諮商團體所知覺改變歷程之分析研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立彰化師範大學，彰化縣。
徐西森（1996）。現實治療法對青少年偏差行為問題諮商效果之研究。高雄工商專校學報，26，401-443。
張春興（2000）。張氏心理學辭典。台北市：東華。
張景然（2001）。團體諮商的規劃和實施：第二年的督導報告。輔導季刊，37（3）， 37-46
梁啟超（2012）。運用投射性視覺藝術圖卡於喪親青少年諮商團體之成效研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
許以恆（2006）。生涯團體對國中女生生涯概念、職業興趣與職業性別刻板印象輔導效果研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立屏東教育大學，屏東縣。
許育光（2013）。團體諮商與心理治療多元場域應用實務。台北市：五南文化。
許智傑（2010）。創意與活力的結合：與青少年個案諮商的藝術。台灣諮商心理季刊，2（3），19-31。
許智傑、謝政廷、吳秀碧（2014）。團體諮商研究之題材與方法之整合性分析：以2001-2012為例。台灣諮商心理學報，2（2），49-75。
郭人鳳（2002）。焦點解決短期團體諮商對國中生情緒智能輔導效果之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學，嘉義縣。
郭生玉（2012）。心理與教育研究法：量化、質性與混合研究法。台北市：精華。
郭姝欣（2013）。同理心訓練團體對高中生之情緒智能、人際關係、生活適應影響之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學，彰化縣。
陳均姝（2008）。團體層次與個人層次變項對於團體治療性因素的影響：多層次縱貫研究分析（未出版之博士論文）。國立台灣師範大學，台北市。
陳杏琳（2011）。認知行為取向團體對憂鬱青少年之輔導效果研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
陳麗珍（2013）藝術媒材活動應用於青少年成長團體之過程效果分析（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學，彰化縣。
曾琬雅（2009）。現實治療團體諮商對受霸凌國中生自我概念與憂鬱情緒效果研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學，嘉義縣。
游孟潔（2012）。正向心理學取向團體方案對憂鬱傾向青少年之輔導效果研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立台南大學，台南市。
程小蘋、林杏足（2003）。國中輔導教師對青少年個案身心特徵、晤談問題及諮商作法之知覺分析。彰化師大輔導學報，25，133-173。
黃惠雯、董琬芬、梁文蓁、林兆衛（2007）。最新質性方法與研究。台北市：韋伯。
楊瑞蘭（2014）。探索教育團體對憂鬱傾向高中生之自我效能影響研究（未出版之碩士論文）。朝陽科技大學，台中市。
葉敏芳（2011）。音樂治療團體對憂鬱青少年之諮商效果研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
廖俞榕（2011）。阿德勒學派團體諮商在青少年網路成癮行為上之諮商成效研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
潘正德、游淑華（2000）。團體歷程中成員特質、活動反應、領導能力知覺與治療因素之相關研究。中原學報，28（4），103-114。
駱俊宏（2005）。E世代青少年心理健康與師生關係內涵之探析。學生輔導，99，160-166。
謝志偉（2007）。教育研究典範的未來趨勢：混合方法論（Mixed Methodology）介紹。屏東教育大學學報，26，175-194。
謝芳鈞（2012）。認知行為取向團體諮商對國中校園欺凌受害者之諮商效果研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立台南大學，台南市。
謝麗紅（2002）。團體諮商設計方案與實例。台北市：五南。
謝麗紅（2009）。團體諮商方案設計與實例（二版）。台北市：五南文化。
謝麗紅、翁毓秀、張歆祐（2007）。團體督導對碩士層級準諮商師團體領導能力督導效果之分析研究。輔導與諮商學報，29（2），99-116。
謝麗紅、陳尚綾（2014）。新手領導者對青少年團體帶領經驗之分析研究。輔導與諮商學報，36（2），65-81。
謝麗紅、鄭麗芬（1999）。準諮商員團體諮商領導能力狀況調查研究。輔導學報，20，57-81。
簡憶玲（2011）。結構性活動應用於青少年成長團體之效果分析（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學，彰化縣。
蘇桂慧（2012）。「歷程性繪畫」藝術治療團體對受霸凌高中生情緒特質與自尊之效果研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學，彰化縣。
蘇琮祺（2001）。焦點解決取向團體諮商之研究－以接受感化教育的藥物濫用少年為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學，嘉義縣。
林正昌譯（2015）。研究設計：質化、量化及混合方法取向（中文二版）。台北市：學富。Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication.
張子正譯（1998）。青少年團體諮商—生活技巧方案。台北市：五南文化。Morganett, R. S. (1990). Skills for living: Group counseling activities for young adolescents. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
張欣戊、林淑玲、李明芝譯 （2014）。發展心理學。學富文化。Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence (5rd ed). Belmont, CA: Brools/Cole, Cengage Learning.
連廷誥、連廷嘉、連秀鸞譯（2006）。認識諮商研究。心理。McLeod, J. (2003). Doing counselling research. London: SAGE Publication.
陳昭伶、蔡春美、李花環、施香如、陳慶福、蕭玉伶、高琇鈴譯（2009）。兒童及青少年：團體諮商與心理治療。台北市：華騰文化。Shechtman, Z. (2006). Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Routledge.
陳增穎譯（2014）。團體諮商：概念與歷程。台北市：心理。Berg, R. C., Landreth, G. L., & Fall, K. A. (2013). Group counseling: Concepts and procedures (5th ed). New York: Routledge.
陳慶福、翁樹澍、許淑穗、劉志如、吳淑禎、王沂釗等譯（2010）。團體諮商：歷程與實務。台北市：學富文化。Corey, M. S., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2009). Groups: Process and practice. Belmont, CA: Brools/Cole, Cengage Learning.
程小蘋、黃慧涵、劉安真、梁淑娟譯（2007）。團體諮商策略與技巧。台北市：五南。Jacobs, E. E., Harvill, R. L., & Masson, R. L. (2006). Group counseling: Strategies and skills. Belmont, CA: Brools/Cole, Cengage Learning.
黃俊豪、連廷嘉譯（2004）。青少年心理學。台北市：學富文化。Rice, F. P., & Dolgin, K. G. (2002). The Adolescent: Development, Relationships, and Culture. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
翟宗惕、鄔佩麗譯（2001）。青少年團體治療。認知行為互動取向。原著Sheldon D. R. (1998). Group therapy with troubled youth: A cognitive-behavioral interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication.
謝志偉、王慧玉譯（2010）。混合方法研究導論。台北市：心理。Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2010). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication.

二、外文部分
Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) (2000). Professional standards for the training of group workers [Online]. Retrieved Sep 30, 2014 from the World Wide Web: http://www.asgw.org/pdf/training_standards.pdf
Barlow, S. H., Burlingam, G M., & Fuhriman, A. (2000). Therapeutic application of groups: From Pratt's "thought control classes" to modern group psychotherapy. Group Dynamics, 4, 115-134.
Bishop, J. A., & Inderbitzen, H. M. (1995). Peer acceptance of friendship: An investigation of the relation to self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 15, 476-489.
Bolman, L. (1971). Some effects of trainers on their T-group. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7, 309-325 .
Bratton, S. C., & Ferebee, K. W. (1999).The use of structured expressive art activities in group activity therapy with preadolescents. In D. S. Sweeney & L. E. Homeyer. (Eds.), The handbook of group play therapy (pp. 192-214). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Brigman, G., & Goodman, B. E. (2001). Group counseling for school counselors: A practical guide (2nd ed.). Portland, Maine: J. Weston Walch, Inc.
Brown, J. B., Dickie, I., Brown, L., & Biehn, J. (1997). Long-term attendance at a family practice teaching unit: Qualitative study of patients’ views. Canadian Family Physician, 43, 901-906.
Burlingame, G. M., Fuhriman, A, J., & Johnson, J. (2004a). Current status and future directions of group therapy research. In J. L. Delucia-Waack, D. Gerrity, C. R. Kalodner, & M. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 651-660). CA: Sage.
Burlingame, G. M., Fuhriman, A, J., & Johnson, J. (2004b). Process and outcome in group counseling and psychotherapy: A perspective. In J. L. Delucia-Waack, D. Gerrity, C. R. Kalodner, & M. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 49-61). CA: Sage.
Burlingame, G. M., MacKenzie, K. R., & Strauss, B. (2004). Small group treatment: Evidence for effectiveness and mechanisms of change. In M. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin & Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 647-696). NY: Wiley.
Carrell, S. (1993). Group exercises for adolescents: A manual for therapists. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Carson, D., & Becker, K. (2004). When lightning strikes: Reexamining creativity in psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82(1), 111-115.
Choate, L. (2010). Interpersonal group therapy for women experiencing bulimia. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 35(4), 349-364.
Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlike, M.E. (1999). Historical, cultural, and legal/ethical considerations. In R. J. Cohen & M. E. Swerdlike, Psychological assessment and testing (4th ed., pp. 524-563). CA: Mayfield.
Conyne, R. (2003). Group work issues: Past, present, and future. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 28, 291-298.
Corey, G. (2004). The theory and practice of group counseling (6th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/ Cole.
Corey, M. S., & Corey, G. (1987). Group counseling: Process and practice (3rd ed.). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Corey, M.S., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2010). Groups:Process and Practice (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA:Brooks/Cole.
Coulson, W. R. (1999). Client-centered therapy. In J. Donigian & D. Hulse-Killacky. (Eds.), Critical incidents in group therapy (2nd ed., pp. 7-19). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Program (CACREP). (2014). 2016 CACREP Standards Revision Process [Online]. Retrieved Sep 30, 2014 from the World Wide Web: http://www.cacrep.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2016-Standars-Draft-2.pdf
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Program (CACREP). (2009). Download a copy of the 2009 CACREP Standards [Online]. Retrieved Aug 31, 2014 from the World Wide Web: http://www.cacrep.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2009-Standards.pdf
Crespi, T. D. (2009). Group counseling in the schools: Legal, ethical, and treatment issues in school practice. Psychology in the Schools, 46(3), 273-280.
DeLucia-Waack, J. L. (1997). The importance of processing activities, exercises, and events to group work practitioners. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 22, 277-293.
Delucia-Waack, J. L. (2006). Using activities in group work. In J. L. Delucia-Waack, K. H. Bridbord, K. S. Kleomer, & A. G. Nitza (Eds.), Group work experts share their favorite activities: A guide to choosing, planning, conducting, and processing (pp. 5-10). Alexamdria, VA: Associaton for Specialists in Group Work.
DeRosier, M. E. (2004). Building relationships and combating bullying: Effectiveness of a school-based social skills group intervention. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(1), 196-201.
Dies, K. G. (2000). Adolescent development and a model of group psychotherapy: Effective leadership in the new millennium. Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy,10, 97-111.
Dies, R. R. (1983). Clinical implications of research on leadership in short-term group psychotherapy. In R. R. Dies & K. R. MacKenzie (Eds.), Advances in group psychotherapy: Integrating research and practice (pp. 27-78). NY: International Universities Press.
Eriksen, K., & McAuliffe, G. (2003). A measure of counselor competency. Counselor Education and Supervision, 43(2), 120-133 .
Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. NY: Norton.
Estrade, P. (1995). “Adolescents’ self-reports of pro-social responses to friends and acquaintances: The role of sympathy-related cognitive, affective, and motivational processes.” Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 173-200.
Fletcher, T. B., & Hinkle, J. S. (2002). Adventure based counseling: An innovation in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(3), 277-285.
Frankel, K. A. (1990) “Girls’ perceptions of peer relationship support and stress.” Journal of Early Adolescence, 10,69-88.
Fuhriman, A., & Burlingame, G. M. (1999). Does group psychotherapy work? In J. R. Price, D. R. Hescheles, & A. R. Price (Eds.), A guide to starting psychotherapy groups (pp. 81-98). CA: Academic Press.
Gazda, G. M. (1989). Group counseling: A developmental approach (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Gazda, G. M., Ginter, E. J., & Horne, A. M. (2001). Group counseling and group psychotherapy: Theory and application. MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Gil, E. (1994). Play in family therapy. NY: Guilford Press.
Gladding, S. T. (2005). Counseling as an art: The creative arts in counseling (3rd ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Conseling Assocaition.
Glibert, M., & Shmukler, D. (2003). Psychological therapy in groups. In R. Woolfe, W. Dryden, & S. Strawbridge, (Eds.). Handbook of Counseling Psychology (pp. 442-460). London: Sage.
Grenz, S. (2011). Review of helping at-risk students: A group counseling approach for grades 6-9 (2nd ed.). School Social Work Journal, 35(2), 101-102.
Hall, G. S. (1916). Adolescence: Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion and education. Volume II. NY: D. Appleton.
Hanna, F. J., Hanna, C. A., & Keys, S. G. (1999). Fifty strategies for counseling defiant, aggressive adolescent: Reaching, accepting, and relating. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, 395-404.
Hensley, L. G. (2002). Teaching group process and leadership: The two-way fishbowl model. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 27(3), 273-286.
Hensley, L. G. (2002). Teaching group process and leadership: The two-way fishbowl model. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 27(3), 273-286.
Hill, C. E., Knox, S., Thompson, B. J., Williams, E. N., Hess, S., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: An update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196-205.
Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting Consen-sual Qualitative Research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 517-572.
Hoag, M. J., & Burlingame, G. M. (1997). Evaluating the effectiveness of child and adolescent group treatment: A meta-analysis review. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 234-246.
Holmes, S. E., & Kivlighan, D. M. Jr. (2000). Therapeutic factors in group therapists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 478-484.
Horne, A. M., Stoddard, J. L., & Christopher, D. B. (2007). Group approaches to reducing aggression and bullying in school. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 11(4), 262-271.
Hortacsu, N. (1989) “Target communication during adolescence.” Journal of Adolescence, 12, 253-263.
Ivey, A. E. (1971). Microcounseling: Innovations in interview training. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Kees, N. L., & Jacobs, E. (1990). Conducting more effective group: How to select and process group exercises. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 15, 21-29.
Kivlighan, D. M. Jr., & Kivlighan, M. C. (2004). Counselor intentions in individual and group treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(3), 347-353.
Kivlighan, D. M. Jr., & Tarrant, J. M. (2001). Does group climate mediate the group leadership-member outcome relationship? A test of Yalom’s hypotheses about leadership priorities. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5, 220-234.
Krueger, M. (2005). Four themes in youth work practice. Journal of Community Psychology, 33(1), 21-29.
Kymissis, P. (1996). Developmental approach to socialization and group formation. In P. Kymissis& D. A. Halperin (Eds.), Group therapy with children and adolescents (pp. 1-33). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Larson, L. M. (1998). The social cognitive model of counselor training. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 219-273.
Liddel, H. A. (1995). Conceptual and clinical dimensions of a multidimensional, multisystems engangement strategy in family-based adolescent treatment. Psychotherapy, 22(1), 39-58.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Do inquiry paradigms imply inquiry methodologies? In D. M. Fetterman (Ed.), Qualitative approaches to evaluation in education (pp. 89-115). New York: Praeger.
MacLennan, B. W. (1998). Fifty years of training and supervision for group psychotherapy with children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy, 8(4), 169-179.
Mahalik, J. (1994). Development of the client resistance scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 4, 58-68.
Makuch, L. (1997). Measuring dimensions of counseling and therapeutic group leadership style: Development of a leadership characteristics inventory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.
Malchiodi, C. A. (2005). Expressive therapies. New York: The Guilford Press.
Markus, H. E., & King, D. A. (2003). A survey of group psychotherapy training during predoctoral psychology internship. Professional Psychotherapy: Research and Practice, 34(2), 203-209.
Morgan, D. L. (1998). Focus group kit: The focus group guidebook (Vol.1). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morran, K. D., Stockton, R., & Whittingham, M. H. (2004). Effective leader interventions for counseling and psychotherapy group. In J. L. Delucia-Waack, D. A. Gerrity, C. R. Kalodner, &. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 91-103). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ohlsen, M. M. (1970). Group counseling. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.
Ohrt, J. H., Ener, E., Porter, J., & Young, T. L. (2014). Group leader reflections on their taining and experience: Implications for group counselor educators and supervisors. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 39(2), 95-124.
Page, B. J., & Hulse-Killacky, D. (1999). Development and validation of the corrective feedback self-efficacy instrument. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 24, 37 -54 .
Page, B. J., Pietrzak, D. R., & Lewis, T. F. (2001). Development of the group leader self-efficacy instrument. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 26, 168 -184 .
Piper, W. E., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2004). Brief group therapy. In J. L. Delucia-Waack, D. Gerrity, C. R. Kalodner, & M. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 641-650). CA: Sage.
Pombeni, M., Kirchler, E., & Palmonari, A. (1990). “Identification with peers as a strategy to muddle through the troubles of the adolescent years.” Journal of Adolescence, 13, 351-369.
Regan, P. & Berscheid, E. (2004). The psychology of interpersonal relationships. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Romano, J. L. (1998). Simulated Group Counseling: An experiential training model for group work. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 23(2), 119-132.
Romano, J. L., & Sullivan, B. A. (2000). Simulate group counseling for group work training: A four-year research study of group development. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 25(4), 366-375.
Rose, S. R. (1998). Group work with children and adolescents: Prevention and intervention in school and community systems. CA: Sage.
Rosselet, J. G., & Stauffer, S. D. (2013). Using group role-playing games with gifted children and adolescents: A psychosocial intervention model. International Journal of Play Therapy, 22(4), 173-192.
Rubenstein, A. (1996). Interventions for a scattered generation: Treating adolescents in the nineties. Psychotherapy , 33(3), 353-360.
Rubenstein, A. K. (2003). Adolescent psychotherapy: An introduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(11), 1169-1175.
Rubenstein, A., & Zager , K. (1995). Training in adolescent treatment : Where is psychology ? Psychotherapy , 32(1) , 2-6.
Rybak, C. J., & Brown, B. M. (1997). Group conflict: communication patterns and group development. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 22(1), 31-51.
Schattner, P., Shmerling, A., & Murphy, B.(1993). Focus Groups: A useful research method in general practice. Medical Journal of Australia, 158(9), 622-625.
Shechtman, Z. (2004). Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents: Curremt practice and research . In J. L., DeLucia-Waack, D. Gerrity, C. R. Kalodner, & M. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 429-444). CA: Sage.
Shechtman, Z. (2004). Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents current practice and research. In J. L. Delucia-Waack, D. A. Garrity, C. R. Kalodner, & M. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy (pp.429-444). CA: Sage.
Shechtman, Z. (2007). How does group process research inform leaders of counseling and psychotherapy groups? Group Dynamic: Theory, Research and Practice, 11(4), 293-304. doi: 10.1037/1089-2699.11.4.293
Shechtman, Z., & Ifargan, M. (2009). School-based integrated and segregated interventions to reduce aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 35(4), 342-356.
Shutz, W. C. (1958). FIRO: A three-dimension theory of interpersonal behavior. NY: Rhinehart.
Smaby, M. H., Maddux, C. D.,Torres- Rivera, E., & Zmmick, R. (1999). A study of the effects of a skills-based versus a conventional group counseling training program. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 24(2), 152-163.
Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (1995). Psychotherapeutic techniques with treatment-resistant adolescents. Psychotherapy, 32(1), 131-140.
Stiles, W. B. (1997). Consensual qualitative research: Some cautions. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 586-597.
Stockton, R., Morran, D. K., Krieger, K. (2004). An overview of current research and best practices for training beginning group leaders. In J. L., DeLucia-Waack, D. Gerrity, C. R. Kalodner, & M. T. Riva (Eds.), Handbook of group counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 65-75). CA: Sage.
Stoltenberg, C. D., McNeill, B., & Delworth, U. (1998). IDM supervision: An integrated developmental model of supervising counselors and therapists. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Trotzer, J. P. (1999). The counselor and the group: Integrating theory, training, and practice. Philadelphia, PA: Accelerated Development.
Tuckman, B. W., & Jensen, M. A. (1977). Stages of small-group development revisited. Group & Organization Studies, 2, 419-427. Doi:10.1177/104649647600700307
Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Zimmick, R. (2000). Basic and advance group counseling skills as a core and theory-based curriculum. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (8-A), 2803.