簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 余奇芳
Chi-fang Yu
論文名稱: 一至六歲兒童的國語塞音習得與發展
The Acquisition and Development of Aspiration in Mandarin-speaking Children from One to Six years old
指導教授: 謝國平
Tse, Kwock-Ping
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 109
中文關鍵詞: 塞音送氣聲音起始時間語言習得傾斜改變
英文關鍵詞: stop consonant, aspiration, VOT, acquisition, gradient change
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:146下載:17
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究的主題是一歲到六歲兒童的國語塞音習得與發展。這項發展採用聲音起始時間 (voice onset time, VOT) 來衡量並記錄塞音的送氣時間。
      一歲兒童的發展結果分別從一歲六個月和一歲八個月大的幼童觀察而來。為期約五個月的觀察結果顯示其中一位兒童已經習得雙唇和舌尖塞音的送氣與不送氣區別,而另一位尚未習得。同時也發現二位兒童的送氣時間變化的模式有些相似,儘管仍有相當大的個人差異。首先,所有塞音的送氣時間都較短;較長的送氣時間在後來才發展出來。這種發展的順序可能是由於喉嚨與發音的協調程度不一所導致。
      二歲到六歲的兒童都已經習得雙唇、舌尖、和舌根三組塞音的送氣與不送氣區別。但是,這些兒童所發出的塞音當中,送氣的時間仍有顯著性的差異。三歲幼童的送氣時間很明顯的比大部分其他年齡的幼童還短,這可能是發音矯枉過正所產生的結果。五歲和六歲孩童的塞音送氣時間和大人的很相似。各個年齡之間的送氣時間變化可能顯示了孩童藉著不斷調整送氣的程度,以符合大人的發音模式。各年齡孩童的送氣變化也證明了語言發展是傾斜改變 (gradient change) 的過程。本研究所提供的跨越了六個年齡層的大規模紀錄和觀察可以當作語言治療的參考。

    This study provides empirical data of the development of Mandarin aspiration contrast from a longitudinal and a cross-sectional perspective. Voice onset time (VOT) is employed to measure the progress of aspiration contrast which is characteristic of labial, dental, and velar stop consonants.
    The longitudinal study recorded two children’s speech production at approximately every two weeks, beginning when they were about 1;8 and 1;6 respectively. Results showed that one of the subjects has acquired aspiration contrast between homorganic labial and dental stops while the other child has not when the study ended. It was also found that overall both of the two subjects exhibited similar pattern of VOT variation in the process of the development though great individual differences often existed between the two children. They seemed to produce all of the stops with shorter VOT values in the beginning of the study. Longer VOT values appeared to develop at a later time. It was speculated that the sequential order of acquisition and development of aspiration contrast can be resulted from different degrees of the coordination between the laryngeal gesture and the point of articulation.
    On the other hand the cross-sectional study examined the development of the aspiration contrast from two- to six-year-old children. Each group of children has acquired aspiration contrast but mean VOTs were found to be significantly different in all of the three aspirated stops and the unaspirated velar stop. The mean VOTs produced by three-year-olds were found to be shorter than most of the other groups, suggesting over-performance on the control of aspiration feature. The mean VOTs produced by the oldest two groups better resembled those in the adult group. It was assumed that the distinctions of VOT values among child groups could be attributed to children’s persistent attempts to adapt their VOT values to approaching the adult norm. The continuous VOT variations across the five groups of children also added evidence to gradient change in language production, especially in the aspect of aspiration contrast. In addition with the detailed documentation and observation of VOT values from a wide range of age this study also provided some reference for speech therapy.

    Chapter One Introduction 1 1.1 The correlation between phonological contrast and phonetic values 2 1.2 Child phonology 5 1.3 Voice onset time (VOT) 7 Chapter Two Literature Review 10 2.1 Cross-linguistic studies on the acquisition of voicing 10 2.1.1 Cantonese 10 2.1.2 Thai 13 2.1.3 English 16 2.1.4 Summary of cross-linguistic studies 19 2.2 Gradient development in acquisition 21 Chapter Three Methodology 28 3.1 General Design 28 3.1.1 Subjects 29 3.1.2 Stimulus 30 3.1.3 Equipment 33 3.1.4 Data collection 35 3.2 Pretest 38 3.3. Revised Methodology 42 3.3.1 Subjects 42 3.3.2 Stimulus 43 3.3.3 Data collection 46 Chapter Four Results 48 4.1 Results of the longitudinal study 48 4.1.1 Results of Lin 48 4.1.2 Results of Hsiao 52 4.2 Results of the cross-sectional study 56 4.2.1 Results of labial stops 59 4.2.2 Results of dental stops 63 4.2.3 Results of velar stops 66 Chapter Five Discussion 71 5.1 Longitudinal study 71 5.1.1 Sequential order of acquisition 71 5.1.2 The correlation between VOT duration and the larynx 74 5.1.3 The correlation between VOT duration and the articulation 75 5.2 Cross-sectional study 77 5.2.1 The correlation between VOT values and the larynx 79 5.2.2 The correlation between VOT values and the articulation 80 5.2.3 The correlation between VOT values and age 82 Chapter Six Conclusion 88 References 91 Appendices 96

    Allen, George D. 1985. How the Young French Child Avoids the Pre-voicing Problem for Word-initial Voiced Stops. Journal of Child Language 12:37-46.
    Bernhardt, Barbara Handford and Joseph Paul Stemberger. 1998. Handbook of phonological development from the perspective of constraint-based nonlinear phonology. San Diego: Academic Press.
    Blevins, Juliette. 2004. Evolutionary phonology: The emergence of sound pattern. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Boersma, Paul and David Weenink. 2006. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 4.4.16) [Computer program]. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://www.praat.org/.
    Borden, Gloria J., Harris, Katherine S. and Raphael, Lawrence J. 1994. Speech science primer. Maryland: Williams & Wilkins.
    Browman, Catherine P. and Louis Goldstein. 1989. Articulatory Gestures as Phonological Units. Phonology 6:201-51.
    Cheng, Chin-chuan. 1973. A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Mouton.
    Cho, Taehong and Peter Ladefoged. 1999. Variation and Universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages. Journal of Phonetics 27:207-29.
    Clumeck, Harold, David Barton, Marlys A. Macken, and Dorothy A. Huntington. 1981. Aspiration Contrast in Cantonese Word-initial Stops: Data from children and adults. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 9:210-25.
    Davis, Katharine. 1995. Phonetic and Phonological Contrasts in the Acquisition of Voicing: Voice onset time production in Hindi and English. Journal of Child Language 22:275-305.
    Eilers, Rebecca E., D. Kimbrough Oller, and Carmen R. Benito-Garcia. 1984. The Acquisition of Voicing Contrasts in Spanish and English Learning Infants and Children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Child Language 11:313-36.
    Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. An introduction to language. 1997. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
    Gandour, Jack, Soranee Holasuit Petty, Rochana Dardarananda, Sumalee Dechongkit, and Sunee Mukngoen. 1986. The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in Thai: A study of voice onset time in word-initial stop consonants. Journal of Child Language 13:561-72.
    Goodluck, Helen. 1991. Language acquisition: A linguistic introduction. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
    Grigos, Maria I., John H. Saxman, and Andrew M. Gordon. 2005. Speech Motor Development during Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48:739-52.
    Hewlett, Nigel and Daphne Waters. 2004. Gradient Change in the Acquisition of Phonology. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 18.6-8:523-33.
    Hua, Zhu and Barbara Dodd. 2000. The Phonological Acquisition of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese). Journal of Child Language 27:3-42.
    Jakobson, Roman. 1968. Child language, aphasia and phonological universal. The Hague: Mouton.
    Johnson, Keith. 2003. Acoustic and auditory phonetics. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing.
    Koenig, Laura. 2001. Distributional Characteristics of VOT in Children’s Voiceless Aspirated Stops and Interpretation of Developmental Trends. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 44:1058-68.
    Ladefoged, Peter. 2001. Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of languages. UK: Blackwell.
    Ladefoged, Peter and Ian Maddieson. 1996. The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
    Luinge, Margreet R., Wendy J. Post, Hero P. Wit, and Sieneke M. Goorhuis-Brouwer. 2006. The Ordering of Milestones in Language Development for Children from 1 to 6 Years of Age. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 49:923-40.
    Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Macken, Marlys A. 1980. Aspects of the acquisition of stop systems: A cross-linguistic perspective. Child phonology: Volume 1 Production, ed. by Yeni-Komshian, Grace H., James F. Kavanagh, Charles A. Ferguson, 143-168. New York: Academic Press.
    Macken, Marlys A. and David Barton. 1979. The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in English: A study of voice onset time in word-initial stop consonants. Journal of Child Language 7:41-74.
    Macken, Marlys A. and David Barton. 1980. The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in Spanish: A phonetic and phonological study of word-initial stop consonants. Journal of Child Language 7:433-58.
    Menn, L. 1983. Development of articulatory, phonetic, and phonological capabilities. Language production volume 2, ed. by Butterworth B. 3-50. London: Academic Press.
    Menn, Lise and Carol Stoel-Gammon. 1995. Phonological development. Handbook of child language, ed. by Paul Fletcher and Brian MacWhinney, 335-359. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
    O’Grady, William, Michael Dobrovolsky, and Francis Katamba. Ed. 1997. Contemporary linguistics: An introduction. UK: Pearson Education Limited.
    Öğüt, Fatih, Mehmet Akif Kili, Erkan Zedi Engin, and Raşit Midilli. 2006. Voice Onset Times for Turkish Stop Consonants. Speech Communication 48:1094-99.
    Romaine, Suzanne. 1984. The language of children and adolescents: The acquisition of communicative competence. Oxford: Blackwell.
    Scobbie, James M., Fiona Gibbon, William J. Hardcastle andPaul Fletcher. 2000. Covert Contrast as a Stage in the Acquisition of Phonetics and Phonology. Papers in laboratory phonology V: Language acquisition and the lexicon, ed. by Michael B. Bore and Janet B. Pierrehumbert, 194-207. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Smith, Bruce L. and Mary Kay Kenney. 1999. A Longitudinal Study of the Development of Temporal Properties of Speech Production: Data from four children. Phonetica 56:73-102.
    Smith, Neilson V. 1973. The acquisition of phonology: A case study. Cambridge, England: University Press.
    Snow, David. 1997. Children’s Acquisition of Speech Timing in English: A comparative study of voice onset time and final syllable vowel lengthening. Journal of Child Language 24:35-56.
    So, Lydia K. H. and Barbara J. Dodd. 1995. Acquisition of Phonology by Cantonese-Speaking Children. Journal of Child Languag 22:473-95.
    Stewart, Thomas W. Jr. and Nathan Vaillette. Ed. 2001. Language files: Materials for an introduction to language and linguistics. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
    Stokes, Stephanie F. and Carol Kit Sum To. 2002. Feature Development in Cantonese. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 16.6:443-59.
    Stokes, Stephanie F. and Dinoj Surendran. 2005. Articulatory Complexity, Ambient Frequency, and Functional Load as Predictors of Consonant Development in Children. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 48:577-91.
    Studdert-Kennedy, Michael and Elizabeth Whitney Goodell. 1995. Gestures, features and segments in early child speech. Speech and reading ed. by Beatrice de Gelder and Josè Morais, 65-88. Hove: Erlbaum.
    Wei, Hsiu-lan. 1997. A study of the production of perception of the English obstruents by Chinese EFL students. National Taiwan Normal University MA Thesis.
    Whiteside, Sandra P., Rachel Dobbin, and Luisa Henry. 2003. Patterns of Variability in Voice Onset Time: A developmental study of motor speech skills in humans. Neuroscience Letters 347: 29-32.
    Wong, Winnie W-Y. and Stephanie F. Stokes. 2001. Cantonese Consonantal Development: Toward a nonlinear account. Journal of Child Language 28:195-212.
    Xu, Hui-Xiu. 1990. The phonological acquisition by Mandarin-speaking children: A longitudinal case study on children from nine months through three years old. National Taiwan Normal University MA Thesis.

    QR CODE