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研究生: 紀瑋翰
Chi, Wei-Han
論文名稱: 漢語言談中的非禮貌現象
Impoliteness Phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese Discourse
指導教授: 蘇席瑤
Su, Hsi-Yao
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2018
畢業學年度: 106
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 254
中文關鍵詞: 言談非禮貌理論言談禮貌理論衝突性語言幽默言談社會語用
英文關鍵詞: Chinese impoliteness, Chinese situated impoliteness, verbal aggression, impoliteness design, impoliteness as social action
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/THE.NTNU.DE.008.2018.A07
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:158下載:2
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  • 本篇論文旨在研究漢語言談之中的非禮貌現象 (impoliteness phenomenon)。文中語料來源為二:主要語料是來自電視節目康熙來了的訪談語料;其二是來自作者平日從日常生活中聽見並記錄下來的語料 (其中涵蓋了新聞、日常會話以及日記反饋之語料) 用作加強說明舉證用。本研究透過言談分析的研究方法分析所得語料1558筆,透過對語料之中的語意、語用以及會話結構之分析,本研究結果顯示: (一) 漢語的非禮貌(衝突性言談)機制通常作用於語意、語用和會話機制的交會處,也就是說,非禮貌性言談的攻擊者通常靠著語意、語用和會話機制的互動達成非禮貌性言談的攻擊行為,因此,本研究結果認為漢語的非禮貌性言談是由篇章層次所管束的;(二) 經由使用頻率所形成之習語常常被使用在漢語中的非禮貌現象之中,而本研究發現漢語中大量的習語本身在構詞、句法的層次上就具有負面之語意,此類的習語中所帶著的非禮貌語意並非透過習俗化(conventionalization)而得來,唯其特殊之附加語意是透過習俗化而得來;(三) 透過對電視節目語料之分析,本研究發現了於此節目中存在一種言談風格設計的機制稱為「非禮貌設計」,「非禮貌設計」是以生活中的自我表演(self-presentation theory) 或印象管理(impression management)學說作為經,並以觀眾設計理論 (audience design)為緯,加佐反預期心理機制(counter-expectation mechanism)的作用,使非禮貌性的言談轉化成幽默言談;(四)非禮貌設計可以透過心理學及動物演化學的學說來佐證,間接說明現代人類的憤怒機制多半是功能性取向,此性質正合理的說明了非禮貌設計的作用機制。

    Over the past decades, the field of im/politeness has seen several major changes in terms of its research direction as well as its underlying methodological basis. For one thing, complementing the insufficiency of more classic theoretical constructs (for example, Lakoff, 1973; Brown and Levinson, 1988; Leech, 1986), researches in the field tend to adopt a more discursive approach (Mills, 2011) in dealing with their analysis of data mainly because in the longer stretches of discourse, it is more likely to detect how people manage their relation work (Watts, 2003). Additionally, challenging the myriad studies based on the notion of speech act theory in the field, several frequency-based im/ politeness studies (Terkuorafi, 2005; 2012) incorporated notions such as construction grammar and cognitive lexical semantics have emerged. However, while a myriad of im/politeness studies abound in the field, it seems that a few inadequacies still exist in the field; that is, while studies concerning Chinese politeness abound in the field, there seems to be a lack of systematic discussion on the topic of impoliteness in Mandarin, and most politeness researchers agree the fact that the whole picture of politeness concept can hardly be complete unless the notion of impoliteness is incorporated (Pan, 2001). Hence, the present study endeavors to bridge this gap by investigating the impoliteness phenomenon in Mandarin Chinese in a systematic fashion.
    Drawing from discourse analysis techniques, the present study analyzes TV variety show in Taiwan and some miscellaneous oral spoken data collected from 2012 to 2015. Three levels of analysis, namely semantic, pragmatic, and sequential levels, were conducted, to see how speakers of Mandarin Chinese generate impoliteness language. The main results of the present study is as the following. First, Chinese impoliteness tends to reside at the intersection among semantic, pragmatics, and discoursal mechanism, and it is discourse-governed. Second, Chinese impoliteness expressions tend to be conventional and idiomatic to a certain degree. However, for certain inherently impolite expressions, it is the conventional usage and the additional meaning, instead of the impoliteness sense, that are injected in the mcGCI layer (cf. Terkuorafi, 2015). Thirdly, from the TV show data, we found a stylistic impoliteness mechanism, termed as impoliteness design that cooperates with the counter-expectation mechanism to allow a transformation from the impoliteness script into the humor script. Finally, impoliteness design can be explicated through the wider field of instinct evolutional psychology. That is, impoliteness in the modern world, more often than not, is functional (or in Culpeper’s term instrumental, 2008), for human beings in the civilized society need not fight for territory or food in a barbaric way. Therefore, the design for impoliteness (impoliteness design), more often than not, in the modern human social sphere tends to occur on a daily basis to achieve one’s instrumental need.

    Chinese Abstract i English Abstract ii Acknowledgement vi Table of Contents v List of Tables xi List of Figures xii Chapter One Introduction 1 1.1 The Landscape of Im/politeness 1 1.2 Impoliteness 3 1.3 Different Types of Impoliteness 5 1.4 Chinese Impoliteness 5 1.5 Research Questions 7 Chapter Two Literature Review 8 2.1 The Concept of Politeness 8 2.2 Im/Politeness: From the Beginning to the Present 9 2.3 The First-Wave Approaches to Politeness 11 2.3.1 Robin Lakoff 11 2.3.2 Geoffrey Leech 13 2.3.3 Brown and Levinson 15 2.4 The Second Wave of Politeness Research 18 2.4.1 Discursive Politeness 19 2.4.2 Relational Approaches 23 2.4.2.1 Relational Work 24 2.4.2.2 Rapport Management 27 2.4.2.3 Consideration over the Relational Approaches 29 2.4.3 Frame-based Approach 30 2.5 The Third Wave of Politeness Research 36 2.5.1 The Dynamism of Face 36 2.5.2 From Illocution to Perlocution 40 2.5.3 Role of the Politeness Researchers 42 2.6 Impoliteness 44 2.6.1 Impoliteness/ Rudeness/ Negatively Marked Behavior 44 2.6.2 Metadiscourse of Impoliteness 47 2.6.3 Relative Scarcity of Impoliteness Studies 48 2.6.4 Researching on Impoliteness 50 2.7 Talk Show Format and Talk Show Language 52 Chapter Three Methodology 55 3.1 Source of Data 55 3.2 The Data Set 57 3.3 Some Considerations over the Data Set 58 3.4 Peripheral Data 66 3.5 Procedure 66 3.5.1 Identifying Tokens of Impoliteness 67 3.5.2 Tokens of Impoliteness Attack 70 Chapter Four Results: Micro-level Analysis 72 4.1 Prototypical Structure of Impoliteness Behavior 72 4.1.1 Pre-attack Sequence 73 4.1.2 Main Impolite Attack 75 4.1.3 Post-attack Sequence 78 4.1.4 Consideration over the Impoliteness Structure 79 4.2 Modes of Impoliteness Attack 83 4.2.1 Attacker-recipient Mode 83 4.2.2 Addressee-unaddressed Mode 87 4.2.3 Interim Summary 93 4.3 Main Impolite Act 94 4.3.1 Semantically-evoked Impoliteness 94 4.3.1.1 Impoliteness on the Lexical Level 95 4.3.2 Types of Lexical Impoliteness 97 4.3.2.1 Lexical Impoliteness on Appearance/ Look 97 4.3.2.2 Lexical Impoliteness on Seniority 106 4.3.2.3 Lexical Impoliteness on Singles 107 4.3.2.4 Lexical Items that Attack Behavior/ Conducts 107 4.3.3 Impoliteness on the Syntactic Level 113 4.3.3.1 Prototypical Impoliteness Construction Construe 114 4.3.3.2 Interim Summary 123 4.3.4 Inherent Impoliteness Construction 124 4.3.4.1 Idiomatic Impoliteness Construction 125 4.3.4.2 Non-idiomatic Inherited Impoliteness Construction 138 4.3.4.3 Potential Impoliteness Construction 141 4.4 Pragmatically-evoked Impoliteness 155 4.4.1 Context-evoked Lexical Impoliteness 156 4.4.2 Meaning in Context Impoliteness 158 4.5 Impoliteness on the Sequential Level 166 4.5.1 Reiterating the Same Unfavored Topic 167 4.5.2 Overriding the Turn-taking System 172 4.5.3 Interrupting/ Truncating the Others Utterances 172 4.5.4 Ignorance 174 4.5.5 Nonsense Sequential Continuity 178 4.5.6 Mimicry/ Imitation 179 4.5.7 Disagreement 180 4.5.8 Adjacency (Preference Organization) Type 184 4.5.9 Metadiscourse Mechanism 186 Chapter Five Discussion: Macro-Level Analysis 188 5.1 Construction of Impolite Meaning 188 5.1.1 Impoliteness as Discursive Practice 192 5.1.2 Impoliteness Conventionalization 196 5.2 Impoliteness Design as Social Practice 202 5.2.1 Impoliteness Design 202 5.2.2 Impoliteness Design and Humor 209 5.2.3 Impoliteness Design in Action 213 5.2.3.1 Situated Impoliteness: Micro-level Collaboration 213 5.2.3.2 Situated Impoliteness: Macro-level Collaboration 221 5.3 Impoliteness Design in a Wider Context: Biological Impoliteness 223 5.4 Conclusion 230 Appendix: Contents of Episodes 232 References 234

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