簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 林銀秋
Yin Chiu, Lin
論文名稱: 由重心動量分析老年人前傾動作之平衡
Based on Forward Leaning Momentum of Center of Mass to Analyze the Limit of Stability for the Elderly Age
指導教授: 林德嘉
Lin, Der-Chia
黃長福
Huang, Chen-Fu
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 體育學系
Department of Physical Education
論文出版年: 2004
畢業學年度: 92
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 83
中文關鍵詞: 重心線動量重心角動量老人前傾動作穩定限度
英文關鍵詞: linear momentum of center of mass, angular momentum of center of mass, elderly, forward leaning, limit of stability
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:245下載:29
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 老人跌倒的盛行率極高,且影響其健康及獨立生活極大,平衡能力較差為造成老
    人跌倒的主要因素之一,對平衡控制的退化及如何量化平衡狀態是許多學者與醫護人員希望了解的主題。有越來越多學者以動量研究平衡,但利用動量探討老人穩定限度研究仍付諸闕如,吾人有必要針對此參數詳加研究。本研究目的有三:(一)前傾動作時,老人與年輕人於不同支撐底面積下,重心線動量是否顯著不同。(二)在不同的支撐底面積下,老人與年輕人在前傾動作中,重心角動量是否顯著不同。(三)重心線動量及重心角動量與壓力中心穩定限度參數及重心穩定限度參數間的相關性為何。本研究受試者為十名社區老人(年齡: 70.4 士3.6 歲,身高: 158.9 士7.6 公分,體重: 60.4 士7.8 公斤)及十名年輕人(年齡:25.6 士3.4 歲,身高:167.7 士8.6 公分,體重: 55.8 士8.1 公斤),男女各半。受試者站立於測力板(AMTI, 600Hz)上,隨機進行自然站立與雙腳併攏的前傾動作十次。並以五台紅外線攝影機(VICON, 120Hz)同步紀錄受試者之動作,利用所得之資料,以LabVIEW 6.1 版軟體撰寫程式計算重心線動量與角動量,並以SPSS 軟體進行混合設計二因子變異數分析及Pearson’s 積差相關考驗(α=.05)。本研究結果:(一) 前傾的動態平衡能力上,老人與年輕人於不同支撐底面積下,重心線動量顯著不同。(二) 在不同的支撐底面積下,老人與年輕人在前傾動作中,重心角動量亦顯著不同。(三)重心線動量及重心角動量與壓力中心及重心極限參數顯著相關。在未來相關動態極限的研究,可利用動量此參數做深入探討,此外,本研究亦可作為老人平衡訓練之參考。

    There is high prevalence for the elderly falling and it would affect their
    health and independent activities very much. The poor balance is one of the reasons for the elderly falling. Many researchers and clinicians are very much concern about the mechanism of the balance system and how to use the knowledge with respect to the mechanism to improve patients’performance of balance. There are more and more studies related to the momentum for analyzing the performance of balance, however, referred the momentum of center of mass to limit of stability for elderly are still not much to be found.There were three purposes for this study. First, to determine whether the linear momentum of the center of mass significant different between the elderly and the young people or not for forward leaning in two different base of support. Second, to determine whether the angular momentum of the center of mass significant different between the elderly and the young people or not for forward
    leaning in two different base of support. Third, to determine the relationship between the linear momentum and the angular momentum of the center of mass, and the parameters for the limit of stability.
    The subjects were 10 elderly and 10 young healthy persons. They were asked to standing on the AMTI force plate (600Hz), then measurements were taken repeatedly for forward leaning in natural stance and in Romberg stance randomly, with a short break of 10 minutes between sessions. Five ultrahigh resolution infrared cameras (VICON, 120Hz) were synchronized to collect the 3-D data. Linear momentum and angular momentum were calculated by
    LabVIEW 6.1. GLM for repeated measurement and the Pearson product moment correlation were obtained by SPSS 10.0 for window to test the selected variables at .05 significant level.
    We concluded that the linear momentum of the center of mass were
    significantly different between the elderly and the young people for forward leaning in two different base of support. For forward leaning in two different support base, the angular momentum of the center of mass were significantly different between the elderly and the young people. And there were significant relationship between the linear momentum and the angular momentum of the center of mass, and the parameters for the limit of stability. The linear momentum and angular momentum of the center of mass would be provided as
    good parameters to analyze the limit of stability for the elderly forward leaning.

    目次 中文摘要-------------------------------------------------------------------------------I 英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------II 謝誌-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------III 目次-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV 表次----------------------------------------------------------------------------------VIII 圖次------------------------------------------------------------------------------------X 第壹章緒論----------------------------------------------------------------1 第一節、問題背景------------------------------------------------------------------1 第二節、研究目的------------------------------------------------------------------4 第三節、研究限制------------------------------------------------------------------5 第四節、名詞操作性定義---------------------------------------------------------5 第貳章文獻探討----------------------------------------------------------8 第一節、姿勢與平衡的關係-----------------------------------------------------8 第二節、以身體重心與壓力中心的軌跡研究平衡-------------------------11 第三節、重心與支撐底面積之相關位置-------------------------------------14 第四節、動量與平衡的關係----------------------------------------------------18 第五節、影響老人平衡的機制-------------------------------------------------25 一、老人的姿勢變化-----------------------------------------------------------25 二、骨骼肌肉系統的變化-----------------------------------------------------25 三、老人平衡動作策略的改變-----------------------------------------------27 四、老人前傾動作相關研究分析--------------------------------------------27 第六節、文獻總結----------------------------------------------------------------31 第參章研究方法與步驟------------------------------------------------33 第一節、研究對象----------------------------------------------------------------33 第二節、實驗儀器與設備-------------------------------------------------------34 第三節、實驗日期地點與場地布置-------------------------------------------36 第四節、實驗步驟----------------------------------------------------------------36 一、運動學資料的收集方法--------------------------------------------------37 二、動力學資料的收集方法--------------------------------------------------37 三、前傾動作之要求-----------------------------------------------------------37 四、實驗流程--------------------------------------------------------------------38 第五節、資料擷取與分析-------------------------------------------------------41 一、運動學資料--------------------------------------------------------------------41 二、動力學資料--------------------------------------------------------------------42 三、動作分期方式-----------------------------------------------------------------43 第六節、研究假設與動量分析-------------------------------------------------44 一、研究假設--------------------------------------------------------------------44 二、動量計算模式--------------------------------------------------------------44 第七節、統計方法----------------------------------------------------------------45 第肆章結果--------------------------------------------------------------46 第一節、功能性評量與不同支撐底面積下之壓力中心等基本資料分析- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------46 一、功能性評量--------------------------------------------------------------------------46 二、壓力中心相關之穩定限度資料--------------------------------------------------47 三、重心相關之穩定限度資料--------------------------------------------------------48 第二節、重心線動量在不同支撐底面積下之比較--------------------------48 第三節、重心角動量在不同支撐底面積下之比較--------------------------51 第四節、壓力中心與重心穩定限度參數與重心線動量及角動量之相關 性------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 第五節、在不同支撐底面積下前傾動作時線動量及角動量之信度----56 第伍章討論--------------------------------------------------------------57 第一節、重心線動量與前傾動作動態平衡之關係--------------------------57 第二節、重心角動量與前傾動作動態平衡之關係--------------------------59 第三節、支撐底面積與前傾動作動態極限之關係--------------------------61 VII 第四節、重心動量參數與壓力中心及重心穩定限度參數之相關性探討- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------63 第陸章結論與建議------------------------------------------------------65 第一節、結論-----------------------------------------------------------------------65 第二節、建議-----------------------------------------------------------------------66 參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------------68 一、中文部分------------------------------------------------------------------------68 二、英文部分------------------------------------------------------------------------69 附錄一、參加者須知及同意書---------------------------------------------------81 附錄二--------------------------------------------------------------------------------83 表次 表3-1 受試者基本資料-----------------------------------------------------------34 表4-1 老年組與年輕組功能性平衡測試結果摘要表-----------------------47 表4-2 老年組與年輕組前傾動作時,壓力中心穩定限度結果摘要表---47 表4-3 老年組與年輕組前傾動作時重心穩定限度結果摘要表-----------48 表4-4 老年組與年輕組不同支撐底面積下,前傾動作時重心線動量結果摘要表-------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 表4-5 老年組與年輕組不同支撐底面積下,前傾動作時重心線動量的混合設計二因子變異數分析摘要表----------------------------------------------51 表4-6 老年組與年輕組不同支撐底面積下,前傾動作時最大線動量時間點之混合設計二因子變異數分析摘要表-------------------------------------51 表4-7 老年組與年輕組不同支撐底面積下,前傾動作時重心角動量結果摘要表-------------------------------------------------------------------------------52 表4-8 老年組與年輕組不同支撐底面積下,前傾動作時重心角動量的混合設計二因子變異數分析摘要表----------------------------------------------53 表4-9 老年組與年輕組不同支撐底面積下,前傾動作時最大角動量時間點之混合設計二因子變異數分析摘要表-------------------------------------54 表4-10 壓力中心及重心穩定限度參數與重心線動量及角動量的相關矩 陣----------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 表4-11 重心線動量與角動量的同一測試者同日再測信度與不同測試者間信度摘要表--------------------------------------------------------------------56 圖次 圖1-1 車禍與跌倒併發症死亡率在各年齡層之比較-------------------------3 圖1-2 質點作圓周運動示意圖----------------------------------------------------6 圖2-1 功能性支撐底面積與年齡之關係--------------------------------------16 圖2-2 模擬人在站立時,往前倒與往後倒重心速度與位置關係---------17 圖2-3 最佳化的動態穩定限度模式--------------------------------------------18 圖2-4 坐到站時衝量與動量之關係--------------------------------------------20 圖2-5 以(a)快速、(b)中速及(c)慢速執行坐到站時,10 位受試者平均重心水平動量與垂直動量與時間的關係圖--------------------------------------21 圖2-6 不同速度下執行坐到站動作,水平方向與垂直方向上各肢段動量與時間關係圖----------------------------------------------------------------------22 圖2-7 老人與年輕人姿勢的改變-----------------------------------------------30 圖3-1 場地佈置圖-----------------------------------------------------------------36 圖3-2 反光球黏貼位置圖--------------------------------------------------------40 圖3-3 實驗之預備動作-----------------------------------------------------------40 圖3-4 實驗之結束動作-----------------------------------------------------------40 圖3-5 重心傾斜角定義圖--------------------------------------------------------42 圖3-6 動作起始點與動作完成點的定義示意圖-----------------------------43 圖4-1 年輕人前傾動作時,重心線動量與時間關係圖----------------------50 圖4-2 老人前傾動作時,重心線動量與時間關係圖-------------------------50 圖4-3 年輕人前傾動作時,重心角動量與時間關係圖----------------------53 圖4-4 老人前傾動作時,重心角動量與時間關係圖-------------------------53

    參考文獻
    一、中文部分
    林佩欣、曾旭民、鄭寶釵、黃美涓、鄧復旦。(1999)。太極拳對老年人感覺運動功能的影響。物理治療, 24(4) , 231-241。
    林桑伊、林瑞模。(1999)。中國人不同年齡與性別在站立姿勢控制之差
    異。物理治療,24(3) ,174-182。
    林桑伊、蔡子同、林倩如、李毅信。(2001) 。老年頭暈病人的站立平衡。物理治療,26(2) ,68-76。
    徐慧娟,吳淑瓊,江東亮。(1996)。跌倒對社區老人健康生活品質的
    影響。中華衛誌,15(6), 525-532。
    莊麗玲、胡名霞、黃靄雯、陳治中、林祁岷、簡登偉。(1998)。站立穩定限度之年齡效應。物理治療, 23(2) ,73-82。
    黃子庭,廖秀珠。(1993)。台北市北投區社區居家老人跌倒的情形及
    其相關因素之探討。公共衛生,20(3) ,234-245。
    陳俊煌、柴惠敏、施偉立。(2001)。不同伸取方向對動態穩定限度的影
    響。中華民國物理治療學會第四十三次學術研討會。9 月22 日,
    台北。(中華物療誌26: s29)
    張梅蘭、王子娟、劉作仁、李淑美、梁家豐、徐道昌。(1998)。老人跌倒者與非跌倒者平衡能力之定量評估。物理治療,23(4) ,255-268。
    傅麗蘭。平衡運動訓練前後老年人之平衡表現及步寬的改變。(1998) 。物理治療, 23(2) , 98-105。
    二、英文部分
    Balon, R.W., Aorona, S., Jacobson, K.M., et al. (1998). A prospective study of posturography in normal older people, Journal of the American Geriatrics Socitey, 46, 438-443.
    Bonar, S.K., Tinetti, M.E., Speechley, M., Cooney, L.M. (1990). Factors
    associated with short- versus long-term skilled nursing facility
    placement among community-living hip fracture patients. Journal of the
    American Geriatrics Socitey, 38, 1139-1144.
    Cech, D.J., Martin, S.T. (2002). Functional movement development across the
    life span (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
    Cheng, P.T., Wu, S.H., Liaw, M.Y., Wong, A.M., Tang, F.T. (2001). Symmetrical
    body-weight distribution training in stroke patients and its effect on fall
    prevention. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 82(12),
    1650-1654.
    Cherng, R.J., Su, F.C., Chen, J.J., Kuan, T.S. (1999). Performance of static
    standing balance in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy under
    altered sensory environments. American Journal of Physical Medicine
    & Rehabilitation, 78(4), 336-343.
    70
    Collins, J.J., De Luca, C.J. (1993). Open-loop and close-loop control of
    pressure: a random-walk analysis of center-of-pressure trajectories.
    Experimental Brain Research, 95, 308-318.
    Commissaris, D.A.C.M, & Toussaint, H.M. (1997). Load knowledge affects
    lower-back loading and control of balance in lifting tasks. Ergonomics,
    40(5), 559-575.
    Commissaris, D.A.C.M., Toussaint, H.M., Hirschfeld, H. (2001). Anticipatory
    postural adjustments in a bimanual, whole-body lifting task seem not
    only aimed at minimizing anterior-posterior center of mass
    displacements. Gait and Posture, 14, 44-55.
    Day, B.L., Steiger, M.J., Thompson, P.D., Marsden, C.D. (1993). Effect of
    vision and stance width on human body motion when standing:
    implications for afferent control of lateral sway. Journal of Physiology,
    469, 479-499.
    Dietz, V., Gollhofer, A., Kleiber, M., Trippel, M. (1992). Regulation of
    bipedal stance: dependency on load receptors. Experimental Brain
    Research, 89, 229-231.
    Downton, J. H. (1993). Falls in the elderly. Great Britain: British Library
    Cataloguing in Publication Data.
    Ferdjallah, M., Harris, G.F., Smith, P., Wertsch, J.J. (2002). Analysis of postural
    control synergies during quiet standing in healthy children and children
    with cerebral palsy. Clinical Biomechanics, 17(3), 203-210.
    71
    Fleiss JL. (1986). Reliability of measurement. In. Fleiss JL. The Design and
    Analysis of Clinical Experiments. Canada: John Wiley & Sons Inc; p. 1-
    32.
    Gantchev, N., Viallet, F., Aurenty, R., Massion, J. (1996). Impairment of
    posturo-kinetic co-ordination during initiation of forward oriented
    stepping movements in parkinsonian patients. Electroencephalography
    & Clinical Neurophysiology, 101(2), 110-120.
    Gantchev, N., Viallet, F., Aurenty, R., Massion, J. (2000). Forward versus
    backward oriented stepping movements in Parkinsonian patients. Motor
    Control, 4(4), 453-468.
    Gatev, P., Thomas, S., Kepple, T., Hallett, M. (1999). Feedforward ankle
    strategy of balance during quiet stance in adults. Journal of Physiology,
    514 ( Pt 3), 915-928.
    Gill, J., Allum, J.H.J., Carpenter, M.G., et al. (2001). Trunk sway measures of
    postural stability during clinical balance tests: effects of age. Journal of
    Gerontology Series A- Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 56(7),
    M438-M447.
    Grimby, G. (1995). Muscle performance and structure in the elderly as
    studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Journal of
    Gerontology Series A- Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences,
    50(A), 17-22.
    Goldie, P.A., Evans, O.M., Bach, T.M. (1992). Steadiness in one-legged
    72
    stance: development of a reliable force-platform testing
    procedure. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73,
    348-354.
    Goldie, P.A., Bach, T.M., Evans, O.M. (1989). Force platform measures for
    evaluation postural control: reliability and validity. Archives of Physical
    Medicine and Rehabilitation, 70, 510-517.
    Hasan, S.S., Lichtenstein, M.J., Shiavi, R.G. (1990). Effect of loss of balance on
    biomechanics platform measure of sway: influence of stance and a
    method for adjustment. Journal of Biomechanics, 23(8), 783-789.
    Hay, J.G. (1974). Moment of inertia of the human body. In Committee on
    Kinsiology of the Physical Education Division. Kinesiology IV.
    American Association for Health Physical Education, and Recreation.
    Washingtion, D.C. U.S.A. p43-52.
    Heiss, D.G., Shields, R.K., Yack, H.J. (2001). Anticipatory control of vertical
    lifting force and momentum during the squat lift with expected and
    unexpected loads. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy,
    31(12), 708-723.
    Horak, F.B., Shupert, C.L., Mirka, A.(1989). Components of postural
    dyscontrol in the elderly: a review. Neurobiology of aging, 10, 727-738.
    Jadelis, K., Miller, M.E., Ettinger, W.H Jr., Messier, S.P. (2001). Strength,
    balance, and the modifying effects of obesity and knee pain: results
    from the Observational Arthritis Study in Seniors (oasis). Journal of
    73
    the American Geriatrics Society, 49(7), 884-891.
    Jensen, J.L., Brown, L.A., Woollacott, M.H. (2001). Compensatory stepping:
    the biomechanics of a preferred response among older adults.
    Experimental Aging Research, 27, 361-376.
    Jian, Y., Winter, D.A., Gilchrist, I.L. (1993). Trajectory of the body COG and
    COP during initiation and termination of gait. Gait and Posture, 1, 9-22.
    Kalveram, KT. (1991). Pattern generating and reflex-like processes controlling
    aiming movements in the presence of inertia, damping and gravity. A
    theoretical note. Biological Cybernetics, 64(5), 413-419.
    Kaya, B.K., Krebs, D.E., Riley, P.O. (1998). Dynamic stability in elders:
    momentum control in locomotor ADL. Journal of Gerontology
    Series A- Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 53(2), M126-M134.
    King, M.B., Judge, J.O., Wolfson, L. (1994). Functional base of support
    decreases with age. Journal of Gerontology Series A- Biological
    Sciences & Medical Sciences 49(6), M258-M263.
    Kuo, A.D. (1995). An optimal control model for analyzing human postural
    balance. IEEE Transaction on Bio-medical Engineering, 42, 87-101.
    Lauk, M., Chow, C.C., Lipsitz. L.A., Mitchell, S.L., Collins, J.J. (1999).
    Assessing muscle stiffness from quiet stance in Parkinson's disease.
    Muscle & Nerve, 22(5), 635-639.
    Lee, T.H., Lee, Y.H. (2003). An investigation of stability limits while holding a
    load. Ergonomics. 46(5), 446-454.
    74
    Maki, B.E, & McIlroy, W.E. (1997). The role of limb movements in
    maintaining upright stance: the “change-in-support” strategy. Physical
    Therapy, 77(5), 489-507.
    Maki, B.E., Holliday, P.J., Topper, A.K. (1994). A prospective study of
    postural balance and risk of falling in an ambulatory and independent
    elderly populations. Journal of Gerontology Series A- Biological
    Sciences & Medical Sciences, 52(1), M72-M94.
    Martin, M., Shinberg, M., Kuchibhatla, M., Ray, L., Carollo, J.J., Schenkman,
    M.L. (2002). Gait initiation in community-dwelling adults with
    Parkinson disease: comparison with older and younger adults without the
    disease. Physical Therapy, 82(6), 566-577.
    Melzer, I., Benjuya, N., Kaplanski, J. (2001). Age-related changes of postural
    control: effect of cognitive tasks. Gerontology, 47(4), 189-194.
    Mihelj, M., Matjacic, Z., Bajd, T. (2000). Postural activity of constrained
    subject in response to disturbance in sagittal plane. Gait & Posture.
    12(2), 94-104.
    Milczarek, J.J., Kirby, R.L., Harrison, E.R., MacLeod, D.A. (1993). Standard
    and four-footed canes: their effect on the standing balance of patients
    with hemiparesis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 74(3),
    281-285.
    Morgenthal, A.P. (2001). The age-related challenges of posture and balance. In
    J.D. Bougie, A.P. Morgenthal, (Eds.). The aging body: conservative
    75
    management of common neuromusculoskeletal conditions, U.S.: Mc-
    Graw Hill Companies Inc.
    Moxley, S.D., Krebs, D.E., Harris, B.A. (1999). Quadriceps muscle strength
    and dynamic stability in elderly persons. Gait & Posture, 10(1),10-20.
    Niam, S., Cheung, W., Sullivan, P.E., Kent, S., Gu, X. (1999). Balance and
    physical impairments after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine &
    Rehabilitation, 80(10), 1227-1233.
    Nikfekr, E., Kerr, K., Attfield, S., Playford, D.E. (2002). Trunk movement
    in Parkinson’s disease during rising from seated position.
    Movement Disorders, 17(2), 274-282.
    Owings, T.M., Pavol, M.J., Foley, K.T., Grabiner, M.D. (2000). Measures of
    postural stability are not predictors of recovery from large postural
    disturbances in healthy older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics
    Society, 48, 42-50.
    Pai, Y.C., Maki, B.E., Iqbal, K., et al. (2000). Thresholds for step initiation
    induced by support-surface translation: a dynamic center-of-mass
    model provides much better prediction than a static model. Journal of
    Biomechanics, 33, 387-392.
    Pai, Y.C.& Patton, J. (1997). Center of mass velocity-position predictions
    for balance control. Journal of Biomechanics, 30(4), 347-354.
    Pai, Y.C.& Rogers, M.W. (1991). Segmental contributions to total body
    momentum in sit-to-stand. Medicine Sciences in Sports and Exercise,
    76
    23(2), 225-230.
    Pai, Y.C.& Rogers, M.W. (1990). Control of body mass transfer as a
    function of speed of ascent in sit-to-stand. Medicine Sciences in
    Sports and Exercise, 22(30), 378-384.
    Panzer, V.P., Bandinelli, S., Hallett, M.(1995). Biomechanical assessment
    of quiet standing and changes associated with aging. Archives of
    Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 76, 151-157.
    Patton, J.L., Lee, W.A., Pai, Y.C. (2000). Relative stability improves with
    experience in a dynamic standing task. Experimental Brain Research,
    135(1), 117-126.
    Patton, J.L., Pai, Y., Lee, W.A. (1999). Evaluation of a model that determines
    the stability limits of dynamic balance. Gait & Posture, 9(1), 38-49.
    Pescatello, L.S., DiPietro, L. (1993). Physical activity in older adults: an
    overview of health benefits. Sports Medicine, 15, 353-364.
    Poor, G., Atkinson, E.J., O'Fallon, W.M., Melton, L.J 3rd. (1995). Predictors of
    hip fractures in elderly men. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research,
    10(12), 1900-1997.
    Puniello, M.S., McGibbon, C.A., Krebs DE. (2000). Lifting characteristics of
    functionally limited elders. Journal of Rehabilitation Research &
    Development, 37(3),341-52.
    Reisman, D.S., Scholz, J.P., Schoner, G. (2002). Coordination underlying the
    control of whole body momentum during sit-to-stand. Gait and Posture,
    77
    15, 45-55.
    Robinovitch, S.N., Heller, B., Lui, A., Cortez, J. (2002). Effect of strength and
    speed of torque development on balance recovery with the ankle strategy.
    Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(2),613-620.
    Runge, C.F., Shupert, C.L., Horak, F.B., Zajac, F.E. (1999). Ankle and hip
    postural strategies defined by joint torques. Gait & Posture, 10(2), 161-
    170.
    Scarborough, D.M., Krebs, D.E., Harris, B.A. (1999). Quadriceps muscle
    strength and dynamic stability in elderly persons. Gait and Posture, 10,
    10-20.
    Schultz, A.B. (1992). Mobility impairment in the elderly: challenges for
    biomechanics research. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(5), 519-528.
    Shumway-Cook, A., Anson, D., Haller, S. (1988). Postural sway biofeedback:
    its effect on reestablishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients.
    Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 69(6), 395-400.
    Stapley, P., Pozzo, T., Grishin, A. (1998). The role of anticipatory postural
    adjustments during whole body forward reaching movements.
    Neuroreport, 9(3), 395-401.
    Testa, M., Martin, L., Debu, B. (1999). Effects of the type of holds and
    movement amplitude on postural control associated with a climbing task.
    Gait and Posture, 9, 57-64.
    Testa, M., Martin, L., Debu, B. (2003). 3D analysis of posturo-kinetic
    78
    coordination associated with a climbing task in children and teenagers.
    Neuroscience Letters, 336, 45-49.
    Thelen, D.G., Wojcik, L.A., Schultz, A.B., et al. (1997). Age differences
    in using a rapid step to regain balance during a forward fall.
    Journal of Gerontology Series A- Biological Sciences & Medical
    Sciences, 52(1), M8-M13.
    Thyssen, H.H., Brynskov, J., Jansen, E.C., Munster-Swendsen, J. (1982).
    Normal ranges and reproducibility for the quantitative Romberg’s test.
    Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 66, 100-104.
    Tinetti, M.E., Baker, D.I., Garrett, P.A., Gottschalk, M., Koch, M.L., Horwitz,
    R.I. (1993). Yale ficsit: risk factor abatement strategy for fall
    prevention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Socitey, 41, 315-320.
    Tinetti, M.E., Baker, D.I., McAvay, G., Claus, E.B., Garrett, P., Gottschalk, M.,
    et al. (1994). A multifactorial intervention to reduce the risk of falling
    among elderly people living in the community. The New England
    Journal of Medicine, 331(13), 821-827.
    Tinetti, M.E., McAvay, G., Claus, E. (1996). Dose multiple risk factor
    reduction explain the reduction in fall rate in the Yale FICSIT trial?
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 144(4), 389-399.
    Tinetti, M.E., Doucette, J., Claus, E., Marottoli, R. (2000). Risk factors for
    serious injury during falls by older persons in the community. Journal of
    the American Geriatrics Society, 43(11), 1412-1421.
    79
    van Wegen, E.E., van Emmerik, R.E., Wagenaar, R.C., Ellis, T. (2001).
    Stability boundaries and lateral postural control in parkinson's disease.
    Motor Control, 5(3), 254-269.
    Walker, C., Brouwer, B.J., Culham, E.G. (2000). Use of visual feedback in
    retraining balance following acute stroke. Physical Therapy, 80(9), 886-
    895.
    Winter, D.A. (1995). Anatomy, biomechanics and control of balance
    during standing and walking. Canada: Canadian Cataloguing in
    Publication Data.
    Winter, D.A. (1990). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement (2nd
    ed). Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Wojcik, L.A., Thelen, D.G., Schultz, A.B., Ashton-Miller, J.A,, Alexander, N.B.
    (1999). Age and gender differences in single-step recovery from a
    forward fall. Journal of Gerontology Series A- Biological Sciences &
    Medical Sciences ,54(1), M44-M50.
    Wolff, D.R., Rose, J., Jones. V.K., Bloch, D.A., Oehlert, J.W., Gamble, J.G.
    (1998). Postural balance measurements for children and adolescents.
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 16(2), 271-275.
    Wolfson, L., Judge, J., Whipple, R., King, M. (1995). Strength is a major
    factor in balance, gait and the occurrence of falls. Journal of
    Gerontology Series A- Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences,
    50A(special issue), 64-67.
    80
    Wolfson, L., Whipple, M., Derby, C.A., et al. (1992). A dynamic
    posturography study of balance in healthy elderly, Neurology, 42,
    2069-2075.
    Woollacott, M.H,, & Tang, P.F. (1997). Balance control during walking in the
    older adult: research and its implications. Physical Therapy, 77(6), 646-
    660.
    81

    QR CODE