研究生: |
陳淑蓉 chen shu jung |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
幽默感對可能壓力事件及負向生活事件的認知評估、情緒反應之影響 The effect of sense of humor on cognitive appraisals ,affection of the potential stressful events and the negative life events |
指導教授: | 陳學志 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育心理與輔導學系 Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling |
論文出版年: | 2003 |
畢業學年度: | 91 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 155 |
中文關鍵詞: | 幽默感 、認知評估 |
英文關鍵詞: | the effects of sense of humor, affection of the potential stressful evvents, the negative life events |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:321 下載:153 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究主要目的在編製一多成份幽默感量表並探討個體面臨可能壓力事件及負面生活事件時,其幽默感對認知評估、情緒反應及努力程度之影響。
研究以台北縣市333位二年級的國中生為研究對象進行以下三個研究:研究一:編製一「多成份幽默感量表」,此量表包含「幽默理解能力」、「幽默創造能力」、「幽默因應能力」、「社交情境中的幽默能力」、「對幽默的態度」及「笑的傾向」六個分量表,共有57題,以likert五點量尺作答。此量表具有良好信度及效度。研究二:探討幽默感對可能壓力事件之認知評估、情緒反應之影響,結果發現不同幽默感之受試者在挑戰評估及情緒反應的結果有顯著的差異,高幽默感者對於可能壓力事件的挑戰評估顯著多於低幽默感者,而在威脅評估上,兩組受試則沒有差異;在情緒反應上,高幽默感者之正向情緒顯著多於低幽默感者。研究三:以2(高/低幽默感)*3(正/中/負向回饋)之二因子實驗設計,探討個體面臨正/中/負向生活事件時,幽默感對認知評估、情緒反應及努力程度之影響。結果發現在情緒反應、威脅評估及努力程度上,幽默感與回饋間並交互作用不顯著。在挑戰評估方面,幽默感默感與回饋方式有交互作用存在,在正向事件及負向事件上,高幽默感者在挑戰評估上的得分皆顯著高於低幽默感者。
本研究提供實驗上的證據,從幽默感對認知評估、情緒反應及努力程度的影響驗證了幽默感之壓力調節作用及正向提昇作用。
關鍵詞:幽默感、認知評估、情緒反應、壓力調節作用、正向提昇作用
The purposes of this study were to set up a multidimensional sense of humor scale, and to explore how sense of humor affected cognitive appraisals, affection and efforts that individuals made for potential stressful events and the negative life events they encountered.
333 junior high school students participated in the three study. In Study 1: A multidimensional sense of humor scale with satisfying reliability and validity was set up. This scale consisted of six subscales: “humor comprehension”, “humor creation”, ”using humor in social context”, ”humor coping”, “the attitude toward humor”, and “the tendency of laugh”. The scale consisted 57 items; each item was accompanied by likert 5-point responses. In study 2: When encountering potential stressful events, there was significant difference on challenge appraisal and affection between higher level humor subjects and lower level humor ones. Higher level humor subjects made challenge appraisal and got more positive affection. However there was no significant difference on threat challenge appraisal. In study 3: A 2(high/low huomr)* 3(positive/neutral/negative feedback) design was employed. There were no interaction between humor and feedback. But the interaction of humor* feedback on the challenge appraisal was significant.
When encountering positive and negative life events, higher level humor subjects made more challenge appraisals than lower level humor ones.
The finding of these study provided empirical support for the stress-buffering (mediating) effects and the positive enhancement effects of sense of humor.
中文部分
王蓁蓁(民90)。台北縣國中生之壓力源、因應方式與生活適應之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
王震武、林文瑛、林烘煜、張郁雯、陳學志(民90)。心理學。台北:學富。
何長珠(民85):諮商歷程中之改變與認知-情緒之關係。諮商輔導文粹,1,高雄師大輔導研究所。
何茉如(民87)。國中生幽默感對於生活壓力、身心健康調節作用之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
李欣瑩(民90):桃園市國中生主觀生活壓力、社會支持、因應行為與身心健康之關係研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
林語堂(民69)。吾國吾民。台北:德華。
林思妙(民82)。從認知評估、因應方式看國中教師的工作壓力歷程。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
周文欽、歐滄和、許擇基、盧欽銘、金樹人、范德鑫(民84)。心理與教育測驗。台北:心理出版社。
陳學志(民80)。「幽默理解的認知歷程」。國立台灣大學心理研究所博士論文。
陳杏容(民90)。青少年因應壓力行為之探討──憂鬱情緒與偏差行為。東吳大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
陳惠君(民87)。單親父母之生活壓力、因應方式、與其情緒適應之相關性研究──以高雄縣婦幼館向日葵聯誼會成員為例。暨南大學社會政策與社會工作學系碩士論文。
張如鈞(民79)。兒童幽默的發展──對幽默漫畫的欣賞與理解。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
張春興(民80):張氏心理學辭典。台北:東華。
張春興(民80)。現代心理學。台北:東華。
郭生玉(民80)。教育心理與測驗。台北:東華。
廖翌妙(91)。國小教師壓力事件、因應方式與情緒經驗之研究。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
鄭慧玲譯(民83)。幽默就是力量。台北:遠流出版社。
劉君業(民89)。笑遍天下。台北:桂冠圖書。
劉佩雲(民79)。性別、創造力、自我檢校與幽默感的關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
謝慧珍(民84)。兒童幽默感、同儕聲望與行為能力關係之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
蘇彙君(民87):社會支持、自我效能與國中生壓力因應歷程中認知評估及因應策略的相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
蕭颯、王文欽、徐智策(民80)。幽默心理學。台北:智慧大學。
英文部分
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
Anderson, C. A., & L. H. Amoult. (1989). An examination of erceived control, humor, irrational beliefs, and positive stress as moderators of the relation between negative stress and health. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 10: 101-117.
Apter, M. J. & Smith, K. C. P. (1977). Humour and the theory of psychological reversals. In A. J. Chapman & H. Foot(Eds.), It’s a funny thing, humour. Oxford: Pergamon, 95-100.
Badad, E. Y. (1974). A multimethed approach to the assessment of humor: A critical look at humor test. Journal of Personality, 42(4), 618-632.
Bentley, L. A. (1991). The use of humor as a stress coping mechanism for college student perceived stresses in the college environment. Graduate Faculty of Education doctoral dissertation.
Berlyne, D. E. (1972). Humor and its kin. In J. H. Goldstein, & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The psychology of humor (pp. 43-60). New York: Academic press.
Bond, M., Gardner, S. T., Christian, J, & Sigal, J. J. (1983). Empirical study of self-rated defense styles. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 333-338.
Borins, Mel. (1995). Humor in the doctor’s office. Canadian Medical Association Journal 152: 588-589.
Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Bernson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839-855.
Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., & Banks, J. S. (1997). On the role of humor appreciation in interpersonal attraction: It’s no joking matter. Humor International Journal of Humor Research, 10(1), 77-89.
Carmen, C. M. & Margaret, M. M. (1999). Differencial influences of coping humor and humor bias on mood. Behavioral Medicine, 25, 36-42.
Carroll, J. L. & Shmidt, J. L.(1992). Correlation between humorous coping style and health. Psychological Reports, 70, 402.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review, 97, 19-35
Chapman, A. J. & Foot, H. C. (Eds.), (1996). Humor and laughter. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Cousins, N. (1979). Anatomy of an illness. New York: Norton.
Danzer, A., Dale, J., A., Klions, H. L. (1990). Effects of exposure to humorous stimuli on induced depression. Psychological Report,66, 1027-1036.
Deaner, S. L.& McConatha, J. T. (1993). Relationship of humor to depression and personality. Psychological Reports, 72: 755-763.
Dewe, P. J. (1991). Primary appraisal, secondary appraisal and coping: There role in stressful work incounters. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64, 331-335.
Dewe, P. J. & Guest, D. E. (1990). Methods of coping with stress at work: A conceptual analysis and empirical study of measurement issues. Journal of Orqanizational Behavior, 11, 135-150.
Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7, 181-185.
Dimmer,S.,James,C., & Gwen,W.(1990). Uses of humor in psychotherapy. Psychological Reports, 66(3), 13-18.
Dixon, N. F. (1980). Humor: A cognitive alternative to stress? In I. G. Sarason & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Stress and Anxiety(Vol. 7, pp. 281-289). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Ellis, A. (1979). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Secaucus, N. J.:Citadel.
Fave, L. L., Haddad, J., & Maesen, W. A. (1996). Superiority, enhanced self-esteem, and perceived incongruity humour theory. In A. J. Chapman , & H. C. Foot(Eds.), (1996). Humor and laughter (pp. 63-91). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150-170.
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55, 647-654.
Forabosco, G. (1992). Cognitive aspects of the humor process: The concept of incongruity. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 5, 45-68.
Fredrickson, B. L.(2001). The role of positive emotion in positive psychology: The broaden- and-build theory of positive emotion. American Psychology, 109,218-226.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191-220.
Frued, S. (1960). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. New York: London, W. w. Noton & Company.
Fry, W. F. (1992). Physiologic effects of humor, mirth and laughter. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 1857-1858.
Fry, W. F. (1994). The biology of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 7(2), 111-126.
Hallett, R. D., & Derks, P. (1998). Humor theory and Rabelais. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11-2, 135-160.
Hobden, K. L. & Olson, J. M. (1994). From jest to antipathy: Disparagement as a source of dissonance-motivated attitude change. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15(3), 239-249.
Hudak, D. A., Dale, J. A., Hudak, M. A. & DeGood, D. E. (1991). Effects of humorous stimuli and sense of humor on discomfort. Psychological Reports, 69, 779-786.
Hulse, Janet R. (1994). Humor: A nursing intervention for the elderly. Geriatric Nursing 15: 88-90.
Hunt, Ann H. (1992). Humor as a nursing intervention. Cancer Nursing 16: 34-39.Isen, A. M. (1990). The influence of positive and negative affect on cognitive organization: Some implications for development. In N. Stein, B. Leventhal, & T. Trabasso (Eds.), Psychological and biological approaches to emotion (pp. 75-94). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Isen, A. M. (1990). The influence of positive and negative affect on cognitive organization: Some implications for development. In N. Stein, B. Leventhal, & T. Trabasso (Eds.), Psychological and biological approaches to emotion (pp. 75-94). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kenneth, H. G., Martin, D. L. & Arvalea, J. N. (1996). Sense of humor and everyday humorous conduct. Humor International Journal of Humor Research, 9(3), 273-302.
Kerri, M. L., Kevin, L.B., Martin, R, Jennifer, S. & Daniel, R. C. (2001). A reformulation of the moderating of productive humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 14, 131-161.
Kuiper, N. A. & Martin, R. A. (1993). Humor and self-concept. Humor :6-3, 251-270.
Kuiper, N. A., & Martin, R. A.(1998).Laughter and Stress in Daily Life: Relation to Positive and Negative Affect. Motivation and Emotion, 22, 133-153.
Kuiper, N. A., Martin, R. A. & Dance, K. A. (1992). Sense of hunor and enhanced Quality of life. Personality and Individual Difference,
13,1273-1283.
Kuiper, N.A., Martin, R. A. & Olinger, L. J. (1993). Coping humor, stress, and cognitive appraisals. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 25, 81-96.
Kuiper, N. A., & Olinger, L. J. (1998). Humer and mental health. In H. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (Vol. 2, pp. 445-457). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Langevin, R., & Day, H. I. (1972). Physiological correlations of humor. In Goldstein, J. H. & McGhee, P. E.(Eds.). The Psychology of humor. New York and London: Academic Press.
Laura, A. T. & Barry, L. D. (2000). On the association between humor and burnout. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 13, 419-428.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Spring Publishing Company.
Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passion and Reason. Making sense of our emotion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lefcourt, M. H. (2001). The humor solution. In Snyder, C. R.(Ed), Copying with stress :Effective people and proces. (pp.68-92).New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
Lefcourt, H. M., & Martin, R. A. (1986). Humor and life stress: Antidote to adversity. New York: Springer Publishing.
Lefcourt, H. M., & Thomas, S. (1998). Humor and stress revisited. In Ruch, W. (Ed). The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic. Humor research: 3 (pp. 179-202). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.
Levine, S. R., Wyer, J. R., Schwarz, N. (1994). Are you what you feel? The affective and cognitive determinants of self-judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology,24, 63-77.
Lusterman, D. (1992). Humor as metaphor. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 10(1-2), 167-172.
Mannell, R. C, & McMahon, L. (1982). Humor as play: Its relationship to psychological well-being during the course of a day. Leisure Sciences, 5, 143-155.
Maslow, A. (1962). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand.
May, R. (1953). Man’s search for himself. New York: Random House.
McGhee, P. E. (1976). Laughing matter: A symposium: Sex difference in children’s humor. Journal of Communication, 26, 3176-3189.
McGhee, P. E. (1980). Development of the sense of humour in childhood: A longitudinal study. In P. E. McGhee, & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Children’s humour, 113-136. Chichester, English: Wiley.
McGhee, P. E., & Lloyd, S. A. (1982). Behavioral characteristics associated with the development of humor in young children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 141(2), 253-259.
Millicent H. A. (1998). Interaction of humor and gender in moderating relationships between stress and outcomes. Journal of Psychology, 132, 267-276.
Martin, R. A. (2000). Humor. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopdia of psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 202-204). Washington, DC: American Psychology Association and New York: Oxford University Press.
Martin, A. R. (1996). The situational humor response questionnaire (SHRQ) and coping humor scale (CHS): A decade of research findings. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9(3), 251-272.
Martin, R. A. (2001). Humor, laughter, physical health: Methodological issues and research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 504-519.
Martin, R. A.; Kuiper, N. A.; Olinger, L, J.& Dance, K. A. (1993). Humor, coping with stress, self-concept, and psychological well-being. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 6, 89-104.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1983). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stress and moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(6), 1313-1324.
Martin, R. A., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1984). Situational humor response questionnaire:Quantitative measure of sense of humor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47, 1145-1155.
Nazareth, J. (1988). The psychology of military humor. New Delhi: Lonor.
Nerhardt, G. (1970). Humor and inclination to laugh: Emotion reations to stimuli of different divergence from range of expectancy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 11, 185-195.
Nevo, O., Giora, K., Mina, T. (1993). Humor and pain tolerance. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,6(1), 71-88.
Nevo, O., & Nevo, B. (1983). What do you do when asked to answer humorously? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 188-194.
Nezlek, J. B. & Derks, P. (2001). Use of humor as a copin mechanism, psy-chological adjustment, and social interaction. Humor 14-4, 395-413.
Nezu, A. M., Nezu, C. M., & Blissett, S. E. (1988). Sense of humor as a modrator of the relation between stressful event and psychological distress: A Prospective analysis. Journal of Personality ans Social Psychology,54(3), 520-525.
O’connell, W. E. (1962). An item analysis of the wit and humor appreciation test. Journal of Social Psychology, 56, 271-276.
Overholser, J. C. (1992). Sense of humor when coping with life stress. Personality and Individual Difference, 13, 799-804.
Peter, F. (1994). Good humor: A qualitative study of the uses of humor in everyday life. Psychology- a Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 31, 12-21.
Plutchick, R.(Ed). (1984). The Psychology and Biology of Emotion. Harper College Publishers.
Prerost, F. (1993). Presentation of humor and facilitation of a relaxation response among internal and external scores on Rotter’s scale. Psychological Reports, 72(3), 1248-1250.
Porterfield, A. (1987). Dose sense of humor moderate the impact of life stress of psychological and physical well-being? Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 306-317.
Roma, S., & Thomas, S. (1982). Coping with stress: Does humor help? Psychological Reports, 51 ,222.
Ronald, A. B., & Joy, P. N. (1998). Effects of jocular instructional methods of attitudes , anxiety, and achievement in statistics courses. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11(4) 11(4), 383-409.
Rotton, J. (1992). Trait humor and longevity: Do comics have the last laugh? Health Psychology, 11(4), 262-266.
Ruch, W. (1993). Exhilaration and humor. In M.Lewis & J. M. Haviland(Eds.), Handbook of emotions(pp. 605-616). New York: Guiford Press.
Ruch, W. (1996). Measurement approaches to sense of humor introdution and overview. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 8(3), 239 -250.
Shults, T. R. (1996). A cognitive-developmental analysis of humor. In A. J. Chapman , & H. C. Foot(Eds.), (1996). Humor and laughter (pp. 63-91). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Sanford, S., & Eder, D. (1984) . Adolescent humor during peer interaction. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47(3), 235-243.
Schoel, D. R., & Busse, T. V. (1971). Humor and creative abilities. Psychologica l Reports, 29(1), 34.
Simpson, J. A., & Weiner, E. S. C. (Ed.). (1989). The Oxford English Dictionary. (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Slavin, L. A., Rainer, K. L., McCreary, M. L., & Gowda, K. K. (1991). Toward a multicultural model of the stress process. Secial Issue: Multiculturalism as a fourth force in couneseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70(1), 156-163.
Storm, C., & Storm, T.(1987). A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 805-816.
Suls, J. (1972). A two-stage models for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons: An information processing analysis. In J. N. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), Handbook of Humor Research(Vol. 1, pp. 39-58). New York: Springer Verlag.
Svebak, S. (1996). The development of the sense of humor questionnaire: from SHQ to SHQ-6. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 9-3, 341-361.
Svebak, S., & Apter, M. J. (1989). Laughter: An empirical test of some reversal theory. Scandinavian Journal of psychology, 28(3), 189-198.
Terry, R. L., & Ertel, S. L. (1974). Exploration of individual differences in preference for humor. Psychological Reports, 34, 1031-1037.
Turner, R. G. (1980). Self-monitoring and humor production, Journal of Personality, 48(2), 163-172.
Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1993). Development and validation of a multidimensional sense of humor scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 49(1), 13-23.
Treawell, Y. (1970). Humor and creativity. Psychological Reports, 26(1), 55-58.
Veatch, T. C. (1998). A theory of humor. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11-2, 161-215.
Vergeer, G., & MacRae, A. (1993). Therapeutic use of humor in occupational therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy ,47: 678-683.
Warnars-Kleverlaan, N., Oppenheimer, L.& Sherman, L. (1996). To be or not to be humorous: Does it make difference? Humor: International Journal of Humor Research ,9-2, 117-141.
Wilson, C. P. (1979). Jokes form, content, use and function. New York, London: Academic Press.
Yovetich, N. A., Dale, J. A., & Hudak, M. H. (1990). Benefits of humor in reduction of threat-induced anxiety. Psychology Reports, 66, 51-58.
Zillmann, D. (1983). Disparagement humor. In P. E. McGhee, & J. N. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of Humor Research (Vol. 1, pp. 85-108). New York: Spring-Verlag.
Ziv, A. (1980). Humor and Creativity. The Creative Child & Adult Quarterly, 5(3), 159-170.
Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and Sense of Humor. New York:Spring Publishing Company.