中文摘要 美洲蜚蠊 (Periplaneta americana) 的視覺器官包括複眼
(compound eye) 及背單眼 (dorsal ocelli).有兩個複眼在頭部的兩側.
觸角後方,含有色素呈黑色長弧狀.有兩個白色的單眼在頭部的觸角內側
旁.美洲蜚蠊之視覺系統以複眼為主,每個複眼由 3000 個左右的小眼所組
成,在構造上包括視網膜 (retina).視葉板 (lamina).視髓 (medulla).和
視小葉 (lobula) 等四個部位.背單眼位於頭頂上,具有角膜 (corneal
lens).網膜細胞 (retinularcell). 單眼神經 (ocellar nerve)及桿狀體
(rhabdom).美洲蜚蠊調節暗適應和明適應的機制:利用圓錐晶體和視細胞
四周的色素顆粒移動,以調節透過角膜晶體和圓錐晶體而進入桿狀體的光
量.暗適應時,美洲蜚蠊複眼的色素顆粒會退縮 (withdrawn) 到周圍的位
置,並均勻分佈桿狀體四周,此時可見小眼中的桿狀體呈現清澈.略帶透明
的長條狀,且會延伸至圓錐晶體處,以吸收更多的光,使得美洲蜚蠊更容易
辨識黑暗中的環境.當光線變強時如明適應(light adaptation),美洲蜚蠊
的桿狀體會被往下壓,複眼的色素顆粒會移動至桿狀體周圍,使的桿狀體直
徑變小,同時視網膜的視細胞可能會分泌組織胺至其它區域.本研究將美洲
蜚 蠊的腦和視覺系統以 carbodiimid4e 固定,再利用免疫組織化學法
(immunohistochemistry)研究其視覺系統是否能分泌組織胺及其分泌細胞
之位置;由加入已知組織胺抗體標定產生之免反應,即可顯示其分泌細胞的
位置.結果證明美洲蜚蠊視覺系統具有內生性的組織胺,及其分泌組織胺細
胞分佈在視網膜,並支持"組織胺是昆蟲視覺系統中感光受器
(photoreceptor)之神經傳遞物質"的說法.

Abstract The visual organs of Periplaneta americana are
compound eye and dorsal ocelli,with two compound eyes on the
sides of head and on the back of antenna, and two white dorsal
ocelli on the sides of the antennas. The compound eyes formed
about 3000 ommatidia are the major visual organs. Retina,
lamina, medulla and lobula make up of the four portions of the
visual system. Two ocelli situated on the top of the head
consist corneal lens, retinular cell and ocellar nerve. The
mechanism of Periplaneta americana regulating the dark
adaptation and light adaptation is to move the pigment granules
in thesurrounding of the crystalline cone and retinular cell to
regulate the light intensity into the corneal lens and
crystalline cone. During the dark adaptation, the pigment
granules in the compound eye will withdraw to theperipheral
region and distribute uniformly over the surroundings of the
rhabdom. The rhabdoms become clear, somewhat transparent long
rod and extend to crystalline cone, so as to absorb more light
that make this insect easily see in the dark. Whem the intensity
of light increase as light adaptation,the rhabdoms of this
insect will be depressed. The pigment granules of compound eye
move to the surroundings and the rhabdoms minimize the diameter,
the retinular cells of the retina may ssecrete histamine to
other visual region simultaneously. This study firstly fitted
the brain and visual systemof Periplaneta americana with
Carbodiimide. Secondly utilizes immunohistochemicalmethod to
examine whether its visual system secrete histamine, and trace
thelocation of the secretory cells. The results of this study
prove that the visual system of Peroplaneta americana has
endogenous histamine and its cells secteted histamine are
situated in the retina. This study supports the hypothesisthat
"Histamine is the neurotransmitter of photoreceptors in the
visual ofinsects".
Abstract The visual organs of Periplaneta americana are