The various seasonal thermal experience is a significant factor for inducing organisms to evolve adaptive strategies in different niches. However, the warming effects in winter season caused by climate change would decrease the thermal fluctuation and decreased thermal variability level. However, sporadic occurrences of extremely low temperatures evoked by the invasive negative Arctic Oscillation always cause profound harm to local biota, including significant damage to the aquaculture species. In contrast to endothermic mammals, water temperature has been described as the “abiotic master factor” for ectothermic fishes that is essential to performance and survival. Therefore, the effect of thermal experience has ignited a surge of scientific interest from ecologists, economists and physiologists. The present study hypothesizes that the ectothermic tropical fish would develop different adaptive energy allocation mechanisms with different thermal experience, affecting respective cold-tolerance capacities. In fish life history, basic maintenance, energy fuel storage, reproduction, and development are essential energy allocated elements. In the first and second chapters, cold-experienced (CE) and cold-naïve (CN) strains of tropical tilapia were reared to examine the transgenerational effects of thermal experience on these essential elements. The results show that the adaptive metabolic trade-off provision underlying transgenerational plasticity could meet energy demands in subsequent generations that could fit the climate variability hypothesis (CVH), which infers a positive relationship between tolerance to ambient perturbations and the level of climate variability. The third chapter further attempts to adjust the metabolic processes of fish according to those findings from the first and second chapters. Consequently, these results infer that the practical supply of the carboxyl-containing metabolites (CCMs) or altering the gluconeogenesis process will benefit the nutritional demands in fish under cold stress. These systematic works provide fundamental insights into the environmental biology of a tropical teleost with substantial implications for our understanding of the potential associations between epigenetic regulations and adaptive energy trade-off features in the future aquatic system.

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