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研究生: 朱素貞
論文名稱: 波希(Hieronymus BOSCH,ca.1450-1516)繪畫的超現實特質研究
指導教授: 王哲雄
Wang, Zhe-Xiong
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 美術學系
Department of Fine Arts
論文出版年: 2004
畢業學年度: 92
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 287.
中文關鍵詞: 波希北方繪畫群組分析超現實超現實主義煉金術雌雄同體精神分析或心理分析
英文關鍵詞: Hieronymus Bosch, Northern Painting, Cluster Analysis, Surreal, Surrealism, Alchemy, Androgyne, psychoanalysis
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 波希(Hieronymus BOSCH,ca.1450-1516)
    繪畫的超現實特質研究
    朱 素 貞
    國立台灣師範大學美術學系博士論文
    摘 要
    本論文在探討波希繪畫的超現實特質。「超現實」(surreal)一詞,意指「極端無理性的現實」(intense irrational reality),常見非邏輯的事物組合,通常也帶有奇異夢境之性質;故現代人常比喻波希為「原始超現實主義者」。在波希的神秘魔域之中,擠滿了極盡想像的怪誕生物與不合邏輯的情節,到處充滿了象徵與暗喻;然其涵義卻往往曖昧隱晦、難以解讀。
    事實上,波希繪畫的象徵符號指涉範圍極廣,至少涵蓋中世晚期到十五世紀初期的文化範疇-從民間諺語、聖經故事,甚至於煉金術,以及包括傳統基督教與異教神秘思維的複雜層面。因其生平資料極度缺乏,故本論文自中世紀開始,回溯北方藝術發展根源、當代繪畫、社經與宗教背景;以及歸納歷代對波希評論與學術研究之各種不同面向,以為詮釋之基礎。
    在圖像解析方面,主要運用修辭學研究法,描述波希富含寓意的修辭化圖像;進而利用「群組分析法」解讀《人間樂園》三聯畫的意義。經分析證實其繪畫動機與目的,確實在道德訓誡或譴責之層面,但同時也摻雜大量的當代議題-因對教會貪腐及社會敗德現象不滿,波希便針砭時弊,對各階層展開抨擊與嘲諷。波希最惱恨的罪惡便是淫慾、酗酒、暴食與愚行;表現色情的場面與人們遭受痛苦的殘酷時刻,則是他最喜愛的主題。
    此外,波希繪畫顯見的煉金術意象也反映當代之人文觀。本論文透過對煉金術議題的闡述,以鑑界煉金術在超現實繪畫的定位。結論舉出超現實主義者師法波希的精神特質,與波希對後現代藝術的啟示;其比較研究之結果則在揭示波希對現代藝術的深遠影響。

    目次 緒論……………………………………………………1. 一、研究動機與目的…………………………………1. 二、參考文獻分類……………………………………5. 三、論文架構及研究方法……………………………8. 第壹章、波希繪畫溯源………………………………13. 第一節、謎樣的波希-文獻重建……………………13. 第二節、藝術背景-北方繪畫風格…………………29. 第三節、社會背景-宗教改革浪潮…………………38. 第貳章、波希繪畫的闡釋……………………………47. 第一節、畢堤思與米開蘭基羅的批評………………47. 第二節、法蘭格爭議性的解釋………………………50. 第三節、艾摩斯;伯格曼;修尼德;哈里斯………55. 第四節、貢布里希的新詮釋…………………………57. 第五節、塔奈;馬克塞;巴克斯;蒂戎;卡拉斯; 吉布森;以及帕諾夫斯基…………………67. 第參章、波希的超現實圖像解析……………………73. 第一節、波希圖像隱晦難解的歷史因素……………74. 第二節、現代心靈對波希圖像形式之理解…………77. 第三節、波希圖像的修辭化表現……………………85. 第四節、《人間樂園》圖像之群組分析……………94. 第肆章、超現實繪畫的關鍵意象-煉金術…………123. 第一節、煉金術的歷史與著作………………………125. 第二節、煉金術的過程與標記………………………133. 第三節、超現實繪畫裏的煉金術象徵………………139. 第四節、雌雄同體、變形與置換……………………147. 第五節、煉金術的心靈圖像…………………………151. 結論、…………………………………………………157. 參考書目、……………………………………………167. 人名索引、……………………………………………178. 附錄一:波希象徵圖像解析對照一覽表..…………185. 附錄二:(一)圖版、………………………………193. (二)圖版索引、…………………………270. 附錄三:波希全部作品目錄…………………………277.

    參考書目
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    二、期刊資料
    Bergman, Madeleine:《 Hieronymus Bosch and Alchemy: A Study on the St. Anthony Triptych》, Stockholm Studies in History of Art, Vol. 31. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1979.
    Benesch, Otto.:《Hieronymus Bosch and the Thinking of the Late Middle Ages》, Konsthistorisk Tidskrift, Vol.26,21-42, 1957, p.103.
    Blondé, Bruno. and Vlieghe, Hans.:《The Social Status of Hieronymus Bosch》, The Art Burlington Magazine Vol.131, no.1039, 10/1/1989, p.699.
    Calas, Elena.:《Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights:A Theological Rebus》, Art Journal Vol.29, no.2, 1969-70, p.185.
    Calas, Elena.:《D for Deus and Diabolus. The Icongrafhy of Hieronymus Bosch》, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism Vol.27, 1968/69, p. 445.
    Gibson, Walter S.:《Bosch’s Dreams: A Response to the Art of Bosch in the Sixteenth Century》, The Art Bulletin 74, 2, Jun 1992, p.205.
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