在許多運動項目中，運動員必須在充滿複雜及變化的運動情境中依據動作目標需求，迅速且有效率的做出因應。過去對於動作行為之探討與研究，多以認知心理學之訊息處理 (information-processing) 觀點，在知覺與行動上的議題予以解釋。Gibson (1966,1986) 提出直接知覺的概念，即環境本身已提供個體知覺管道直接且有效的訊息，探究環境與個體之間的互動，知覺-行動的配連關係。本研究基於生態觀點，以時空遮斷方法改變訊息結構，探討環境背景對個體在球種判斷與揮擊時宜的影響。本研究招募24名參與者，其中12名為大專甲組棒球選手，及12名未經棒球訓練之生手。實驗操弄為空間遮斷 (遮蔽環境背景) 與三個時間遮斷點 (投手投球出手前300ms、投球出手點、投球出手點後500ms)。個體須以口語回覆球種及實際揮擊，並以時宜預測器擷取資料，由所擷取之資料中計算各遮斷情境中之球種判斷正確百分比及揮擊時宜準確度，進一步以三因子變異數分析考驗實驗所得資料，探討環境背景參照對於個體於球種判斷及揮擊時宜之影響。結果發現環境背景並非影響球種判斷準確度的關鍵因子，且兩種判斷方式之結果相同，但視覺訊息量增加仍有助於球種判斷準確度；環境背景是影響揮擊時宜的關鍵因素，個體於有環境背景參照下可提高揮擊時宜準確度。

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It was also used to investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of investigate the issue of perception perception perception perception perception perception perception and and and action couplingaction couplingaction coupling action coupling action couplingaction coupling action coupling , and and interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment interaction between the environment andand the individual the individual the individualthe individual s. The The current studycurrent study current study current study current study current study, based based based on ecologicalecologicalecological ecologicalecological ecological approach, changedapproach, changed approach, changedapproach, changedapproach, changed approach, changedapproach, changedapproach, changedapproach, changed approach, changed the information structure by the information structure by the information structure by the information structure by the information structure by the information structure by the information structure by the information structure by the information structure by temporal temporaltemporal-spatial occlusion spatial occlusion spatial occlusionspatial occlusionspatial occlusionspatial occlusion spatial occlusion to investigate the to investigate the to investigate the to investigate the to investigate the to investigate the effect of effect of effect of effect of effect of effect of effect of environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on environmental background on ball ball type judgmenttype judgmenttype judgment type judgmenttype judgment type judgmenttype judgment and and swing timing. TwentyTwentyTwentyTwenty Twenty-four participants were recruited four participants were recruited four participants were recruited four participants were recruited four participants were recruited four participants were recruited four participants were recruited four participants were recruitedfour participants were recruitedfour participants were recruitedfour participants were recruitedfour participants were recruited four participants were recruited . TwelveTwelve Twelve of them were of them wereof them were of them were of them were college baseball teamcollege baseball team college baseball teamcollege baseball teamcollege baseball teamcollege baseball teamcollege baseball team college baseball team college baseball team college baseball team college baseball teamcollege baseball team college baseball team players playersplayersplayers , and , and , and the others were the others were the others were the others were the others were novices novices at baseballat baseball at baseball at baseball at baseball at baseball . Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental Experimental manipulation included spatial occlusion (masking environmental background) an background) anbackground) anbackground) anbackground) an background) an background) anbackground) and temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, d temporal occlusion (300ms before pitching shot, pitch shot point, 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). 500ms after pitching shot). ParticipantsParticipantsParticipants Participants need needneeded to to judge judge judge the ball the ball the ball the ball type intype intype in type intype in verbal verbal verbal and and hit the ball the ball the ball in action in actionin actionin action in action . The modified . The modified . The modified . The modified . The modified . The modified Bassin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to assin anticipation timer was used to measure measure the the correct percentacorrect percenta correct percenta correct percentacorrect percenta correct percenta correct percentacorrect percentacorrect percentacorrect percenta ge of ge ofge of ball type judgments and the and the and the and the timing accuracy of swings. Three hreehree-way ANOVA way ANOVAway ANOVAway ANOVA way ANOVAway ANOVAway ANOVAs were conducted were conducted were conducted were conducted were conducted were conducted were conducted to analyzeanalyze analyzeanalyzeanalyzeanalyze the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental the effect of environmental background on the background on the background on the background on the background on the background on the background on the background on the background on the ball type judgments and the and the and the and the and the timing accuracy of swings. The results showed that the environmental backgroun that the environmental backgroun that the environmental backgrounthat the environmental backgrounthat the environmental backgroun that the environmental backgroun that the environmental backgroun that the environmental backgroun that the environmental backgrounthat the environmental backgrounthat the environmental backgroun that the environmental backgroun d was not d was not d was not d was not d was not d was not a critical a critical a critical a critical a critical factor factor factor factor for for ball ball ball typetypetype judgment judgment either in verbal or action, but ieither in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but ieither in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but ieither in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but ieither in verbal or action, but ieither in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but i either in verbal or action, but increas ncreas ncreasncreasing the ing theing the visual i visual information w nformation w nformation wnformation wnformation w nformation w nformation would benefit benefit benefit the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball the accuracy of ball typetypetype judgment. judgment. judgment. judgment. On the other hand, e On the other hand, e On the other hand, e On the other hand, eOn the other hand, eOn the other hand, eOn the other hand, e On the other hand, environmental nvironmental nvironmental background background background background background background is a c s a cs a cs a cruc ial factor factor factor for swing timing, and individuals can improve the accuracy of swing timing when they have environmental background reference.

中文部分
郭丁良與楊梓楣（2010）。棒球揮擊時宜與球種選擇準確性之知覺－行動配連。體育學報，43(3)，79-90。
英文部分
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