研究生: |
楊惠雯 Yang, Hui-Wen |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
探討維生素D總攝取量與高齡者憂鬱症狀之關聯性-以美國NHANES 2007-2018年資料庫為例 Association between Total Vitamin D Intake and Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018 |
指導教授: |
李銘杰
Li, Ming-Chieh |
口試委員: |
胡益進
Hu, Yih-Jin 鄭其嘉 Cheng, Chi-Chia 李銘杰 Li, Ming-Chieh |
口試日期: | 2024/01/24 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
健康促進與衛生教育學系 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education |
論文出版年: | 2024 |
畢業學年度: | 112 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 92 |
中文關鍵詞: | 高齡者 、憂鬱症狀 、維生素D攝取量 、NHANES |
英文關鍵詞: | elderly, depressive symptoms, vitamin D intake, NHANES |
研究方法: | 橫斷面研究 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202400220 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:149 下載:48 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
研究背景與目的:世界人口正迅速朝高齡化發展,高齡者面臨老化所產生的疾病與社會環境因素改變所帶來的生活變化均易導致心理健康問題,其中憂鬱症為高齡者最常見之心理健康問題,而高齡者患有憂鬱症可能造成嚴重影響,近年來有研究指出憂鬱症與營養狀況具有關聯,其中微量營養素在負責調節大腦情緒功能有著重要之作用,眾多營養素中,「維生素D」在許多國家攝取不足的情形十分普遍,過去研究指出體內維生素D可保護大腦神經營養因子與生長因子,並與大腦之維生素D受體結合參與情緒調節功能,若攝取不足可能會影響心理健康,因此本研究旨在探討高齡者膳食加補充劑的維生素D總攝取量與憂鬱症狀之間的關聯性。
研究方法:本研究為橫斷面研究,採用美國健康與營養調查資料庫(National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,NHANES)2007至2018年之數據,篩選出9,780位60歲以上具有維生素D膳食加補充劑之總攝取量及具有憂鬱症狀評分之高齡者,維生素D總攝取量以四分位數分為四組,憂鬱症狀以患者健康問卷(PHQ-9)的10分作為切分點分成有或無憂鬱症狀兩組,並利用卡方檢定與邏輯斯迴歸分析維生素D總攝取量與高齡者憂鬱症狀之關聯性。
研究結果:本研究9,780位60歲以上高齡者中,有憂鬱症狀者佔比為8%,女性、有吸菸與飲酒習慣、有睡眠問題、有慢性疾病的高齡者具有憂鬱症狀的風險較高,而65歲以上之年齡層、非西班牙裔白人與黑人、教育程度越高、已婚(同居)、家庭收入與貧困比例≧1、睡眠時數充足及有身體活動的高齡者具有憂鬱症狀的風險較低,調整所有社會人口學與健康狀態因素後,維生素D總攝取量對高齡者憂鬱症狀雖有輕微的保護作用,但攝取量各分位數均不具顯著差異。
結論:維生素D總攝取量與高齡者憂鬱症狀並無直接關聯,憂鬱症狀可能受社會人口學與健康狀態因素影響,因此建議高齡者除了維生素D攝取量維持在各國所制定的標準之外,亦需採取健康的生活方式,例如:具備運動習慣、充足睡眠、戒菸戒酒等健康行為,同時醫療院所及社區可對有慢性病等危險因素之高齡者定期進行憂鬱症狀篩檢及預防,以減少憂鬱症狀的發生。未來需更多前瞻性研究以深入探討維生素D攝取量與憂鬱症狀之間的因果關係。
Background: The world's population is rapidly aging, and the elderly face changes in health and lifestyle due to aging and alterations in social environmental factors. These changes can lead to mental health issues, with depression being the most common psychological problem among the elderly. Depression in the elderly can have serious consequences, and recent studies suggested a correlation between depression and nutritional status. Among various nutrients, "Vitamin D" is commonly insufficiently consumed in many countries. Previous research indicated that adequate levels of vitamin D in the body can protect brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor and combine with receptors in the brain, participating in emotional regulation functions. Insufficient intake may impact mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between total vitamin D intake and depressive symptoms.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional investigation utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018. A total of 9,780 participants aged≧60 were selected based on their total vitamin D intake from dietary sources and supplements, as well as their depressive symptom scores. Total vitamin D intake was divided into four groups based on quartiles, and depressive symptoms were categorized into two groups (with or without symptoms) using a cutoff score of 10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Chi-square tests and Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between total vitamin D intake and depressive symptoms in the elderly.
Result: Among 9,780 individuals aged≧60, 8% exhibited symptoms of depression. The result found that female, with smoking and drinking habits, sleep problems and chronic diseases were at a higher risk of depressive symptoms. Those who aged≧65, non-Hispanic white and black, higher education levels, married or cohabited, family PIR≧1, sufficient sleep hours, and engagement in physical activity were associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms. After adjusting for all sociodemographic and health status factors, the total intake of vitamin D had a slight protective effect of depressive symptoms. However, there were no significant differences in depressive symptoms across different quartiles of vitamin D intake.
Conclusion: The total intake of vitamin D was not directly associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly. Depressive symptoms may be influenced by sociodemographic and health status factors. Therefore, it is recommended that the elderly not only maintain their vitamin D intake within the standards set by each country, but also adopt a healthy lifestyle, such as exercising, getting enough sleep, and quitting smoking and drinking. Additionally, healthcare institutions and communities can conduct regular screening in the elderly with risk factors such as chronic diseases to reduce the occurrence of depressive symptoms. Future research should involve more prospective studies to further explore the causal relationship between vitamin D intake and depressive symptoms.
中文部分
中華民國國家發展委員會(2013)。全球人口老化之現況趨勢。臺灣經濟論衡,11(10),27-34。
中華民國國家發展委員會(2023)。人口推估:國際比較。https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=6EA756F006B2A924
財團法人國家衛生研究院(2022)。高齡憂鬱症照護的瓶頸。https://www.nhri.edu.tw/news/more?id=6bb56f20dd9d40998fe186e26a516df7
陳怡君(2018)。維生素D缺乏症及臨床治療準則。臨床醫學月刊,82(2),482-489。https://doi.org/10.6666/ClinMed.201808_82(2).0088
張耀文、高東煒、黃宗正(2006)。老年憂鬱症。長期照護雜誌,10(3),207-215。https://doi.org/10.6317/LTC.200609_10(3).0002
衛生福利部(2022)。國民營養狀況變遷調查106-109年。台北市:衛生福利部國民健康署
賴宇軒、方德昭(2014)。維生素D的最新進展。內科學誌,25(1),7-14。https://doi.org/10.63-14/JIMT.2014.25(1).02
英文部分
Akpınar, Ş., & Karadağ, M. G. (2022). Is Vitamin D Important in Anxiety or Depression? What Is the Truth?. Current nutrition reports, 11(4), 675–681.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-022-00441-0
Alavi, N. M., Khademalhoseini, S., Vakili, Z., & Assarian, F. (2019). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression in elderly patients: A randomized clinical trial. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 38(5), 2065–2070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.011
Alexopoulos G. S. (2005). Depression in the elderly. Lancet (London, England), 365(9475), 1961–1970. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66665-2
Bertone-Johnson, E. R., Powers, S. I., Spangler, L., Brunner, R. L., Michael, Y. L., Larson, J. C., Millen, A. E., Bueche, M. N., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Liu, S.,
Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Ockene, J. K., Ockene, I., & Manson, J. E. (2011). Vitamin D intake from foods and supplements and depressive symptoms in a diverse population of older women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 94(4), 1104–1112. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.017384
Brinda, E. M., Rajkumar, A. P., Attermann, J., Gerdtham, U. G., Enemark, U., & Jacob, K. S. (2016). Health, Social, and Economic Variables Associated with
Depression Among Older People in Low and Middle Income Countries: World Health Organization Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(12), 1196–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.07.016
Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M., Vaes, A. M. M., van der Zwaluw, N. L., van Wijngaarden, J. P., Swart, K. M. A., Ham, A. C., van Dijk, S. C., Enneman, A. W., Sohl, E., van Schoor, N. M., van der Velde, N., Uitterlinden, A. G., Lips, P., Feskens, E. J. M., Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A. M., & de Groot, L. C. P. G. M. (2016). Relative importance of summer sun exposure, vitamin D intake, and genes to vitamin D status in Dutch older adults: The B-PROOF study. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 164, 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.008
Buttriss, J. L., Lanham-New, S. A., Steenson, S., Levy, L., Swan, G. E., Darling, A. L., Cashman, K. D., Allen, R. E., Durrant, L. R., Smith, C. P., Magee, P., Hill,
T. R., Uday, S., Kiely, M., Delamare, G., Hoyland, A. E., Larsen, L., Street, L. N., Mathers, J. C., & Prentice, A. (2022). Implementation strategies for improving vitamin D status and increasing vitamin D intake in the UK: current controversies and future perspectives: proceedings of the 2nd Rank Prize Funds Forum on vitamin D. The British journal of nutrition, 127(10), 1567–1587. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521002555
Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M., Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A., van Wijngaarden, J. P., van der Zwaluw, N. L., Sohl, E., In't Veld, P. H., van Dijk, S. C., Swart, K. M., Enneman, A. W., Ham, A. C., van Schoor, N. M., van der Velde, N., Uitterlinden, A. G., Lips, P., Feskens, E. J., & de Groot, L. C. (2016). Low vitamin D status is associated with more depressive symptoms in Dutch older adults. European journal of nutrition, 55(4), 1525–1534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0970-6
Calvo, M. S., Whiting, S. J., & Barton, C. N. (2004). Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 80(6 Suppl), 1710S–6S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1710S
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2023). A Quick Guide to SNAP Eligibility and Benefits. https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/a-quick-guide-to-snap-eligibility-and-benefits
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Depression is Not a Normal Part of Growing Older. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/depression/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). About the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm
Chau, Y. Y., & Kumar, J. (2012). Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease. Indian journal of pediatrics, 79(8), 1062–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-012-0765-1
Cheng, Y. C., Huang, Y. C., & Huang, W. L. (2020). The effect of vitamin D supplement on negative emotions: A systematic review and meta-
analysis. Depression and anxiety, 37(6), 549–564.https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23025
de Koning, E. J., Lips, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Elders, P. J. M., Heijboer, A. C., den Heijer, M., Bet, P. M., van Marwijk, H. W. J., & van Schoor, N. M. (2019).
Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of depression and poor physical function in older persons: the D-Vitaal study, a randomized clinical trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 110(5), 1119–1130. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz141
de Oliveira, C., Hirani, V., & Biddulph, J. P. (2018). Associations Between Vitamin D Levels and Depressive Symptoms in Later Life: Evidence From the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 73(10), 1377–1382. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx130
Delgado P. L. (2000). Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 61 Suppl 6, 7–11.
Delgado, P. L., & Moreno, F. A. (2000). Role of norepinephrine in depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 61 Suppl 1, 5–12.
Dell'Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Mucci, F., & Marazziti, D. (2016). Depression, Serotonin and Tryptophan. Current pharmaceutical design, 22(8), 949–954. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666151214104826
Domènech-Abella, J., Lara, E., Rubio-Valera, M., Olaya, B., Moneta, M. V., Rico-Uribe, L. A., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Mundó, J., & Haro, J. M. (2017). Loneliness and depression in the elderly: the role of social network. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 52(4), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1339-3
Domènech-Abella, J., Mundó, J., Leonardi, M., Chatterji, S., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Koskinen, S., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Haro, J. M. (2018). The association between socioeconomic status and depression among older adults in Finland, Poland and Spain: A comparative cross-sectional study of distinct measures and pathways. Journal of affective disorders, 241, 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.077
Eyles, D. W., Smith, S., Kinobe, R., Hewison, M., & McGrath, J. J. (2005). Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy, 29(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006
Fernandes de Abreu, D. A., Eyles, D., & Féron, F. (2009). Vitamin D, a neuro-immunomodulator: implications for neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34 Suppl 1, S265–S277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.023
Gallagher J. C. (2013). Vitamin D and aging. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 42(2), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.004
Gallagher J. C. (2013). Vitamin D and aging. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 42(2), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2013.02.004
Hribar, M., Hristov, H., Lavriša, Ž., Koroušić Seljak, B., Gregorič, M., Blaznik, U., Žmitek, K., & Pravst, I. (2021). Vitamin D Intake in Slovenian Adolescents, Adults, and the Elderly Population. Nutrients, 13(10), 3528. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103528
Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Adams Hillard, P. J., Katz, E. S., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Neubauer, D. N., O'Donnell, A. E., Ohayon, M., Peever, J., Rawding, R., Sachdeva, R. C., Setters, B., Vitiello, M. V., & Ware, J. C. (2015). National Sleep Foundation's updated sleep duration recommendations: final report. Sleep health, 1(4), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2015.10.004
Institute of Medicine. (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13050.
Jaussent, I., Bouyer, J., Ancelin, M. L., Akbaraly, T., Pérès, K., Ritchie, K., Besset, A., & Dauvilliers, Y. (2011). Insomnia and daytime sleepiness are risk factors for depressive symptoms in the elderly. Sleep, 34(8), 1103–1110. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1170
Jovanova, O., Aarts, N., Noordam, R., Zillikens, M. C., Hofman, A., & Tiemeier, H. (2017). Vitamin D serum levels are cross-sectionally but not prospectively associated with late-life depression. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 135(3), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12689
Jungert, A., & Neuhäuser-Berthold, M. (2013). Dietary vitamin D intake is not associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or parathyroid hormone in elderly subjects, whereas the calcium-to-phosphate ratio affects parathyroid hormone. Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.), 33(8), 661–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2013.05.011
Kim, J. I., Choe, M. A., & Chae, Y. R. (2009). Prevalence and predictors of geriatric depression in community-dwelling elderly. Asian nursing research, 3(3), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1976-1317(09)60023-2
Kris-Etherton, P. M., Petersen, K. S., Hibbeln, J. R., Hurley, D., Kolick, V., Peoples, S., Rodriguez, N., & Woodward-Lopez, G. (2021). Nutrition and behavioral health disorders: depression and anxiety. Nutrition reviews, 79(3), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa025
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of general internal medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Lin, J., Liu, W., Guan, J., Cui, J., Shi, R., Wang, L., Chen, D., & Liu, Y. (2023). Latest updates on the serotonergic system in depression and anxiety. Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience, 15, 1124112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1124112
Liu, C. C., Lin, Y. T., Cheng, K. C., Pan, H. H., & Chiou, C. P. (2022). Predictors of Depression Level among Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(15), 9414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159414
Loprinzi P. D. (2013). Objectively measured light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with lower depression levels among older US adults. Aging & mental health, 17(7), 801–805. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.801066
Lue, B. H., Chen, L. J., & Wu, S. C. (2010). Health, financial stresses, and life satisfaction affecting late-life depression among older adults: a nationwide, longitudinal survey in Taiwan. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 50 Suppl 1, S34–S38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4943(10)70010-8
Luo, Y., Li, Y., Xie, J., Duan, Y., Gan, G., Zhou, Y., Luo, X., Wang, J., Chen, Z., Zhang, Q., & Cheng, A. S. K. (2022). Symptoms of depression are related to
sedentary behavior and sleep duration in elderly individuals: A cross-sectional study of 49,317 older Chinese adults. Journal of affective disorders, 308, 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.102
Luppa, M., Luck, T., König, H. H., Angermeyer, M. C., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012). Natural course of depressive symptoms in late life. An 8-year population-based prospective study. Journal of affective disorders, 142(1-3), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.009
Lips P. (2001). Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocrine reviews, 22(4), 477–501. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437
McCarthy, D., Collins, A., O'Brien, M., Lamberg-Allardt, C., Jakobsen, J., Charzewska, J., Kiely, M., Flynn, A., & Cashman, K. D. (2006). Vitamin D intake and status in Irish elderly women and adolescent girls. Irish journal of
Mordor Intelligence. (2023). VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTS MARKET SIZE & SHARE ANALYSIS - GROWTH TRENDS & FORECASTS (2023 - 2028).
https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/vitamin-d-supplements- EE4Y YQmarket
Milaneschi, Y., Shardell, M., Corsi, A. M., Vazzana, R., Bandinelli, S., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2010). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and depressive symptoms in older women and men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 95(7), 3225–3233. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0347
Mahfouz, E. M., & Mahfouz, M. M. (2008). Comparing three clinical screening tools in identification of geriatric depression in a rural community setting. Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine, 26(3),57-73.
National Institutes of Health. (2021). Depression And Older Adults. Depression and Older Adults | National Institute on Aging (nih.gov)
National Diet and Nutrition Survey. (2020). results from years 9 to 11 (combined)–statistical summary.https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ndns-results-from-years-9-to-11-2016-to-2017-and-2018-to-2019/ndns-results-from-years-9-to-11-combined-statistical-summary
Nestler, E. J., Barrot, M., DiLeone, R. J., Eisch, A. J., Gold, S. J., & Monteggia, L. M. (2002). Neurobiology of depression. Neuron, 34(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00653-0
Nguyen, T. T. T., Tsujiguchi, H., Kambayashi, Y., Hara, A., Miyagi, S., Yamada, Y., Nakamura, H., Shimizu, Y., Hori, D., Suzuki, F., Hayashi, K., & Nakamura, H. (2017). Relationship between Vitamin Intake and Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Japanese Individuals: Differences with Gender and Body Mass Index. Nutrients, 9(12), 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121319
Østbye, T., Kristjansson, B., Hill, G., Newman, S. C., Brouwer, R. N., & McDowell, I. (2005). Prevalence and predictors of depression in elderly Canadians: The Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Chronic diseases in Canada, 26(4), 93–99.
Palacios, C., & Gonzalez, L. (2014). Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 144 Pt A, 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003
Pardridge, W. M., Sakiyama, R., & Coty, W. A. (1985). Restricted transport of vitamin D and A derivatives through the rat blood-brain barrier. Journal of neurochemistry, 44(4), 1138–1141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb08735.x
Parfitt, A. M., Gallagher, J. C., Heaney, R. P., Johnston, C. C., Neer, R., & Whedon, G. D. (1982). Vitamin D and bone health in the elderly. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 36(5 Suppl), 1014–1031. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/36.5.1014
Parfitt, A. M., Gallagher, J. C., Heaney, R. P., Johnston, C. C., Neer, R., & Whedon, G. D. (1982). Vitamin D and bone health in the elderly. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 36(5 Suppl), 1014–1031. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/36.5.1014
Parker, G. B., Brotchie, H., & Graham, R. K. (2017). Vitamin D and depression. Journal of affective disorders, 208, 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.082
Public Health England. (2016). SACN Vitamin D and Health Report.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-vitamin-d-and-health-report
Rahman, S. T., Waterhouse, M., Romero, B. D., Baxter, C., English, D. R., Almeida, O. P., Berk, M., Ebeling, P. R., Armstrong, B. K., McLeod, D. S. A., Hartel, G., O'Connell, R. L., Pham, H., Scott, J. G., van der Pols, J. C., Venn, A. J., Webb, P. M., Whiteman, D. C., & Neale, R. E. (2023). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression in older Australian adults. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 38(1), e5847. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5847
Sanders, K. M., Stuart, A. L., Williamson, E. J., Jacka, F. N., Dodd, S., Nicholson, G., & Berk, M. (2011). Annual high-dose vitamin D3 and mental well-being: randomised controlled trial. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 198(5), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.087544
Steffens, D. C., Fisher, G. G., Langa, K. M., Potter, G. G., & Plassman, B. L. (2009). Prevalence of depression among older Americans: the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study. International psychogeriatrics, 21(5), 879–888. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209990044
Subramaniam, M., Abdin, E., Sambasivam, R., Vaingankar, J. A., Picco, L., Pang, S., Seow, E., Chua, B. Y., Magadi, H., Mahendran, R., & Chong, S. A. (2016). Prevalence of Depression among Older Adults-Results from the Well-being of the Singapore Elderly Study. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 45(4), 123–133.
Spoletini, I., Gianni, W., Repetto, L., Bria, P., Caltagirone, C., Bossù, P., & Spalletta, G. (2008). Depression and cancer: an unexplored and unresolved
emergent issue in elderly patients. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 65(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.10.005
Singh, G. K., Daus, G. P., Allender, M., Ramey, C. T., Martin, E. K., Perry, C., Reyes, A. A. L., & Vedamuthu, I. P. (2017). Social Determinants of Health in the United States: Addressing Major Health Inequality Trends for the Nation, 1935-2016. International journal of MCH and AIDS, 6(2), 139–164. https://doi.org/10.21106/ijma.236
Toffanello, E. D., Sergi, G., Veronese, N., Perissinotto, E., Zambon, S., Coin, A., Sartori, L., Musacchio, E., Corti, M. C., Baggio, G., Crepaldi, G., & Manzato, E. (2014). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the onset of late-life depressive mood in older men and women: the Pro.V.A. study. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 69(12), 1554––1561. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu081
Tripkovic, L., Wilson, L. R., Hart, K., Johnsen, S., de Lusignan, S., Smith, C. P., Bucca, G., Penson, S., Chope, G., Elliott, R., Hyppönen, E., Berry, J. L., &
Lanham-New, S. A. (2017). Daily supplementation with 15 μg vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: a 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(2), 481–490. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.138693
United States Census Bureau. (2023). 2020 cencus:1 in 6 people in the United States were 65 and over. https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/05/2020-census-united-states-older-population-grew.html
Vaes, A. M. M., Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M., van der Zwaluw, N. L., van Wijngaarden, J. P., Berendsen, A. A. M., van Schoor, N., van der Velde, N., Uitterlinden, A., Lips, P., Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A. M., & de Groot, L. C. P. G. M. (2017). Food sources of vitamin D and their association with 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in Dutch older adults. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 173, 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.10.004
Vyas, C. M., Donneyong, M., Mischoulon, D., Chang, G., Gibson, H., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd, & Okereke, O. I. (2020). Association of Race and Ethnicity With Late-Life Depression Severity, Symptom Burden, and Care. JAMA network open, 3(3), e201606. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1606
Wada, T., Ishine, M., Sakagami, T., Okumiya, K., Fujisawa, M., Murakami, S., Otsuka, K., Yano, S., Kita, T., & Matsubayashi, K. (2004). Depression in
Japanese community-dwelling elderly--prevalence and association with ADL and QOL. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 39(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2003.12.003
Wang, Y., Zhu, J., & DeLuca, H. F. (2014). Identification of the vitamin D receptor in osteoblasts and chondrocytes but not osteoclasts in mouse bone. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, 29(3), 685–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2081
Weyerer, S., Eifflaender-Gorfer, S., Wiese, B., Luppa, M., Pentzek, M., Bickel, H., Bachmann, C., Scherer, M., Maier, W., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2013). Incidence and predictors of depression in non-demented primary care attenders aged 75 years and older: results from a 3-year follow-up study. Age and ageing, 42(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afs184
Wild, B., Herzog, W., Lechner, S., Niehoff, D., Brenner, H., Müller, H., Rothenbacher, D., Stegmaier, C., & Raum, E. (2012). Gender specific temporal and cross-sectional associations between BMI-class and symptoms of depression in the elderly. Journal of psychosomatic research, 72(5), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.01.019
World Health Organization. (2011). Global burden of mental disorders and the need for a comprehensive, coordinated response from health and social sectors at the country level.
World Health Organization. (2023). Mental health of older adults. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults
World Health Organization. (2022). Ageing and health.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
World Health Organization. (2010). A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations
World Health Organization. (2023). Hypertention.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension
World Health Organization. (2023). Depression.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depressionWorld Health
Yalamanchili, V., & Gallagher, J. C. (2018). Dose ranging effects of vitamin D3 on the geriatric depression score: A clinical trial. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 178, 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.025
Yang, K. H., Han, B. H., Moore, A. A., & Palamar, J. J. (2022). Trends in major depressive episodes and mental health treatment among older adults in the United States, 2010-2019. Journal of affective disorders, 318, 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.007
Yu, B., Zhang, X., Wang, C., Sun, M., Jin, L., & Liu, X. (2020). Trends in depression among Adults in the United States, NHANES 2005-2016. Journal of affective disorders, 263, 609–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.036