生物多樣性的喪失是當前社會的一項環境危機，對生態系和人類福祉造成巨大的衝擊。建立保護區是防止生物多樣性喪失和維護生態系統完整性最普遍的方式之一，但許多保護區規劃時未納入生物多樣性分布的時間與空間資訊導致成效不彰，且生物多樣性分布可能隨著環境變化而改變，進而影響現有保護區的保育成效。此外，許多保護區在規劃時受限於行政區界線的限制，無法有效涵蓋物種跨邊界的分布和遷移範圍，因此也限制了保護區的保育成效。在蝙蝠（翼手目）的保育上，因為牠們分布廣泛、對環境變化敏感、具良好移動能力，但卻不易觀察，使得保護區的制定更加困難。因此，我的研究以越南的蝙蝠為例，揭示如何取得並利用環境變遷下物種分布的時空資訊，用以研擬保育計劃的制定。具體來說，我分析蝙蝠物種的分布並預測牠們在氣候和土地覆蓋變化下的動態，以（1）瞭解這兩個主要環境變化各別和在交互作用下對蝙蝠所造成的影響，來指引保育策略的制定；（2）評估現有保護區網絡涵蓋蝙蝠分布範圍的代表性，並指出應優先考慮作為蝙蝠保護區的地點；以及（3）評估面對環境變化下，跨國合作對於決定蝙蝠保育優先保護區域的重要性。

在我的博士論文的第一項研究中，我使用物種分布模型和不同溫室氣體排放和環境變化情境，預測了81種在越南出現的蝙蝠現今和未來的分布，評估氣候和土地覆蓋變化對於蝙蝠分布範圍和物種豐富度的影響。結果顯示直到2050年，這兩種威脅個別皆將對蝙蝠產生負面的影響，且當兩種威脅同時發生時，將會降低個別威脅的正面效應或增強個別威脅的負面效應，使整體負面影響加劇。此外，這兩項環境變化所造成的正負效應與程度在蝙蝠物種與地理區域上具有顯著變異，強調出將各別物種分布資訊納入蝙蝠保育規劃的重要性。

由於建立保護區是最普遍被使用的保育方式之一，因此在第二項研究中，我使用物種分布資訊來評估越南現有的保護區網絡對於保護蝙蝠分布範圍的代表性。我分別計算出現於越南的每種蝙蝠分布範圍中有多少比例位於現有的保護區當中，並以此作為保護代表性的評估標準。我發現儘管現有的保護區網絡比隨機網絡更具代表性，但它平均僅涵蓋了蝙蝠目前分布範圍的6.56％。若整合物種分布資訊與空間優先分析，在不增加網絡大小的情況下，調整現有保護區網絡的分布可以增加代表性至12.11％。結果也顯示將未來蝙蝠分布的預測納入保護區設置優先分析，並不會影響保護區對現今蝙蝠分布範圍的代表性，但可以顯著提升環境變化下，對未來蝙蝠分布的代表性。

最後，物種分布模型顯示活動於越南的81種蝙蝠中有79種分布範圍超出越南的邊界，且氣候和土地覆蓋變化可能會影響牠們在越南內外的分布。因此，在第三項研究中，我以跨越越南、寮國和柬埔寨三國的範圍進行保護區設置優先分析（跨界優先），並相較於各國分別進行優先分析（國家優先）的結果，比較對於蝙蝠分布範圍的代表性何者為高。結果顯示，跨界優先和國家優先所建議的保護區網絡對於現今蝙蝠分布範圍具有相似的代表性，然而，在環境變化的情況下，特別是在考慮到蝙蝠未來分布的預測時，跨界優先能得到更好的結果，顯示跨國合作的重要性。

總結來說，以上研究說明了氣候和土地覆蓋變化的相互作用可能會對蝙蝠造成嚴重的負面影響。為了在環境變化下維持保育的有效性，在保護區規劃中納入蝙蝠分布的時空資訊與跨國界合作至關重要。此研究不僅增進了我們對於環境變化對蝙蝠多樣性潛在影響的理解，也提供了在保育上減緩衝擊的建議。本研究所建立的研究方法，特別是將物種的時空分布整合至設立跨國界保護區的考量之中，將可擴展應用於其他類群。

Biodiversity loss is an environmental crisis that causes huge impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Establishing protected areas is one of the most common tools to prevent biodiversity loss and maintain ecosystem integrity. However, many protected areas perform poorly due to not incorporating spatiotemporal information on biodiversity distributions into the design. In particular, biodiversity distributions are likely to change in response to environmental changes, further affecting the effectiveness of current protected areas. In addition, many conservation efforts have limited effectiveness because planning is usually restricted by administrative boundaries, failing to capture species’ across-boundary distributions and movement. These challenges are particularly serious for bats (Order Chiroptera) because of their wide distributions, sensitivity to environmental changes, relatively good dispersal ability, and elusive nature. My study thus aims to use the bats in Vietnam as a case to demonstrate how the spatiotemporal information on species distributions under environmental changes can be obtained and used for guiding conservation planning. Specifically, I characterized bat species distributions and predicted their dynamics under projected climate and land-cover changes to (1) investigate the individual and interactive effects of the two major environmental changes on bats for guiding conservation strategies, (2) access the representativeness of the current protected area network for bats and identify prioritized areas to improve the representativeness, and (3) evaluate the importance of transboundary collaboration for prioritizing protected areas for bat conservation in the face of environmental changes.

In the first study of my dissertation, I predicted current and future distributions of 81 bat species in Vietnam under different CO2 emission and environmental change scenarios using species distribution models. Evaluations of individual and interactive effects of climate and land-cover changes on the bats’ range size and species richness patterns revealed that both threats individually would predominantly exert negative effects by the 2050s. Furthermore, simultaneous occurrences of these threats would generally intensify the impacts by mitigating individual positive effects and/or enhancing negative effects. Because of significant interspecific and geographic variations in the direction and magnitude of these effects, my results underscore the importance of incorporating species-specific and spatial-explicit information on species distributions into conservation planning for bats.

Since establishing protected areas is one of the most commonly used conservation approach, in the second study I used the information on species distribution to evaluate the representativeness of Vietnam’s current protected area network for bats. I calculated the proportion of individual bat species’ range within protected areas as a measure of the representativeness. I found that although the current network is more representative than random, it only covers, in average, 6.56% of the bats’ current distribution ranges. By integrating the species distribution information with a spatial prioritization analysis, I showed that the range coverage of the protected area network can increase to 12.11% without increasing the network’s size. While incorporating the predictions of future bat distributions into the prioritization process did not influence the current representativeness, it can significantly improve the representativeness under projected environmental changes.

Finally, the species distribution models showed that 79/81 bat species have their distribution ranges beyond Vietnam’s boundary and climate and land-cover changes are likely to affect their distributions both inside and outside Vietnam. Therefore, in the third study I assessed whether the prioritization process implemented across Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia together (i.e., transboundary prioritization) can lead to higher representativeness of protected areas than the prioritization implemented within each of the countries independently (i.e., national prioritization). The results showed that the transboundary and national prioritization processes resulted in similar representativeness of protected areas under the current situation. However, transboundary prioritization had better performance under the changing environments, especially when the projected future distributions of bats were accounted for in the prioritization process.

In summary, these studies show that climate and land-cover changes are likely to interactively cause profound negative impacts on bats. For effective conservation in the face of environmental changes, it is essential to incorporate the spatiotemporal information on bat distributions and cross-border collaboration into conservation planning. This study not only improves our understanding of the potential impacts of environmental changes on bat diversity, but also provides conservation suggestions for mitigating the impacts. The developed approaches, particularly the integration of spatiotemporal patterns of species distribution into prioritizing protected areas within and across borders, can have broader conservation applications for other taxa.

Alcamo, J., Kok, K., Busch, G. & Priess, J. (2008). Chapter four searching for the future of land: scenarios from the local to global scale. Developments in Integrated Environmental Assessment, 2, 67-103.
Alexandratos, N. & Bruinsma, J. (2012). World agriculture towards 2030 / 2050 The 2012 Revision. In ESA Working paper (Vol. 12, Issue 12).
Alves, D. M. C. C., Diniz-Filho, J. A. F., da Silva e Souza, K., Gouveia, S. F. & Villalobos, F. (2018). Geographic variation in the relationship between large-scale environmental determinants and bat species richness. Basic and Applied Ecology, 27, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BAAE.2017.12.002.
Arnett EB, Baerwald EF, Mathews F, Rodrigues L, Rodríguez-Durán A, Rydell J, Villegas-Patraca R, Voigt CC (2016). Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: A Global Perspective. In: Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer, pp 295–323.
Asaad, I., Lundquist, C. J., Erdmann, M. V. & Costello, M. J. (2017). Ecological criteria to identify areas for biodiversity conservation. Biological conservation, 213, 309-316.
Atte Moilanen, Federico M. Pouzols, Laura Meller, Victoria Veach, Anni Arponen, Jarno Leppanen, H.K. (2014). Zonation - User manual.
Bailey AM, Ober HK, Sovie AR, McCleery RA (2017). Impact of land use and climate on the distribution of the endangered Florida bonneted bat. J Mammal 98:1586–1593. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx117.
Bain, R.H. & Hurley, M.M. (2011). A biogeographic synthesis of the amphibians and reptiles of Indochina. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 360, 1–138.
Barber RA, Ball SG, Morris RKA, Gilbert F (2022). Target-group backgrounds prove effective at correcting sampling bias in Maxent models. Diversity and Distribution, 28(1): 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13442.
Beale CM, Lennon JJ (2012). Incorporating uncertainty in predictive species distribution modelling. Philos Trans R Soc B, 367:247–258. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0178.
Betts MG, Yang Z, Hadley AS, Smith AC, Rousseau JS, Northup JM, Nocera JJ, Gorelick N, Gerber BD (2022). Forest degradation drives widespread avian habitat and population declines. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 6(6): 709-719. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14522322.
Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W. & Courchamp, F. (2012). Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 15(4), 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1461-0248.2011.01736.X.
Biggs, R., Simons, H., Bakkenes, M., Scholes, R. J., Eickhout, B., van Vuuren, D. & Alkemade, R. (2008). Scenarios of biodiversity loss in southern Africa in the 21st century. Global Environmental Change, 18(2), 296-309.
Blackburn TM, Hawkins BA (2004). Bergmann's rule and the mammal fauna of northern North America. Ecography, 27(6): 715-724.
Borrini, G., Dudley, N., Jaeger, T., Lassen, B., Pathak, N., Phillips, A. & Sandwith, T. (2013). Governance of protected areas: from understanding to action. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series, No.20.
Breed, A. C., Field, H. E., Smith, C. S., Edmonston, J. & Meers, J. (2010). Bats without borders: long-distance movements and implications for disease risk management. EcoHealth, 7, 204-212.
Brockerhoff, E. G., Barbaro, L., Castagneyrol, B., Forrester, D. I., Gardiner, B., González-Olabarria, J. R., ... & Jactel, H. (2017). Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26, 3005-3035.
Brooks TM, et al. (2006). Global biodiversity conservation priorities. Science, 313:58–61.
Brown KA, Parks KE, Bethell CA, Johnson SE, Mulligan M (2015). Predicting Plant Diversity Patterns in Madagascar: Understanding the Effects of Climate and Land Cover Change in a Biodiversity Hotspot. PLoS ONE, 10(4): e0122721. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0122721.
Brown JL, Sillero N, Glaw F, Bora P, Vieites DR, Vences M (2016). Spatial Biodiversity Patterns of Madagascar's Amphibians and Reptiles. PLoS ONE, 11(1): e0144076. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144076.
Brum, F. T., Graham, C. H., Costa, G. C., Hedges, S. B., Penone, C., Radeloff, V. C., Rondinini, C., Loyola, R. & Davidson, A. D. (2017). Global priorities for conservation across multiple dimensions of mammalian diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(29), 7641–7646. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706461114.
Bruner, A. G., Gullison, R. E., Rice, R. E., & Da Fonseca, G. A. B. (2001). Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 291(5501), 125–128. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.291.5501.125/ASSET/ACD5264D-155F-4A13-8BFD-69AE867BD4F5/ASSETS/GRAPHIC/SE5009084002.JPEG.
Butchart, S. H., Clarke, M., Smith, R. J., Sykes, R. E., Scharlemann, J. P., Harfoot, M., ... & Burgess, N. D. (2015). Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters, 8(5), 329-337.
Boyles JG, Sole CL, Cryan PM, McCracken GF (2013). On estimating the economic value of insectivorous bats: prospects and priorities for biologists. Bat evolution, ecology, and conservation, pp.501-515.
Bracken JT, Davis AY, O’Donnell KM, Barichivich WJ, Walls SC, Jezkova T (2022). Maximizing species distribution model performance when using historical occurrences and variables of varying persistency. Ecosphere, 13:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3951.
Brook BW, Sodhi NS, Bradshaw CJA (2008). Synergies among extinction drivers under global change. Trends Ecol Evol, 23:453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.011.
Buisson, L., Grenouillet, G., Villéger, S., Canal, J. & Laffaille, P. (2013). Toward a loss of functional diversity in stream fish assemblages under climate change. Global change biology, 19(2), 387-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12056.
Buřivalová, Z., Hart, S. J., Radeloff, V. C. & Srinivasan, U. (2021). Early warning sign of forest loss in protected areas. Current Biology, 31(20), 4620-4626.
Burles, D. W., Brigham, R. M., Ring, R. A., & Reimchen, T. E. (2009). Influence of weather on two insectivorous bats in a temperate Pacific Northwest rainforest. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 87(2), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1139/Z08-146.
Caddell, R. (2005). International law and the protection of migratory wildlife: an appraisal of twenty-five years of the Bonn Convention. Colo. J. Int. Environ. Law Policy, 16, 113–156.
Cadotte, M. W., Cardinale, B. J. and Oakley, T. H. (2008). ‘Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant productivity.’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences, 105(44), pp. 17012–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805962105.
Can DN, Endo H, S. N. (2008). Checklist of wild mammal species of Vietnam. Shimotachiuri Ogawa Higashi, Kamigyo, Kyoto.
Cantú-Salazar, L., Orme, C. D. L., Rasmussen, P. C., Blackburn, T. M. & Gaston, K. J. (2013). The performance of the global protected area system in capturing vertebrate geographic ranges. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22(4), 1033–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0467-7.
Cao Y, DeWalt RE, Robinson JL, Tweddale T, Hinz L, Pessino M (2013). Using Maxent to model the historic distributions of stonefly species in Illinois streams: The effects of regularization and threshold selections. Ecol Modell, 259:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.03.012.
Carvajal, A. & Adler, G.H. (2005). Biogeography of mammals on tropical Pacific islands. Journal of Biogeography, 32, 1561–1569.
Carvalho SB, Brito JC, Crespo EG, Watts ME, Possingham HP (2011). Conservation planning under climate change: Toward accounting for uncertainty in predicted species distributions to increase confidence in conservation investments in space and time. Biology Conservation, 144:2020–2030. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2011.04.024.
CBD. (1992). Convention on Biological Diversity.
Ceballos, G., García, A. & Ehrlich, P.R. (2010). The sixth extinction crisis loss of animal populations and species. Journal of Cosmology, 8.
Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., García, A., Pringle, R. M. & Palmer, T. M. (2015). Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Science Advances, 1(5), e1400253. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253.
Chape, S., Harrison, J., Spalding, M. & Lysenko, I. (2005). Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1454), 443-455. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1592.
Chapin Iii, F. S., Zavaleta, E. S., Eviner, V. T., Naylor, R. L., Vitousek, P. M., Reynolds, H. L., ... & Díaz, S. (2000). Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature, 405(6783), 234-242.
Chikozho, C. (2014). Pathways for building capacity and ensuring effective transboundary water resources management in Africa: Revisiting the key issues, opportunities and challenges. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 76, 72-82.
Clark, N. E., Boakes, E. H., McGowan, P. J. K., Mace, G. M. & Fuller, R. A. (2013). Protected areas in South Asia have not prevented habitat loss: a study using historical models of land-use change. PLoS ONE, 8, e65298.
Coad L et al. (2013). Progress towards the CBD protected area management effectiveness targets. Parks 19, 13–24. doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2013. PARKS-19-1.LC.en.
Coleman, J. L., Ascher, J. S., Bickford, D., Buchori, D., Cabanban, A., Chisholm, R. A., ... & Carrasco, L. R. (2019). Top 100 research questions for biodiversity conservation in Southeast Asia. Biological Conservation, 234, 211-220.
Contu, S., Gray, C. L., Hill, S. L. L., Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Bo, L., Hoskins, A. J., Ferrier, S. & Purvis, A. (2016). Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nature Communications, May. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12306
Cormont A, Malinowska AH, Kostenko O, Radchuk V, Hemerik L, WallisDeVries MF, Verboom J (2011). Effect of local weather on butterfly flight behavior, movement, and colonization: significance for dispersal under climate change. Biodiversity Conservation, 20:483–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9960-4.
Costa WF, Ribeiro M, Saraiva AM, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Giannini TC (2018). Bat diversity in Carajás National Forest (Eastern Amazon) and potential impacts on ecosystem services under climate change. Biology Conservation, 218:200–210.
Cote, I. M., Darling, E. S. & Brown, C. J. (2016). Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1824). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2592.
Craigie ID, Baillie JEM, Balmford A, Carbone C, Collen B, Green RE, Hutton JM. (2010). Large mammal population declines in Africa’s protected areas. Biology Conservation. 143, 2221–2228. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.06.007.
Currie DJ (2001). Projected effects of climate change on patterns of vertebrate and tree species richness in the Conterminous United States. Ecosyst, 43(4):216–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10021-001-0005-4.
Davidson-Watts I, Jones G (2006). Differences in foraging behaviour between Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774) and Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825). J Zool, 268:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00016.x.
Dawson, T. P., Jackson, S. T., House, J. I., Prentice, I. C. & Mace, G. M. (2011). Beyond predictions: Biodiversity conservation in a changing climate. In Science (Vol. 332, Issue 6025, pp. 53–58). American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200303.
Delgado‐Jaramillo M, Aguiar LM, Machado RB, Bernard E (2020). Assessing the distribution of a species‐rich group in a continental‐sized megadiverse country: Bats in Brazil. Diversity and Distribution, 26(5): 632-643.https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13043.
Dew, R. M., Silva, D. P. & Rehan, S. M. (2019). Range expansion of an already widespread bee under climate change. Global Ecology and Conservation, 17, e00584. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GECCO.2019.E00584.
Diengdoh V, Ondei S, Hunt M, Brook B (2022). Predicted the impacts of climate change and extreme-weather events on the future distribution of fruit bats in Australia. Global Ecology and Conservation, 37:e02181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02181.
Diffenbaugh, N. S. & Field, C. B. (2013). Changes in ecologically critical terrestrial climate conditions. Science (New York, N.Y.), 341(6145), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237123.
Dinerstein E (2007). Global and local conservation priorities. Science, 318:1377.
Dirzo, R. & Raven, P. H. (2003). Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 28, 137–167. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532
Duong DT (2020). Sustainable development for Vietnam agriculture. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 175, p. 01015). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017501015.
Duraiappah, A., Naeem, S., Agardi, T., Ash, N., Cooper, D., Díaz, S. and others (eds.), 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC, 100 pp.
Eklund, J., Blanchet, F. G., Nyman, J., Rocha, R., Virtanen, T., & Cabeza, M. (2016). Contrasting spatial and temporal trends of protected area effectiveness in mitigating deforestation in Madagascar. Biological Conservation, 203, 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2016.09.033.
Elith J, Kearney M, Phillips S (2010). The art of modelling range-shifting species. Methods Ecol Evol 1: 330– 342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00036.x.
Elith J, Phillips SJ, Hastie T, Dudík M, Chee YE, Yates CJ (2011). A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distribution, 17:43–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x
Epstein, J. H., Olival, K. J., Pulliam, J. R. C., Smith, C., Westrum, J., Hughes, T., Dobson, A. P., Zubaid, A., Rahman, S. A., Basir, M. M., Field, H. E. & Daszak, P. (2009). Pteropus vampyrus, a hunted migratory species with a multinational home-range and a need for regional management. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(5), 991–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01699.x
Escobar-Luján, J., Castaño-Quintero, S. M., Villalobos, F., Lira-Noriega, A., Chiappa-Carrara, X., & Yañez-Arenas, C. (2022). Current and future geographic patterns of bird diversity dimensions of the Yucatan Peninsula and their representativeness in natural protected areas. Neotropical Biodiversity, 8(1), 242–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2022.2087282.
Fahrig, L. (2003). Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), 487–515.
Faurby, S., Davis, M., Pedersen, R.Ø., Schowanek, S.D., Antonelli, A. & Svenning, J.-C. (2018) PHYLACINE 1.2: The Phylogenetic Atlas of Mammal Macroecology. Ecology, 99, 2626.
Flesch, A.D., Epps, C.W., Cain, J.W., Clark, M., Krausman, P.R. & Morgart, J.R. (2010). Potential effects of the United States-Mexico border fence on wildlife: Contributed paper. Conservation Biology, 24, 171–181.
Foley, J., Clifford, D., Castle, K., Cryan, P. & Ostfeld, R. S. (2011). Investigating and managing the rapid emergence of white‐nose syndrome, a novel, fatal, infectious disease of hibernating bats. Conservation biology, 25(2), 223-231.
Förderer, M., Rödder, D. & Langer, M. R. (2018). Patterns of species richness and the center of diversity in modern Indo-Pacific larger foraminifera. Scientific reports, 8(1), 8189.
Francis, C.M. & Eger, J.L. (2012). A Review of Tube-Nosed Bats (Murina) from Laos with a Description of Two New Species. Acta Chiropterologica, 14, 15–38.
Frantz, A. C., Viglino, A. & Wilwert, E. (2022). Conservation by trans-border cooperation: population genetic structure and diversity of geoffroy's bat (Myotis emarginatus) at its north-western European range edge. Biodiversity and Conservation, 31, 925-948.
Frederico RG, Zuanon J, De Marco P (2018). Amazon protected areas and its ability to protect stream-dwelling fish fauna. Biology Conservation, 219:12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.12.032.
Frick WF, Kingston T, Flanders J (2019). A review of the major threats and challenges to global bat conservation. Blackwell Publishing Inc.
Fuller, N. W., McGuire, L. P., Pannkuk, E. L., Blute, T., Haase, C. G., Mayberry, H. W., ... & Willis, C. K. (2020). Disease recovery in bats affected by white-nose syndrome. Journal of Experimental Biology, 223(6), jeb211912. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419.
Furey NM, Mackie IJ, Racey PA (2010). Bat diversity in Vietnamese limestone karst areas and the implications of forest degradation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19:1821–1838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9806-0.
Furey NM, Mackie IJ, Racey PA (2011). Reproductive phenology of bat assemblages in Vietnamese karst and its conservation implications. Acta Chiropterol, 13:341–354. https://doi.org/10.3161/150811011X624811.
Furey NM, Racey PA (2016). Conservation ecology of cave bats. Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of bats in a changing world, 463-500.
García-Morales R, Moreno CE, Badano EI, Zuria I, Galindo-González J, Rojas-Martíne AE, Avila-Gómez ES (2016). Deforestation impacts on bat functional diversity in tropical landscapes. PLoS One, 11:e0166765. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166765.
Gaston KJ & Blackburn TM (1996). Range size-body size relationships: evidence of scale dependence. Oikos 479-485. https://doi.org/10.2307/3545889.
Gaston KJ, Blackburn TM, Goldewijk KK (2003). Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss. Proc R Soc London Ser B Biol Sci, 270:1293–1300. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2303.
Geldmann, J., Barnes, M., Coad, L., Craigie, I. D., Hockings, M. & Burgess, N. D. (2013). Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines. Biological Conservation, 161, 230–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2013.02.018.
Ghanem, S. J. & Voigt, C. C. (2012). Increasing awareness of ecosystem services provided by bats. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 44, 279–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394288-3.00007-1.
Ghedini G, Russell BD, Connell SD (2013). Managing local coastal stressors to reduce the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming. Water 5:1653–1661.
González-Maya, J. F., Víquez-R, L. R., Belant, J. L. & Ceballos, G. (2015). Effectiveness of Protected areas for representing species and populations of terrestrial mammals in Costa Rica. PLoS ONE, 10(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124480.
Gonçalves F, Sales LP, Galetti M, Pweres MM (2021). Combined impacts of climate and land use change and the future restructuring of Neotropical bat biodiversity. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 19(4): 454-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2021.07.005
Görföl T, Kruskop SV, Tu VT, Estók P, Son NT, Csorba G (2020). A new genus of vespertilionid bat: the end of a long journey for Joffre's Pipistrelle (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). J Mammal, 101(February): 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz202
Gottwald J, Appelhans T, Adorf F, Hillen J, Nauss T (2017). High-resolution MaxEnt modelling of habitat suitability for maternity colonies of the barbastella bat Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Acta Chiropterol 19(2): 389-398. https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2017.19.2.015.
Habibullah, M. S., Din, B. H., Tan, S. H. & Zahid, H. (2022). Impact of climate change on biodiversity loss: global evidence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(1), 1073-1086.
Haines-Young, R. & Potschin, M. (2010). The links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. Ecosystem Ecology: a new synthesis, 1, 110-139.
Hamann A, Wang T (2006). Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem and tree species distribution in British Columbia. Ecology, 87:2773–2786. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658.
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A., Tyukavina, A., ... & Townshend, J. (2013). High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science, 342(6160), 850-853.
Hayes M, Kurta A, Tuttle M (2007), Bats in forests: conservation and management. JHU Press.
Heino, M., Kummu, M., Makkonen, M., Mulligan, M., Verburg, P. H., Jalava, M. & Räsänen, T. A. (2015). Forest loss in protected areas and intact forest landscapes: a global analysis. PloS one, 10(10), e0138918.
Heller NE, Zavaleta ES (2009). Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: A review of 22 years of recommendations. Biology Conservation, 142:14–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOCON.2008.10.006.
Herkt, K. M. B., Barnikel, G., Skidmore, A. K. & Fahr, J. (2016). A high-resolution model of bat diversity and endemism for continental Africa. Ecological Modelling, 320, 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.09.009.
Hernandez PA, Graham CH, Master LL, Albert DL (2006). The effect of sample size and species characteristics on performance of different species distribution modeling methods. Ecography (Cop) 29:773–785. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04700.x.
Hijmans RJ, Phillips S, Leathwick J, Maintainer JE (2017). Package “dismo” type package title species distribution modeling.
Hill JK, Collingham YC, Thomas CD, Blakeley DS, Fox R, Moss D, Huntley B (2001). Impacts of landscape structure on butterfly range expansion. Ecol Lett 4:313–321. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00222.x.
Hoffmann, A. A. & Sgró, C. M. (2011). Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. In Nature (Vol. 470, Issue 7335, pp. 479–485). Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09670.
Hooper, D. U. et al. (2006). ‘Species diversity, functional diversity and ecosystem functioning’. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27272026 (Accessed: 13June2018).
Hopkins LM, Hallman TA, Kilbride J, Robinson WD, Hutchinson RA (2022). A comparison of remotely sensed environmental predictors for avian distributions. Landscape Ecology, 37(4): 997-1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-022-01406-y.
Hughes, A.C., Satasook, C., Bates, P.J.J., Bumrungsri, S. & Jones, G. (2012). The projected effects of climatic and vegetation changes on the distribution and diversity of Southeast Asian bats. Global Change Biology, 18, 1854–1865.
Hughes, A.C. (2017). Mapping priorities for conservation in Southeast Asia. Biological Conservation, 209, 395–405.
IPCC (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. In Geneva, Switzeland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. http://www.ipcc.ch.
IPCC (2021). Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. In Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (2021): 2. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2010.480842.
Irland, L. C. (2008). State failure, corruption, and warfare: challenges for forest policy. J. Sustain. For. 27, 189–223.
Isaac NJB, Redding DW, Meredith HM, Safi K (2012). Phylogenetically-informed priorities for amphibian conservation. PLoS One, 7:e43912.
Ith, S., Soisook, P., Bumrungsri, S., Kingston, T., Puechmaille, S.J., Struebig, M.J., Bu, S.S.H., Thong, V.D., Furey, N.M., Thomas, N.M. & Bates, P.J.J. (2011). A taxonomic review of Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters 1867 and R. shameli Tate 1943 (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in Continental Southeast Asia. Acta Chiropterologica, 13, 41–59.
IUCN (2023). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 2 Jun 2023.
Iverson LR, Prasad AM (2001). Potential changes in tree species richness and forest community types following climate change. Ecosystems 4:186–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10021-001-0003-6.
Jenkins SH (1981). Common patterns in home range-body size relationships of birds and mammals. The American Naturalist, 118(1): 126-128. https://doi.org/10.1086/283807.
Jenkins CN, Pimm SL, Joppa LN (2013). Global patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110:E2602–E2610.
John, E., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Roberts, O., Giliba, R. & Silayo, D. S. (2020). Modelling the impact of climate change on Tanzanian forests. Diversity and Distributions, 26(12), 1663–1686. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13152.
Jones, K. E., Mickleburgh, S. P., Sechrest, W. & Walsh, A. L. (2009). Global Overview of the Conservation of Island Bats: Importance, Challenges and Opportunities. Island Bats: Evolution, Ecology & Conservation, 496–531.
Jones G, Jacobs DS, Kunz TH et al. (2009). Carpe noctem: the importance of bats as bioindicators. Endanger Species Res, 8:93–115. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00182.
Jones G, Rebelo H (2013). Responses of bats to climate change: Learning from the past and predicting the future. In: Bat Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer New York, pp 457–478.
Jones, K. R., Watson, J. E., Possingham, H. P., & Klein, C. J. (2016). Incorporating climate change into spatial conservation prioritisation: A review. Biological Conservation, 194, 121-130.
Joppa, L. N. & Pfaff, A. (2011). Global protected area impacts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1712), 1633–1638. https://doi.org/10.1098/RSPB.2010.1713.
Juffe-Bignoli, D., Burgess, N. D., Bingham, H., Belle, E. M. S., De Lima, M. G., Deguignet, M., ... & Kingston, N. (2018). Protected Planet Report 2018. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Kannan R, James DA (2009). Effects of climate change on global biodiversity: A review of key literature. Trop Ecol, 50:31–39.
Kark, S., Levin, N., Grantham, H. S. & Possingham, H. P. (2009). Between-country collaboration and consideration of costs increase conservation planning efficiency in the Mediterranean Basin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(36), 15368-15373.
Kark, S., Tulloch, A., Gordon, A., Mazor, T., Bunnefeld, N. & Levin, N. (2015). Cross-boundary collaboration: Key to the conservation puzzle. In Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability (Vol. 12, pp. 12–24). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.08.005.
Karger DN, Conrad O, Böhner J, Kawohl T, Kreft H, Soria-Auza RW, Zimmermann NE, Linder HP, Kessler M (2017). Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas. Sci Data, 4(1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122.
Kasso, M., & Balakrishnan, M. (2013). Ecological and economic importance of bats (Order Chiroptera). Isrn Biodiversity, 2013, 1-9.
Knapp, S., Kühn, I., Schweiger, O. & Klotz, S. (2008). Challenging urban species diversity: contrasting phylogenetic patterns across plant functional groups in Germany. Ecology letters, 11(10), 1054-1064.
Knutti R, Masson D, Gettelman A (2013). Climate model genealogy: Generation CMIP5 and how we got there. Geophys Res Lett, 40:1194–1199. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50256.
Kovyazin VF, Yu Romanchikov AY, Anh DLT, Hung DV, Van Hung V (2020). Predicting forest land cover changes in Ba Be National park of Vietnam. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 574:012038. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/574/1/012038.
Krauss J, Bommarco R, Guardiola M, Heikkinen RK, Helm A, Kuussaari M, Lindborg R, Öckinger E, Pärtel M, Pino J, Pöyry J (2010). Habitat fragmentation causes immediate and time‐delayed biodiversity loss at different trophic levels. Ecology letter, 13(5): 597-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01457.x.
Kruskop SV (2013). Bats of vietnam Checklist and an identification manual. Tovarishchestvo nauchnykh izdaniĭ KMK.
Kukkala, A. S. & Moilanen, A. (2013). Core concepts of spatial prioritisation in systematic conservation planning. Biological Reviews, 88(2), 443-464.
Kullberg, P., Toivonen, T., Pouzols, F.M., Lehtomäki, J., Di Minin, E. & Moilanen, A. (2015). Complementarity and Area-Efficiency in the Prioritization of the Global Protected Area Network. PLOS ONE, 10, e0145231.
Lambertucci, S.A., Alarcón, P.A.E., Hiraldo, F., Sanchez-Zapata, J.A., Blanco, G. & Donázar, J.A. (2014). Apex scavenger movements call for transboundary conservation policies. Biological Conservation, 170, 145–150.
Laurance, W. F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sloan, S. P., Laurance, S. G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Ashton, P., Benítez-Malvido, J., Blom, A., Bobo, K. S., Cannon, C. H., Cao, M., Carroll, R., Chapman, C., … Zamzani, F. (2012). Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature, 2012 489:7415, 489(7415), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318.
Lawlor, T.E. (1986). Comparative biogeography of mammals on islands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 28, 99–125.
Lawler JJ (2009). Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Resource Management and Conservation Planning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1162:79–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04147.x.
Lee, B. P. Y.-H., Struebig, M. J., Rossiter, S. J. & Kingston, T. (2015). Increasing concern over trade in bat souvenirs from South-east Asia. Oryx, 49(2), 204–204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315000034.
Lehtomäki, J. & Moilanen, A. (2013). Methods and workflow for spatial conservation prioritization using Zonation. Environmental Modelling & Software, 47, 128–137.
Lemoine N, Bauer HG, Peintinger M, Böhning-Gaese K (2007). Effects of climate and land-use change on species abundance in a Central European bird community. Conservation Biology, 21:495–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00633.x.
Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Kanemoto, K., Foran, B., Lobefaro, L. & Geschke, A. (2012). International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations. Nature, 486(7401), 109-112.
Leverington, F., Costa, K. L., Pavese, H., Lisle, A. & Hockings, M. (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental Management, 46(5), 685–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00267-010-9564-5/METRICS.
Li, X., Chen, G., Liu, X., Liang, X., Wang, S., Chen, Y., ... & Xu, X. (2017). A new global land-use and land-cover change product at a 1-km resolution for 2010 to 2100 based on human–environment interactions. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 107(5), 1040-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1303357.
Lim, M. (2014). Strengthening the legal and institutional effectiveness of transboundary biodiversity conservation in the “Heart of Borneo.” Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law, 17, 65–89.
Liu, J., Yong, D.L., Choi, C.Y. & Gibson, L. (2020). Transboundary Frontiers: An Emerging Priority for Biodiversity Conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 35, 679–690.
López-Hoffman, L., Varady, R.G., Flessa, K.W. & Balvanera, P. (2010). Ecosystem services across borders: a framework for transboundary conservation policy. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8, 84–91.
Lysenko, I., Besançon, C., Savy, C., Eagle, C.B., Elias, W., Elias, W., Elias, W., Lake, R., Lake, A. & Cave, C. (2007). 2007 UNEP-WCMC Global list of transboundary protected areas.
Magurran, A. E. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton university press.
Mantyka-Pringle, C. S., Martin, T. G. & Rhodes, J. R. (2012). Interactions between climate and habitat loss effects on biodiversity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 18(4), 1239–1252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02593.x.
Mantyka-Pringle CS, Visconti P, Di Marco M, Martin TG, Rondinini C, Rhodes JR (2015). Climate change modifies risk of global biodiversity loss due to land-cover change. Biology Conservation, 187:103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.04.016.
Marco, P. De, Jos, S., Villalobos, F. & Galv, F. (2023). Transboundary conservation opportunities for Cerrado’ s plant species. Biological Conservation, 284.
Marshall L, Biesmeijer JC, Rasmont P, Vereecken NJ, Dvorak L, Fitzpatrick U, Francis F, Neumayer J, Ødegaard F, Paukkunen JP, Pawlikowski T (2018). The interplay of climate and land use change affects the distribution of EU bumblebees. Glob Chang Biol, 24:101–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13867.
Mason, N., Ward, M., Watson, J. E. M., Venter, O. & Runting, R. K. (2020). Global opportunities and challenges for transboundary conservation. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 4(5), 694–701. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1160-3.
McCallum, J.W., Vasilijević, M. & Cuthill, I. (2015). Assessing the benefits of transboundary protected areas: a questionnaire survey in the Americas and the Caribbean. Journal of Environmental Management, 149, 245–252.
Mickleburgh SP, Hutson AM, Racey PA (2002). A review of the global conservation status of bats. Oryx, 36:18–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605301000011.
Moilanen, A., Franco, A.M.A., Early, R.I., Fox, R., Wintle, B. & Thomas, C.D. (2005). Prioritizing multiple-use landscapes for conservation: Methods for large multi-species planning problems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 272, 1885–1891.
Moilanen, A. (2007). Landscape Zonation, benefit functions and target-based planning: Unifying reserve selection strategies. Biological Conservation, 134, 571–579.
Moilanen, A. & Arponen, A. (2011). Administrative regions in conservation: Balancing local priorities with regional to global preferences in spatial planning. Biological Conservation, 144, 1719–1725.
Monadjem A, Reside A, Cornut J, Perrin MR (2009). Roost selection and home range of an African insectivorous bat Nycteris thebaica (Chiroptera, Nycteridae). Mammalia 73:353–359. https://doi.org/10.1515/MAMM.2009.056.
MoNRE (2016). Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam - Summary for policymakers.
MoNRE. https://monre.gov.vn/Pages/viet-nam-hien-co-181-khu-bao-ton-thien-nhien.aspx, accessed November 2023.
Mulvaney, J. M., Cherry, M. I. & Matthee, C. A. (2022). Climate refugia for three Afromontane forest‐dependent bird species in south‐eastern South Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 49(7), 1352-1366.
Murray, N. J. & Fuller, R. A. (2012). Coordinated effort to maintain East Asian–Australasian flyway. Oryx, 46(4), 479-480.
Muscarella (2014). ENMeval: An R package for conducting spatially independent evaluations and estimating optimal model complexity for Maxent ecological niche models. Methods Ecol Evol, 5:1198–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12261.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772), 853-858.
Naeem, S. & Li, S (1997). Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature, 390, 507–509.
Newbold T, Hudson LN, Hill SLL, Contu S, Lysenko I, Senior RA, Börger L, Bennett DJ, Choimes A, Collen B, Day J (2015). Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature, 520:45–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14324.
Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Arnell, A. P., Contu, S., De Palma, A., Ferrier, S., Hill, S. L. L., Hoskins, A. J., Lysenko, I., Phillips, H. R. P., Burton, V. J., Chng, C. W. T., Emerson, S., Gao, D., Pask-Hale, G., Hutton, J., Jung, M., Sanchez-Ortiz, K., Simmons, B. I., … Purvis, A. (2016). Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment. Science (New York, N.Y.), 353(6296), 288–291. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2201.
Newbold T (2018). Future effects of climate and land-use change on terrestrial vertebrate community diversity under different scenarios. P R Soc B-Biol Sci. 285(1881): 20180792. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0792.
Newbold T, Hudson LN, Contu S, Hill SLL, Beck J, Liu Y, Meyer C, Phillips HRP, Scharlemann JPW, Purvis A (2018). Widespread winners and narrow-ranged losers: land use homogenizes biodiversity in local assemblages worldwide. PLoS Biol, 16: 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2006841.
Newbold T., Oppenheimer P, Etard A, Williams JJ (2020). Tropical and Mediterranean biodiversity is disproportionately sensitive to land-use and climate change. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 4(12): 1630–1638. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-01303-0.
Nguyen KV, Hien TH, Loc PK, Nguyen TH (2000). Bioclimatic diagrams of Vietnam. Hanoi National University publisher.
Norberg UM (1994). Wing design, flight performance, and habitat use in bats. Ecological morphology: integrative organismal biology, 1: 205-239.
Novella-Fernandez R, Juste J, Ibañez C, Nogueras J, Osborne PE & Razgour O (2022). The role of forest structure and composition in driving the distribution of bats in Mediterranean regions. SCI REP-UK, 12(1): 3224. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07229-w.
Nunez, S., & Alkemade, R. (2021). Exploring interaction effects from mechanisms between climate and land-use changes and the projected consequences on biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30(12), 3685–3696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02271-y.
Oliver, T. H. & Morecroft, M. D. (2014). Interactions between climate change and land use change on biodiversity: Attribution problems, risks, and opportunities. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(3), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.271.
Opdam, P. & Wascher, D. (2004). Climate change meets habitat fragmentation: Linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation. Biological Conservation, 117(3), 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.12.008.
Pang SE, Zeng Y, De Alban JDT, Webb EL (2022). Occurrence–habitat mismatching and niche truncation when modelling distributions affected by anthropogenic range contractions. Diversity and Distribution, 28(6): 1327-1343. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13544.
Pardini R, Nichols L (2017). Biodiversity response to habitat loss and fragmentation. Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, 3:229-239 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09824-9.
Parmesan C (2006). Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst, 37:637–669. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100.
Paviolo, A., De Angelo, C., Blanco, Y. Di & Bitetti, M. Di (2006). The Need of Transboundary Efforts to Preserve the Southernmost Jaguar Population in the World Oso Hormiguero Gigante Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Mammalia: Myrmecophagidae) View project.
Pecl GT, Araújo MB, Bell JD, Blanchard J, Bonebrake TC, Chen IC, Clark TD, Colwell RK, Danielsen F, Evengård B, Falconi L (2017). Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Science, 355(6332): eaai9214. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai9214.
Pessoa da Silva, F. & De Marco Júnior, P. (2023). The role of protected areas in safeguarding bat diversity in Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation, 1-16.
Petchey, O. L. andGaston, K. J. (2002). ‘Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition’, Ecology Letters. Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 5(3), pp. 402–411. doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00339.x.
Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol Modell, 190:231–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLMODEL.2005.03.026.
Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Elith J, Graham CH, Lehmann A, Leathwick J, Ferrier S (2009). Sample selection bias and presence-only distribution models: implications for background and pseudo-absence data. Ecol Appl, 19:181–197. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2153.1.
Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Dudík M, Schapire RE, Blair ME (2017). Opening the black box: an open-source release of Maxent. Ecography (Cop) 40:887–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03049.
Piessens K, Adriaens D, Jacquemyn H, Honnay O (2009). Synergistic effects of an extreme weather event and habitat fragmentation on a specialised insect herbivore. Oecologia, 159:117–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1204-x.
Piggott JJ, Townsend CR, Matthaei CD (2015). Reconceptualizing synergism and antagonism among multiple stressors. Ecol Evol, 5:1538–1547. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1465.
Poortinga A, Nguyen Q, Tenneson K, Troy A, Saah D, Bhandari B, Ellenburg WL, Aekakkararungroj A, Ha L, Pham H, Nguyen G (2019). Linking earth observations for assessing the food security situation in Vietnam: A landscape approach. Front Environ Sci 7:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00186.
Prieto-Torres, D. A., Nori, J. & Rojas-Soto, O. R. (2018). Identifying priority conservation areas for birds associated to endangered Neotropical dry forests. Biological Conservation, 228, 205-214.
Primary Minister of Vietnam, 2014. Decision 218/QD-TTG on the Strategy for managing protected areas for period 2020-2030.
Radinger J, Hölker F, Horký P, Slavík O, Dendoncker N, Wolter C (2016). Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of future land use and climate change on river fish assemblages. Glob Chang Biol, 22:1505–1522. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13183.
Rayfield, B., Moilanen, A. & Fortin, M.J. (2009). Incorporating consumer–resource spatial interactions in reserve design. Ecological Modelling, 220, 725–733.
Rebelo H, Tarroso P, Jones G (2010). Predicted impact of climate change on European bats in relation to their biogeographic patterns. Glob Chang Biol, 16:561–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02021.x.
Reid WV, Mooney HA, Cropper A, Capistrano D, Carpenter SR, Chopra K, Dasgupta P, Dietz T, Duraiappah AK, Hassan RKR (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being-Synthesis: A report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press.
Roberts S, Potts S, Biesmeijer K, Kuhlmann M, Kunin W & Ohlemüller R (2011). Assessing continental-scale risks for generalist and specialist pollinating bee species under climate change. BioRisk 6: 1-18. https://doi: 10.3897/biorisk.6.1325.
Roberts, B.J., Catterall, C.P., Eby, P., Kanowski, J. & Getz, W.M. (2012). Long-distance and frequent movements of the Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus : implications for management. PLoS ONE.
Roberts DR, Bahn V, Ciuti S, Boyce MS, Elith J, Guillera‐Arroita G, Hauenstein S, Lahoz‐Monfort JJ, Schröder B., Thuiller W, Warton DI (2017). Cross‐validation strategies for data with temporal, spatial, hierarchical, or phylogenetic structure. Ecography, 40(8): 913-929. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02881.
Roca, R., Adkins, L., Wurschy, M.C. & Skerl, K. (1996). Transboundary conservation: An ecoregional approach to protect neotropical migratory birds in South America. Environmental Management, 20, 849–863.
Rodrigues, A. S. L., Akçakaya, H. R., Andelman, S. J., Bakarr, M. I., Boitani, L., Brooks, T. M., Chanson, J. S., Fishpool, L. D. C., Da Fonseca, G. A. B., Gaston, K. J., Hoffmann, M., Marquet, P. A., Pilgrim, J. D., Pressey, R. L., Schipper, J., Sechrest, W., Stuart, S. N., Underhill, L. G., Waller, R. W., … Yan, X. (2004). Global gap analysis: Priority regions for expanding the global protected-area network. BioScience, 54(12), 1092–1100. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[1092:GGAPRF]2.0.CO;2.
Rodríguez, J. P., Taber, A. B., Daszak, P., Sukumar, R., Valladares-Padua, C., Padua, S., ... & Pearl, M. (2007). Globalization of conservation: a view from the south. Science, 317(5839), 755-756.
Rundel, P.W. (1999) Forest habitats and flora in Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam. WWF Programme Office, Hanoi, 1–199.
Russo D, Salinas-Ramos VB, Cistrone L et al (2021). Do we need to use bats as bioindicators? Biology (Basel), 10:693. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10080693.
Rutten M, Van Dijk M, Van Rooij W, Hilderink H (2014). Land use dynamics, climate change, and food security in Vietnam: A global-to-local modeling approach. World Dev, 59:29–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.020.
Rylands AB, Brandon K (2005). Brazilian protected areas. Conservation Biology, 19:612–618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00711.x.
Sachanowicz K, Wower A, Bashta AT (2006). Further range extension of Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) in central and eastern Europe. Acta Chiropterol, 8:543–548. https://doi.org/10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8[543:FREOPK]2.0.CO;2.
Sacre, E., Weeks, R., Bode, M., & Pressey, R. L. (2020). The relative conservation impact of strategies that prioritize biodiversity representation, threats, and protection costs. Conservation Science and Practice, 2(8), e221.
Sandwith, T., Shine, C., Hamilton, L., & Sheppard, D. (2001). Protected areas for peace and co-operation. Best practice protected area guidelines series, (7).
Santos, M. J., Smith, A. B., Dekker, S. C., Eppinga, M. B., Leitão, P. J., Moreno-Mateos, D., ... & Ruggeri, M. (2021). The role of land use and land cover change in climate change vulnerability assessments of biodiversity: a systematic review. Landscape Ecology, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01276-w.
Scheel D, Vincent TLS, Cameron GN (1996). Global warming and the species richness of bats in Texas. Conservation Biology, 10(2):452-464. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.15231739.1996.10020452.x.
Schleicher, J., Peres, C. A., Amano, T., Llactayo, W. & Leader-Williams, N. (2017). Conservation performance of different conservation governance regimes in the Peruvian Amazon. Scientific Reports 2017 7:1, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10736-w.
Schleuter, D. et al. (2010) ‘A user’s guide to functional diversity indices’, Ecological Monographs. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 80(3), pp. 469–484. doi: 10.1890/08-2225.1.
Schmitz, O. J., Lawler, J. J., Beier, P., Groves, C., Knight, G., Boyce, D. A., Bulluck, J., Johnston, K. M., Klein, M. L., Muller, K., Pierce, D. J., Singleton, W. R., Strittholt, J. R., Theobald, D. M., Trombulak, S. C., & Trainor, A. (2015). Conserving Biodiversity: Practical Guidance about Climate Change Adaptation Approaches in Support of Land-use Planning. https://doi.org/10.3375/043.035.0120, 35(1), 190–203.
Schulte to Bühne, H., Tobias, J. A., Durant, S. M. & Pettorelli, N. (2020). Improving Predictions of Climate Change–Land Use Change Interactions. In Trends in Ecology and Evolution. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.019.
Secretariat CBD. (2010). The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Document UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/X/2, October 2010, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12383.
Secretariat CBD (2022) The Biodiversity Plan Target 3. https://www.cbd.int/gbf/targets/.
Segan DB, Murray KA, Watson JEM (2016). A global assessment of current and future biodiversity vulnerability to habitat loss-climate change interactions. Glob Ecol Conserv, 5:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.11.002.
Sherwin HA, Montgomery WI, Lundy MG (2013). The impact and implications of climate change for bats. Mammal Rev 43(3):171-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2012.00214.x.
Simmons, N. B. and A. L. C. (2020). Bat species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic database. https://www.batnames.org/.
Smith, A., Schoeman, M. C., Keith, M., Erasmus, B. F. N., Monadjem, A., Moilanen, A., & Di Minin, E. (2016). Synergistic effects of climate and land-use change on representation of African bats in priority conservation areas. Ecological Indicators, 69, 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.04.039.
Sodhi, N. S. & Brook, B. W. (2006). Southeast Asian biodiversity in crisis. Cambridge University Press.
Son, N. T., Thong, V. D., Tien, P. D., & Khoi, N. V. (2009). Status of flying fox Bat (Pteropus spp.) in Vietnam. Academia Journal of Biology, 31(3), 52-57.
Staude, I. R., Navarro, L. M., & Pereira, H. M. (2020). Range size predicts the risk of local extinction from habitat loss. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29(1), 16-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.13003.
Strain EMA, Van Belzen J, Van Dalen J, Bouma TJ, Airoldi L (2015). Management of local stressors can improve the resilience of marine canopy algae to global stressors. PLoS One, 10:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120837.
Struebig, M. J., Christy, L., Pio, D. & Meijaard, E. (2010). Bats of Borneo: diversity, distributions and representation in protected areas. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 449-469.
Thapa, S., Baral, S., Hu, Y., Huang, Z., Yue, Y., Dhakal, M., ... & Wu, Y. (2021). Will climate change impact distribution of bats in Nepal Himalayas? A case study of five species. Global Ecology and Conservation, 26, e01483. . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01483.
Thornton, D.H., Wirsing, A.J., Lopez-Gonzalez, C., Squweres, J.R., Fisher, S., Larsen, K.W., Peatt, A., Scrafford, M.A., Moen, R.A., Scully, A.E., King, T.W. & Murray, D.L. (2018). Asymmetric cross-border protection of peripheral transboundary species. Conservation Letters, 11, e12430.
Tilman, D. et al. (1997). ‘The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes’, Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 277(5330), pp. 1300–1302. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5330.1300.
Tilman, D., Clark, M., Williams, D. R., Kimmel, K., Polasky, S. & Packer, C. (2017). Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention. Nature, 546(7656), 73-81.
Tobias, J. A., Durant, S. M., & Pettorelli, N. (2021). Improving predictions of climate change–land use change interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 36(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.019.
Tordoff AW, Bezuijen MR, Duckworth JW, Fellowers JR, Koening K, Pollard EHB, Royo AG (2011). Ecosysstem profile: Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot 2011 update. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.019.
Trewhella, W. J., Rodriguez‐Clark, K. M., Corp, N., Entwistle, A., Garrett, S. R. T., Granek, E., ... & Sewall, B. J. (2005). Environmental education as a component of multidisciplinary conservation programs: lessons from conservation initiatives for critically endangered fruit bats in the western Indian Ocean. Conservation Biology, 19(1), 75-85.
Trouwborst, A., Lewis, M., Burnham, D., Dickman, A., Hinks, A., Hodgetts, T., ... & Macdonald, D. (2017). International law and lions (Panthera leo): understanding and improving the contribution of wildlife treaties to the conservation and sustainable use of an iconic carnivore.
Tu, V. T. (2012). A program for conservation of biodiversity and endemism of bats in scattered forest and cave complex in north western, Vietnam (RGS 10258-2).
Tu VT, Csorba G, Ruedi M, Furey NM, Son NT, Thong VD, Bonilo C, Hassanin A (2017). Comparative phylogeography of bamboo bats of the genus Tylonycteris (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in Southeast Asia. Eur J Taxon 1–38. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.274.
Tu VT, Hassanin A, Furey NM, Son NT, Csorba G (2018). Four species in one: multigene analyses reveal phylogenetic patterns within Hardwicke’s woolly bat, Kerivoula hardwickii-complex (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in Asia. Hystrix It J Mamm, 29:87–94. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix–00017-2017.
Tu VT, Furey NM, Görföl T, Hassanin A, Arai S, Koyabu D, Douangboubpha B, Csorba G (2023). A taxonomic reassessment of Rhinolophus rex Allen, 1923 and its allies (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Vertebr Zool, 73: 545-556.DOI 10.3897/vz.73.e101487.
Tuan, L. Q., Thong, V. D., Son, N. T., Tu, V. T., Tuan, T. A., Luong, N. T., ... & Tuanmu, M. N. (2023). Potential individual and interactive effects of climate and land-cover changes on bats and implications for conservation planning: a case study in Vietnam. Biodiversity and Conservation, 32(13), 4481-4508.
Tuanmu, M. N., Vina, A., Yang, W., Chen, X., Shortridge, A. M. & Liu, J. (2016). Effects of payments for ecosystem services on wildlife habitat recovery. Conservation Biology, 30(4), 827-835.
Turbill, C. (2008). Winter activity of Australian tree‐roosting bats: Influence of temperature and climatic patterns. Journal of Zoology, 276(3), 285-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00487.x.
UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2023), Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) [Online], July 2023, Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net.
Valavi R, Elith J, Lahoz-Monfort JJ, Guillera-Arroita G. (2019). blockCV: An r package for generating spatially or environmentally separated folds for k-fold cross-validation of species distribution models. Methods Ecol Evol, 10:225:322. https://doi.org/10.1101/357798.
van Proosdij ASJ, Sosef MSM, Wieringa JJ, Raes N (2016). Minimum required number of specimen records to develop accurate species distribution models. Ecography, 39:542–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01509.
VanDerWal, J., Shoo, L. P., Graham, C., & Williams, S. E. (2009). Selecting pseudo-absence data for presence-only distribution modeling: how far should you stray from what you know?. Ecological modelling, 220(4), 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLMODEL.2008.11.010.
Varzinczak LH (2020). Understanding the relationship between climatic niches and dispersal through the lens of bat wing morphology. Journal of Zoology, 312(4): 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12826.
Vasilijević, M., Zunckel, K., Mckinney, M., Erg, B., Schoon, M. & Michel, T. R. (2015). Transboundary Conservation: A systematic and integrated approach. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 23, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xii + 107 pp. (Issue 23).
Velazco, S. J. E., Villalobos, F., Galvão, F., & De Marco Junior, P. (2019). A dark scenario for Cerrado plant species: Effects of future climate, land use and protected areas ineffectiveness. Diversity and Distributions, 25(4), 660-673. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12886.
Venter, O., Fuller, R. A., Segan, D. B., Carwardine, J., Brooks, T., Butchart, S. H., ... & Watson, J. E. (2014). Targeting global protected area expansion for imperiled biodiversity. PLoS biology, 12(6), e1001891. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001891.
Verboom, J., Schippers, P., Cormont, A., Sterk, M., Vos, C. C., & Opdam, P. F. (2010). Population dynamics under increasing environmental variability: implications of climate change for ecological network design criteria. Landscape ecology, 25, 1289-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10980-010-9497-7.
Verburg, P. H., Crossman, N., Ellis, E. C., Heinimann, A., Hostert, P., Mertz, O., Nagendra, H., Sikor, T., Erb, K. H., Golubiewski, N., Grau, R., Grove, M., Konaté, S., Meyfroidt, P., Parker, D. C., Chowdhury, R. R., Shibata, H., Thomson, A. & Zhen, L. (2015). Land system science and sustainable development of the earth system: A global land project perspective. Anthropocene, 12, 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANCENE.2015.09.004.
Voigt, C.C., Lehnert, L.S., Popa-Lisseanu, A.G., Ciechanowski, M., Estók, P., Gloza-Rausch, F., Görföl, T., Göttsche, M., Harrje, C., Hötzel, M., Teige, T., Wohlgemuth, R. & Kramer-Schadt, S. (2014). The trans-boundary importance of artificial bat hibernacula in managed European forests. Biodiversity and Conservation, 23, 617–631.
Voigt, C. C., Dekker, J., Fritze, M., Gazaryan, S., Hölker, F., Jones, G., ... & Zagmajster, M. (2021). The impact of light pollution on bats varies according to foraging guild and habitat context. BioScience, 71(10), 1103-1109.
Vörösmarty, C.J., McIntyre, P.B., Gessner, M.O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S.E., Sullivan, C.A., Liermann, C.R. & Davies, P.M. (2010). Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature, 467, 555–561.
Wang, L., Yang, B., Bai, Y., Lu, X., Corlett, R. T., Tan, Y., ... & Quan, R. C. (2021). Conservation planning on China's borders with Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. Conservation Biology, 35(6), 1797-1808.
Wiederholt, R., López-Hoffman, L., Cline, J., Medellín, R. A., Cryan, P., Russell, A., ... & Semmens, D. (2013). Moving across the border: modeling migratory bat populations. Ecosphere, 4(9), 1-16.
Williams Ford YTF (2016). World map of carbonate rock outcrops v3.0. https://digital.lib.usf.edu/SFS0055342/00001. Accessed 5 Mar 2020.
Wilson, K. A., Cabeza, M., & Klein, C. J. (2009). Fundamental concepts of spatial conservation prioritization. Spatial conservation prioritization: Quantitative methods and computational tools, 16-27.
Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA, Velikov L, Ahumada BM, Llosa AM, Peacock F, Martín JR: Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona (2019). 1008 pp., ISBN: 978–84-16,728–19-0.
WWF (2013). Safeguarding the Annamites: the threatened jewel of Indochinese biodiversity.
Wisz MS, Hijmans RJ, Li J, Peterson AT, Graham CH, Guisan A, NCEAS Prediction Species Distributions Working Group (2008). Effects of sample size on the performance of species distribution models. Diversity and Distribution, 14:763–773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00482.x.
Yang, Y., Ren, G., Li, W., Huang, Z., Lin, A. K., Garber, P. A., ... & Xiao, W. (2019). Identifying transboundary conservation priorities in a biodiversity hotspot of China and Myanmar: Implications for data poor mountainous regions. Global Ecology and Conservation, 20, e00732.
Zamora-Gutierrez V, Pearson RG, Green RE, Jones KE (2018). Forecasting the combined effects of climate and land use change on Mexican bats. Diversity and Distribution, 24:363–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12686.
Zeale, M.R.K., Davidson-Watts, I. & Jones, G. (2012). Home range use and habitat selection by barbastelle bats (Barbastella barbastellus): implications for conservation. Journal of Mammalogy, 93, 1110–1118.
Zolkos SG, Jantz P, Cormier T, Iverson LR, McKenney DW, Goetz SJ (2015). Projected tree species redistribution under climate change: implications for ecosystem vulnerability across protected areas in the Eastern United States. Ecosystems, 18:202–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-014-9822-0.