簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 曾鈺琪
Yu-Chi Tseng
論文名稱: 自然連結、美感體驗與環境敏感性發展:十位都市青少年的自然經驗之紮根理論研究
Nature connection, aesthetic experience and the development of environmental sensitivity: A grounded theory study of ten urban adolescents’ nature experiences
指導教授: 王順美
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 環境教育研究所
Graduate Institute of Environmental Education
論文出版年: 2014
畢業學年度: 102
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 351
中文關鍵詞: 自然連結美感體驗環境敏感性都市青少年自然經驗
英文關鍵詞: nature connection, aesthetic experience, environmental sensitivity, urban adolescent, nature experience
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:374下載:94
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 在既有重要生命經驗研究與環境態度調查成果中,自然經驗已被證實是培養環境敏感性的重要基礎。本文以前述研究成果為出發點提出研究問題-自然經驗中的自然連結心理現象如何促成都市青少年的環境敏感性發展?並運用紮根理論的質性方法,探討從童年到高中擁有豐富自然經驗的十位都市青少年,如何描述及詮釋與自然環境連結的心理體驗,並嘗試推論自然連結促進環境敏感性發展的可能方式。本研究以深度個人訪談為主要的資料收集方式,輔以學生心得及研究者之田野筆記,並運用質性資料分析軟體協助建構概念與詮釋架構,最後採用紮根理論方法之評鑑標準進行研究品質的檢核。
    本研究發現在持續的自然經驗中所體驗到的自然連結感,特別是美感,是發展環境敏感性的重要關鍵。自然連結感是一種個人與自然直接互動而逐漸融入周遭環境的心理過程,會表現為對自然環境的多元感官體驗、以及隨著自然情境產生的各種有關自我與環境的正負向情緒變化,並在離開自然後產生對環境的情感連帶。美感則是一種透過視覺與觸覺等感官之運用,並因自然環境的新奇事物、遼闊視野、豐富及快速變化的自然現象而引發的驚嘆和愉快等正向心理感受。美感體驗因能提供理想的環境標準而讓個人有覺察環境品質變化的能力,也讓個人因建構新的自然價值而促成環境敏感性的發展。
    未來研究應持續驗證本文初步提出的環境敏感性發展方式,並持續深化自然連結與美感等心理現象的研究。環境教育的規劃也可運用營造自然連結感的三個條件,在原始度較高的自然環境裡,以獨處或小團體的形式進行適合個人能力的教育活動,以協助學習者創造高強度的自然連結感與美感,進而提升環境敏感性的發展。

    Based on the results of existing significant life experience studies and environmental attitude surveys, the purpose of this research was to explore how nature connection could promote urban adolescents’ environmental sensitivity. We explored nature experiences from ten urban adolescents by in-depth interviews, student journals and researcher’s field notes. We then used grounded theory and Atlas. ti software to analyze data, and adopted criteria of grounded theory to evaluate the research quality. We found that the experiences of nature connection, especially aesthetic experiences were the key to promote environmental sensitivity. Nature connection was a psychological process when individual directly interacted with and gradually immersed in natural environments. Nature connection could represent as multiple sensations, various and changeable emotions toward self and environments as well as affective bond with nature after leaving the environment. Aesthetic experiences were positive and ineffable emotional experiences based on sensations and caused by novelty, extent, abundant and changeable views in nature. We also inferred that aesthetic experiences could cultivate environmental sensitivity because it could help individual not only build the competence to evaluate environmental quality but also create personal values which were attached to nature. However, it is necessary to keep verifying the initial concepts of nature connection, aesthetic experience and the framework that interpret the development of environmental sensitivity in future studies. For environmental education, we suggest that educators can use three contextual conditions to help learners experience strong nature connection and aesthetic experiences to promote environmental sensitivity.

    摘要 i Abstract ii 謝誌 iii 目次 v 表次 vii 圖次 viii 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與研究目的 1 第二節 研究問題與主要概念 9 第二章 文獻回顧 18 第一節 自然經驗與環境態度及行為的關連 21 第二節 重要生命經驗研究提供的線索 28 第三節 與自然環境相關的心理現象研究 38 第四節 環境敏感度 54 本章文獻綜述 68 第三章 研究方法 72 第一節 研究典範與取徑 72 第二節 資料收集方法與資料類型 82 第三節 資料分析 97 第四節 研究進程 109 第四章 追尋自然連結的研究旅程 115 第一節 研究場域及研究參與者簡介 117 第二節 各教育階段的自然經驗 128 第五章 研究結果 137 第一節 自然連結經驗與營造條件 140 第二節 與自然相繫…自然連結的特殊心理現象 163 第三節 情感層次的自然連結 184 第四節 美感體驗與環境敏感性 204 第六章 討論 225 第一節 自然連結現象相關心理學研究 228 第二節 自然連結現象的感官與情感特徵 236 第三節 環境敏感性的概念再建構 250 第四節 美感體驗-發展環境敏感性的關鍵 261 第六章總結 275 第七章 結論 279 參考文獻 296 附錄 311

    Alerby, E. (2000). A way of visualising children's and young people's thoughts about the environment: A study of drawings. Environmental Education Research, 6(3), 205-222.
    America’s Great Outdoors [Online]. Retrieved July 23, 2011. Retrieved from http://americasgreatoutdoors.gov/
    Arnold, C., & Warner, A. (2009). Youth and environmental action: Perspectives of young environmental leaders on their formative influences. Journal of Environmental Education, 40(3), 27-36.
    Berlyne, D. E. (1971). Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    Billmann-Mahecha, E. & Gebhard, U. (2009). "If we had no flowers...": Children, nature, and aesthetics. The Journal of Developmental Processes, 4(1), 24-42.
    Bobilya, A. J., McAvoy, L. H. & Kalisch, K. R. (2005). Lessons from the field: Participants' perceptions of a multi-day wilderness solo. In C. E. Knapp & T. Smith (Eds.), Exploring the power of solo, silenc, and solitude (pp. 103-119). Boulder, CO: Association for Experiential Education.
    Bögeholz, S. (2006). Nature experience and its importance for environmental knowledge, values and action: Recent German empirical contributions. Environmental Education Research, 12(1), 65-84.
    Bragg, E. A. (1996). Towards ecological self: Deep ecology meets constructionist self-theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16, 93-108.
    Carson, R. (1998).The sense of wonder. NY: Harper Collins Publishers.
    Charmaz, K.(2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    Chawla, L. (1986). The ecology of environmental memory. Children's environments quarterly 3(4), 34–42.
    Chawla, L. (1994). In the first country of places: Nature, poetry and childhood memory. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    Chawla, L. (1998). Significant life experiences revisited: A review of research on sources of environmental sensitivity. Environmental Education Research, 4(4), 369-382.
    Chawla, L. (1999). Life paths into effective environmental action. Journal of Environmental Education, 31(1), 15-26.
    Chawla, L. (2001). Significant life experiences revisited once again: response to Vol. 5(4): Five critical commentaries on significant life experience research in environmental education, Environmental Education Research, 7(4), 451-461.
    Chawla, L. (2006). Research methods to investigate significant life experiences: Review and recommendations. Environmental Education Research, 12(3), 359-374.
    Chawla, L. (2009). Growing up green: Becoming an agent of care for the natural world. Journal of Developmental Processes, 4(1), 6-23.
    Chawla, L. (2012). The development of conservation behaviors in childhood and youth. In D. S. Clayton (Ed.), The oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp.527-555). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Chawla, L., & Cushing, D. F. (2007). Education for strategic environmental behavior. Environmental Education Research, 13(4), 437-452. doi: 10.1080/13504620701581539
    Chawla, L., & Hart, R.A. (1995). The roots of environmental concern. The NAMTA Journal, 20(1), 148-157.
    Cheng, J. C.-H., & Monroe, M. C. (2012). Connection to nature: Children's affective attitude toward nature. Environment and Behavior, 44(1), 31-49.
    Chenoweth, R. E., & Gobster, P. H. (1990). The nature and ecology of aesthetic experiences in the landscape. Landscape Journal, 9(1), 1-8.
    Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and an operational definition. In S. Clayton & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and the Natural Environment (pp. 45-65). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Clayton, S., & Myers, G. (2009). Conservation psychology: Understanding and promoting human care for nature. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
    Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
    Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
    D'Amato, L. G. & Krasny, M. E. (2011). Outdoor adventure education: Applying transformative learning theory to understanding instrumental learning and personal growth in environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 42(4), 237-254.
    Duerden, M. D., & Witt, P. A. (2010). The impact of direct and indirect experiences on the development of environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 379-392. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.007
    Dutcher, D., Finley, J., Luloff, A., & Johnson, J. (2007). Connectivity with nature as a measure of environmental values. Environment and Behavior, 39, 474-493.
    Emmons, K. M. (1997). Perceptions of the environment while exploring the outdoors: A case study in Belize. Environmental Education Research, 3(3), 327-344. doi: 10.1080/1350462970030306
    Ernst, J., & Theimer, S. (2011). Evaluating the effects of environmental education programming on connectedness to nature. Environmental Education Research, 17(5), 577-598. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2011.565119
    Fägerstam, E. (2012). Children and young people's experience of the natural world: Teachers' perceptions and observations. Australian Journal of Environmental Education 28(1), 1-16.
    Finger, M. (1994). From knowledge to action? Exploring the relationships between environmental experiences, learning and behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 50(3), 141-160.
    Fredrickson, L.M., & Anderson, D. H. (1999). A qualitative exploration of the wilderness experience as a source of spiritual inspiration. Journal of Environmental Psychology,19, 21-39.
    Freud, S. (1923). The Ego and the Id. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XIX (1923-1925): The Ego and the Id and Other Works, 1-66.
    Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. New York, NY: Basic Books.
    Gifford, R., & Sussman, R. (2012). Environmantal attitude. In D. S. Clayton (Ed.), The oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp.65-80). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Gough, A. (1999). Kids don't like wearing the same jeans as their mums and dads: So whose life should be in significant life experiences research? Environmental Education Research, 5(4), 383-394. doi: 10.1080/1350462990050404
    Greenway, R. (1996). Wilderness experience and ecopsychology. International Journal of Wilderness, 2(1), 26-30.
    Guba, E. G. (1990). The alternative paradigm dialog. In E.G.Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialog (pp. 227–245). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
    Hammond, S. W., & Herron, S. S. (2011). The natural provenance: Ecoliteracy in higher education in Mississippi. Environmental Education Research, 18(1), 117-132. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2011.583982
    Hartig, T., Kaiser, F. G., & Bowler, P. A. (2001). Psychological restoration in nature as a positive motivation for ecological behavior. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 590-607. doi: 10.1177/00139160121973142
    Hartig, T., Kaiser, F. G., & Strumse, E. (2007). Psychological restoration in nature as a source of motivation for ecological behaviour. Environmental Conservation, 34(4), 291-299. doi: 10.1017/s0376892907004250
    Hinds, J. (2011). Woodland adventure for marginalized adolescents: Environmental attitudes, identity and competence. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 10(4), 228-237. doi: 10.1080/1533015x.2011.669689
    Hinds, J., & Sparks, P. (2008). Engaging with the natural environment: The role of affective connection and identity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(2), 109-120.
    Hsu, S. J. (2009). Significant life experiences affect environmental action: A confirmation study in eastern Taiwan. Environmental Education Research, 15(4), 497-517.
    Hungerford, H. R., & Vlok, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), 8-21.
    Hungerford, H. R., Litherland, R. A., Peyton, R. B., Ramsey, J. M., & Volk, T. L. (1992). Investigating and evaluating environmental issues and actions: Skill development program. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing Co.
    James, W. (1884). What is an Emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
    James, W. (1902). The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature. New York, NY: Modern Library.
    Kals, E., & Müller, M. M. (2012). Emotions and environment. In D. S. Clayton (Ed.), The oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp.128-147). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior, 31(2), 178-202.
    Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    Kaplan, S., & Talbot, J. F. (1983). Psychological benefits of a wilderness experience. In I. Altman and J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Behavior and the natural environment, Vol VI of Human behavior and environment. New York, NY: Plenum.
    Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182.
    Kellert, S. R., & Derr, V. (1998). A national study of outdoor wilderness experience. Washington, D.C., MD: Island Press.
    Kellert, S. R., & Wilson, E. O. (1993). The biophilia hypothesis. Washington, D.C., MD: Island Press.
    Kellert, S. R. (1996). The value of life: Biological diversity and human society. Washington, D.C., MD: Island Press.
    Kellert, S. R. (2005). Building for life: Designing and understanding the human-nature connection. Washington, D.C., MD: Island Press.
    Kellert, S.R. (2002). Experiencing nature: Affective, cognitive, and evaluative development. In P. Kahn & S. Kellert (Eds.), Children and nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations (pp. 305–327). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Korpela, K. M. (2002). Children's environment. In R. B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 363-373). New York, NY: Wiley.
    Korpela, K. M. (1992). Adoloescents' favourite places and environmental self-regulation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12, 249–258.
    Liddicoat, K. R. (2013). Memories and lasting impacts of residential outdoor environmental education programs. (Unpublished doctoral dissertatiion). Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
    Littledyke, M. (2004). Primary children's views on science and environmental issues: Examples of environmental cognitive and moral development. Environmental Education Research, 10(2), 217-235.
    Loughland, T., Reid, A., & Petocz, P. (2002). Young people's conceptions of environment: A phenomenographic analysis. Environmental Education Research, 8(2), 187-197.
    Louv, R. (2005). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature- deficit disorder. New York, NY: Algonquin.
    Macmillan Dictionary. (2013). Definition of connect. [Online]. Retrieved November 10, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/connect.
    Manzo, L. C. (2005). For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 67-86.
    Marcinkowski, T. (1987). An analysis of correlates and predictors of responsible environmental behavior. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
    Maslow, A. (1970). Religious aspects of peak-experiences. In W. A. Sadler (Ed.), Personality and Religion. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
    Maslow, A. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York, NY: Viking Press.
    Maxted, J. (2005). Coming home: Adolescents and the nature-based solo. In C. E. Knapp & T. E. Smith (Eds.), Exploring the power of solo, silence and solitude (pp. 121-136). Boulder, CO: Association of Experiential Education.
    Maxwell, J. A. (2005). Qualitative research design (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Mayer, S. F., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 503-515.
    McKnight, M. (1990). Socialization into environmentalism. In D. Simmons, C. Knapp & C. Young (Eds.), Setting the environmental education agenda for the ’90s (pp.135–40). Troy, OH: North American Association for Environmental Education.
    Merrick, M. (2008). Environmental epiphanies: Exploring the shifts in human-nature interactions. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
    Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
    Moors, A. (2009). Theories of emotion causation: A review. Cognition & Emotion, 23(4), 625-662.
    Müller, M. M., Kals, E., & Pansa, R. (2009). Adolescents' emotional affinity towards nature: A cross-societal study. Journal of Developmental Processes, 4(1), 59-69.
    Myers, G. (1997). Significant life experiences and choice of major among undergraduate minorities and nonminority students majoring in environmental studies and other disciplines. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the North American Association for Environmental Education,Vancouver, Canada.
    Naess, A. (1986/1995). Self-realizaion: An ecological approach to being in the world. In G. Session (Ed.), Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century (pp. 225-239). Boston & London: Shambhala.
    Nisbet, E. K. L., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 41, 715-740.
    No Child Left Inside Act of 2011, S. 1372, 112d Cong. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s1372#overview
    Orr, D. W. (1992). Ecological literacy: Education and the transition to a postmodern world. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    Palmer, J. A. (1993). Development of concern for the environment and formative experiences of educators. The Journal of Environmental Education, 24(3), 26-30.
    Palmer, J. A., Suggate, J., Bajd, B., Hart, P., Ho, R. K. P., Ofwono-Orecho, J. K. W., Peries, M., Robottom, I., Tsaliki, E., & Van Staden, C. (1998). An overview of significant influences and formative experiences on the development of adults' environmental awareness in nine countries. Environmental Education Research, 4(4), 445-464.
    Peterson, N. (1982). Developmental variables affecting environmental sensitivity in professional environmental educators. (Unpublished master thesis), Southern llIinois University, Carbondale.
    Peterson, N., & Hungerford, H. (1981). Developmental variables affecting environmental sensitivity in professional environmental educators: A research abstract. In A. Sacks, L.A. Iozzi, J.M. Schultz, & R. Wilke (Eds.), Current issues in environmental education and environmental studies (pp.111-113). OH: ERIC/SMEAC.
    Ramsey, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. (1992). Environmental education in the K-12 curriculum: Finding a niche. Journal of Environmental Education, 23(2), 35-42.
    Ramsey, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. (1989). A technique for analyzing issues. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(1), 26-30.
    Rogers, Z., & Bragg, E. (2012). The power of connection: sustainable lifestyles and sense of place. Ecopsychology, 4(4), 307-318. doi: 10.1089/eco.2012.0079
    Rosegrant, J. (1976). The impact of set and setting on religious experience in nature. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 15(4), 301–310.
    Roth, C. E. (1992). Environmental literacy: Its roots, evolution and directions in the 1990s. Columbus, OH: ERIC/CSMEE.
    Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
    Scholl Wilder, M. (1983). Significant childhood environmental learning experiences of suburban/urban environmentalists. In J.H. Baldwin (Ed.), Crossroads: Society and technology (pp.125–129). Troy, OH: National [now North American] Association for Environmental Education.
    Schroeder, H. W. (2006). Symbolism, experience, and the value of wilderness. Intenational Journal of Wilderness. 13(1), 13-18.
    Schultz, P. W., & Tabanico, J. (2007). Self, identity, and the natural environment: Exploring implicit connections with nature1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(6), 1219-1247. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00210.x
    Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J. J., & Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(1), 31-42. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00022-7
    Scopelliti, M., Carrus, G., & Bonnes, M. (2012). Natural landscapes. In D. S. Clayton (Ed.), The oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp.332-347). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Shepardson, D. P., Wee, B., Priddy, M., & Harbor, J. (2007). Students' mental models of the environment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44(2), 327-348.
    Sia, A. (1984) An investigation of selected predictors of overt responsible environmental behavior. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
    Sivek, D. J., & Hungerford, H. (1989–1990). Predictors of responsible behavior in members of three Wisconsin conservation organizations. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(2), 35–40.
    Sivek, D. J. (2002) Environmental sensitivity among Wisconsin high school students. Environmental Education Research, 8(2), 155-l70.
    Sobel, D. (2002). Children's special places: exploring the role of forts, dens, and bush houses in middle childhood. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
    Stewart, A., & Müller, G. (2009). Toward a pedagogy for Australian natural history: Learning to read and learning content. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 25, 105-115.
    Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Suedfeld, P. (1991). Levels of anxiety in polar environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 265-275.
    Sward, L. L., & Marcinkowski, T. (1998). Environmental sensitivity: A review of the research 1980-1998. In H. Hungerford, W. Bluhm, T. Volk, and J. Ramsey (Eds.), Essential Readings in Environmental Education (pp. 277-288). Champaign, IL: Stipes Pub. Co.
    Sward, L. L. (1999). Significant life experiences affecting the environmental sensitivity of El Salvadoran environmental professionals. Environmental Education Research, 5(2), 201-206.
    Tanner, T. (1980). Significant life experiences. The Journal of Environmental Education, 11(4), 20-24.
    Tanner, T. (1998). On the origins of SLE research, questions outstanding, and other research traditions. Environmental Education Research, 4(4), 419-424.
    Thapa, B. (2010). The mediation effect of outdoor recreation participation on environmental attitude-behavior correspondence. Journal of Environmental Education, 41(3), 133-150.
    Thomashow, M. (1996). Ecological identity: Becoming a reflective environmentalist. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, 13, 523-556.
    Ulrich, R. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In I. Altman & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Human Behavior and Environment (pp.85-25). New York, NY: Plenum Press, Vol. 6, Behavior and the Natural Environment.
    Vadala, C. E., Bixler, R. D., & James, J. J. (2007). Childhood play and environmental interests: Panacea or snake oil. The Journal of Environmental Education, 39(1), 3-17.
    Vining, J., & Merrick, M. S. (2012). Environmental epiphanies: Theoretical foundations and practical applications. In D. S. Clayton (Ed.), The oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp.485-508). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    Vining, J. (1987). Environmental decisions: The interaction of emotions, information, and decision context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 7, 13-30.
    Vining, S., Merrick, M. S., & Price, E. A. (2008). The distinction between humans and nature: Human perceptions of connectedness to nature and elements of the natural and unnatural. Human Ecology Review, 15(1), 1-11.
    Wals, A. E. J. (1994). Nobody planted it, it just grew! Young adolescents’ perceptions and experiences of nature in the context of urban environmental education. Children’s Environments Theory, Research, Policy and Applications, 11 (3), 177-193.
    Walsh, R., & Vaughan, F. (Eds.). (1993). Paths beyond ego: The transpersonal vision. Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher.
    Wells, N., & Lekie, K. S. (2006). Nature and the life course. Children, Youth and Environments, 16(1), 1-24.
    White, H. (2009). Problem-based learning. commentary: Biochemistry de-natured- how unstructured outdoor play can support later learning. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 37(6), 369–370.
    White, P. R. (2012). Enhancing the experience of connection with nature: Participants' responses to the MAPIN Strategy. Ecopsychology, 4(4), 345-354. doi: 10.1089/eco.2012.0054
    Wickens,C. D., Keller, J., & Shaw, C. (2012). Mountainous regions: Human factors of high-altitude mountaineering. In J. Kring, J. Barnett, & P. Suedfeld (Eds.), Human performance in extreme environments. Under review.
    Williams, K., & Harvey, D. (2001). Transcendent experience in Forest environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 249-260.
    王昭正、朱瑞淵(譯)(1999)。參與觀察法。台北市:弘智文化。(原書Jorgensen, D. L. [1989] Participant observation: A methodology for human studies. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.)
    行政院主計處(1999)。中華民國青少年狀況調查報告。取自:http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/np.asp?ctNode=2842
    行政院主計處(2009)。青少年狀況調查報告98年(99/8)。臺北市:行政院主計處。
    吳鵬兆(2000)。偏遠與都市地區高級中學學生環境行為影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
    胡斐媛(2007)。東華大學學生環境素養評量之縱貫式研究。未出版碩士論文,國立東華大學,花蓮縣。
    徐宗國(譯)(1997)。質性硏究槪論。台北市:巨流。(原書Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. [1990] Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.)
    徐家凡(2010)。花蓮池南自然中心環境教育核心課程「天空之翼」教學成效評估。未出版碩士論文,國立東華大學,花蓮縣。
    高思明(2002)。著重情意教學與議題分析的環教課程之成效分析。未出版碩士論文,國立東華大學,花蓮縣。
    張芬芬(譯)(2005)。質性研究資料分析。臺北市:雙葉書廊(原書Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. [1994] Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.)
    許世璋(1997)。大學環境教育課程對於學生環境行動與其他環境素養變項之成效分析。八十九年環境教育研討會論文集(301-314)。
    許世璋(2003)。影響花蓮環保團體積極成員其環境行動養成之重要生命經驗。科學教育學刊,11(2),121-139。
    許世璋(2005)。影響環境行動者養成的重要生命經驗研究-著重於城鄉間與世代間之比較。科學教育學刊,13(4),441-463。
    許世璋、李曉珊(2004)。影響三位花蓮環保團體領袖其環境行動養成之生命歷程探索。環境教育學刊,3(1),57-74。
    許世璋、徐家凡(2012)。池南自然教育中心一日型方案「天空之翼」對於六年級生環境素養之成效分析。科學教育學刊,20(1),69-94。
    許世璋、高思明(2009)。整合議題分析、生命故事、與自然體驗之大學環境課程介入研究—著重於情意目標的成效分析。科學教育學刊,17(2),133-154。
    郭育彰(2006)。高屏地區國小學童環境經驗與環境價值觀之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    陳昺麟(2001)。社會科學質化研究之紮根理論實施程序及實例之介紹。勤益學報,19,327-342。
    曾敬明(2009)。青少年環境觀之探討。未出版碩士論文,高雄師範大學,高雄市。
    黃至賢(2008)。國小學童課後進行環境活動之探討─以時間運用調查。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
    黃建榮(2000)。探索劉力學的重要生命經驗與環境行動在環境教育上的意義。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
    楊冠政(1998)。環境教育。台北:明文書局。
    董貞吟、黃乾全、何文雀、伍連女、張桂禎(1998)。國小學童環境觀與環境經驗之調查研究-台灣地區城鄉之比較。師大學報,43(2),55-73。
    甄曉蘭(1996)。從典範轉移的再思論質的研究崛起的意義。嘉義師院學報,10,119-146。
    潘淑滿(2003)。質性研究:理論與應用。台北市:心理。
    蕭瑞麟(2007)。不用數字的硏究:鍛鍊深度思考力的質性硏究。臺北市:臺灣培生教育。
    顔寧、黃詠光、吳欣隆(譯)(2009)。建構扎根理論。臺北市:五南。(原書Charmaz, K. [2006] Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.)
    魏鈺玲(2008)。綠色學校國小高年級學童之環境議題知識、環境敏感度及環境行為表現之研究-以台北縣某國小為例。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,台北市。
    顧忠華(譯)(1993)。社會學的基本概念。台北市:遠流。

    QR CODE