十週深水跑步訓練對女性中老年人
心肺適能與心磁圖之影響
2007年十月 研究生：許靜宜
指導教授：方進隆 博士
摘 要
本研究目的探討十週深水跑步訓練對女性中老年人心肺適能與心磁圖之影響。以24位女性中老年人（平均64.58±4.25歲）為研究對象，隨機分配於深水跑步組與對照組（每組各十二名），深水跑步組接受每週三次，每次32 分鐘，運動強度約為最大心跳率之55-70％ 的深水跑步訓練，對照組沒有接受運動訓練，受試者於訓練前、後接受電動負載腳踏車推估最大攝氧量與六分鐘走跑，所得資料以獨立及相依樣本t檢定（p＜.05）；另外所有受試者於十週內總共拍攝四次心磁圖，每三週拍攝一次。結果發現：十週深水跑步訓練後，深水跑步組在最大攝氧量（前23.15±4.04 ml/kg/min，後28.31±4.72）及六分鐘走跑（前572.5±12.76公尺/6min，後636.9±14.22）顯著的進步（p＜.05）。深水跑步組心磁圖於10週訓練後心跳週期穩定性（功能）比控制組的狀態要好（p＜.05）。結論：十週深水跑步訓練後，對女性中老年人的心肺適能有顯著的改善及增進心跳週期的穩定性。
關鍵詞：深水跑步、中老年人、心肺適能、心磁圖。

The Effects of 10-week Deep Water Running with vest on Aerobic Fitness and magnetocardiography of the Female Middle-Age.
2007 Oct Hsu, Ching-Yi
Advisor: Fang, Chin-Lung
Abstract
Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 10-week Deep Water Running with vest training of middle-age female on aerobic fitness and magnetocardiography。Methods：Twenty-four women（average age was 64.58 ± 4.25 yr）were recruited as subjects and randomly assigned to Deep Water Running（DWR,12 subjects）and Control Group（CG,12 subjects）equally. All subjects took four times magnetocardiography every three weeks ,and YMCA test（by cycle ergometer）to predict the VO2max and six minutes walking were taken before and after 10-week of training. The collected data were analyzed by Independent Sample t-test and Paired Sample t-test (p＜.05).Results：The VO2max（DWR：pre 23.15±4.04 vs after 28.31±4.72 ml/kg/min；CG：pre 21.14±4.79 vs after 23.87±4.91 ml/kg/min） and six minutes walking（DWR：pre 572.5±12.76 vs after 636.9±14.22 m/6min；CG：pre 589.94±14.79 vs after 591.12±15.51 m/6min）of DWR were significantly improved(p＜.05) after 10-week of training；The magnetocardiography of DWR was significantly stable than the CG after 10-week of training .Conclusions：10-week Deep Water Running with vest can significantly improve Aerobic Fitness and promote heart rate stability of Female Middle-Older.
Keywords：Deep Water Running、Middle-Older Adults、Aerobic Fitness、magnetocardiography

一、中文文獻
方進隆（1992）。運動與健康－減肥健身與疾病的運動處方。台北市：
漢文。
行政院主計處。（2006）。中華民國統計月報，490，9-10。
行政院經濟建設委員會（2004）。台灣地區工作與依賴年齡人口推計
數及結構。出版地：作者。
林曼蕙（2003）。水中有氧運動對高齡女性體適能之影響。台北市：
師大書苑。
卓俊辰（1996）。運動與健康。台北縣：永揚。
柳家琪、李麗晶（譯）（2005）。水中體適能教學手冊。台北：易利。
（Mary E. Sanders,1999）。
徐台閣（2003）。訓練生理學。載於林正常（主編），運動生理學－體適能與運動表現的理論與應用（頁236-259）。台北市：藝軒。
陳坤檸（2002）。應用運動生理學。台北市；五南。
楊淑玲（1999）。水中運動一小時可以消瘦1公斤－利用水的4種特
性來燃燒脂肪。健康plus，31，86-90。
蔡佳良（2001）。深水跑步對生理反應之探討。中華體育季刊，15（1），109-116。
三、 英文文獻
Agostoni , E. Gurtner, G., Torri, G., et al(1966). Respiratory mechanics
during submersion and negative-pressure breathing. Journal
Application Physiology, 21, 251-258.
Ahacic K. , Parker M.G., ＆ Thorslund, M.（2000）. Mobility limitations
in the Swedish population from 1968 to 1992：age, gender and
social class difference. Aging Clin Exp Res 12,190－198.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1998). Exercise and physical
activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports &Exercise,
30,(6) 975-1008.
Arborelius, M., Baildin, U. I., Lilja, B.,＆Lindgren, C. E. G.(1972).
Hemodynamic changes in man during submersion and
negative-pressure breathing. Journal of Applied Physiology, 21,
251-258.
Borg, G. A. V. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,14（5）, 377-381.
Brisinda, D., Caristo, M. E., ＆ Fenici, R. (2006). Contactless magnetocardiographic mapping in anesthetized Wistar rats: evidence of age-related changes of cardiac electrical activity. Am. J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol ,291, 368-378.
Broman G., Quintana M., Lindberg T., Jansson E., ＆ Kaijser L.（2006）.
High intensity deep water training can improve aerobic power in
eldly women. Eur J Appl Physiol, 98, 117-123.
Burdon, J. G. W., Juniper, E.F., Killian, K. J., Hargrave, F.E.,＆Campbell, E. J. M.（1982） The perception of breathlessness in asthma. Am Rev Respir and Dis., 126, 825-828.
Cable, T.（2000）. Deep-water running. Insight: The football Association's Coaching Association Journal,3（2）, 45.
Chen, J., Thomson, P. D., Nolan, V., ＆ Clarke, J. (2004). Age and sex dependent variations in the normal magnetocardiogram compared with changes associated with ischemia. Ann. Biomed. Eng 32, 1088-1099.
Christie, J.L., Sheidahl, L. M., Tristani, F. E. et al (1990). Cardiovascularregulation during head-out water immersion exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 69, 657-664.
Chu, K.S. ＆ Rhodes, E.C. (2001). Physiological and cardiovascular changes associated with deep water running in the young-possible implications for the elderly. Sports Medicine, 31, 33-46.
Chu, K. S., Rhodes, E. C., Taunton, J. E., & Martin, A. D. (2002). Maximal physiological responses to deep-water and treadmill running in young and older women. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity (Champaign, Ill.), 10(3), 306-313.
Dowzer, C. N., Reilly, T., & Cable, N. T. (1998). Effects of deep and shallow water running on spinal shrinkage. British Journal of Sports Medicine (Oxford, England), 32(1), 44-48.
Epstein, M. (1976).Cardiovascular and renal effects of head-out water immersion in man. Circulation Research, 39, 189-194.
Eyestone, E. D., Fellingham, G., George J., ＆ Fisher, A.G（1993）.Effect of water running and cycling on maximum oxygen consumption and 2-mile run performance. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 21（1）, 41-44.
Farhi, L. E., ＆ Linnarsson, D.（1977）. Cardiopulmonary readjustments during graded submersion in water at 35℃.Respiration Physiology, 30, 35-50.
Frangolias, D.D., ＆ Rhodes, E.C.（1995）. Maximal and ventilatory threshold responses to treadmill and water immersion running. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 27, 1007-1013.
Gleim, G. W., ＆ Nicholas, J.A.（1989）.Metabolic costs and heart rate
responses to treadmill walking in water at different depths and temperatures. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 17, 248-252.
Golding, L .A., Meyer, C. R., ＆ Sinning, W.E.（1989）.Y's way to physical fitness：the complete guide to fitness testing and instruction （3rd ed.）.Champaign,IL：Human Kinetics.
Gross, M. L., ＆ Napoli, R. C. (1993).Treatment of lower extremity
injuries with orthotic shoe inserts：an overview. Sports Medicine,
15, 66-70.
Hailer, B., Van Leeuwen, P., Lange, S., ＆ Wehr, M. (1999). Spatial distribution of QT dispersion measured by magnetocardiography under stress in coronary artery disease. J Electrocardiol, 32, 207-216.
Hanninen, H., Takala, P., Korhonen, P., Oikarinen, L., Makijarvi, M., Nenonen, J., Katila, T., ＆Toivonen, L. (2002). Features of ST segment and T-wave in exercise-induced myocardial ischemia evaluated with multichannel magnetocardiography. Ann.Med 34, 120-129.
Kelly S. Chu, Edward C. Rodes, Jack E. Taunton, and Alan D.Martin（2002）.Maximal physiological responses to deep water and treadmill running in young and older women. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,10, 306-313.
Lepore, M., Gayle, G. W., ＆ Stevens, S. F.（1998）. Adapted aquatics programming：a professional guide . Champaign IL： Human Kinetics.
Loupias, J. P., & Golding, L. A. (2004). Deep water running: A conditioning alternative. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal (Hagerstown, MD), 8(5), 5-8.
Maughan, R. J.＆ Miller, J. D.B.（1983）. Incidence of training related injuries among marathon runners.British Journal of Sports Medicine, 17, 162-165.
Noakes, T. D. (2002). Exercise and the cold. In advances in sport, leisure and ergonomics（edited by T. Reilly and J.Greeves）.13-31.London：Routledge.
Padilla, J.（2001）. Comparison of heart rates between deep water running treadmill running and cycling. Unpublished thesis. University of Nevada Las Vegas, 2001.
Pesola, K., Hanninen, H., Lauerma, K., Lotjonen, J., Makijarvi, M., Nenonen, J., Takala, P., Voipio-Pulkki L-M, Toivonen, L., ＆Katila, T. (1999). Current density estimation on the left ventricular epicardium. A potential method for ischemia localizeation. Biomed Tech ,44（2）, 143-146.
Puggaard, L., Larsen, J.B., Stovring, H., & Jeune, B.（2000）. Maximal oxygen uptake, muscle strength and walking speed in 85-year-old women：effects of increased physical activity. Aging Clin Exp Res,12,180-189.
Reilly, T., Cable, N. T.,＆ Dower, C. N.（2001）.Does deep-water running aid recovery from stretch-shortening cycle exercise？Communication to the Sixth Annual Conference of the European College of Sport Science,Koln,Germany ,July.
Reilly, T., Dower, C. N.,＆ Cable , N. T.（2003）.The physiology of deep-water running. Journal of Sports Science, 21, 959-972.
Ritchie, S. E., & Hopkins, W. G. (1991). The intensity of exercise in deep-water running. International Journal of Sports Medicine (Stuttgart, FRG), 12(1), 27-29.
Rose, D.(2003).Fall proof： A comprehensive balance and mobility program. Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Rowell（1993）. Human Cardiovascular Control. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Sanders, M. E.（1999）.YMCA water fitness for health. Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Shvarts, E., ＆ Reibold, R. C.（1990）. Aerobic fitness norms for male and females aged 6 to 75 years. A review, Aviation, Space,and Environmental Medicine,61,3-11.
Takala, P., Hanninen, H., Montonen, J., Korhonen, P., Makijarvi, M., Nenonen, J., Oikarinen, L., Toivonen, L.,＆ Katila, T. (2002). Heart rate adjustment of magnetic field map rotation in detection of myocardial ischemia in exercise magnetocardiography. Basic Res Cardiol,97, 88-96.
Tavarozzi, I., Comani, S., Del Gratta, C., Di Luzio, S., Romani, G. L., Gallina, S., Zimarino, M., Brisinda, D., Fenici, R., ＆De Caterina, R. (2002). Magnetocardiography: current status and perspectives. Part II: Clinical applications. Ital.Heart J 3, 151-165.
Van Leeuwen, P., Hailer, B., Lange, S., ＆ Gronemeyer, D. (2003). Spatial distribution of repolarization times in patients with coronary artery disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,26, 1706-1714.
Wakai, R. T., Leuthold, A. C., Wilson, A. D., ＆ Martin, C. B. (1997). Association of fetal junctional rhythm and respiratory arrhythmia detected by magnetocardiography. Pediatr.Cardiol.,18, 201-203.
Wilber, R. L., Moffatt, R. J., Scott, B. E., Lee, D. T., & Cucuzzo, N. A. (1996). Influence of water run training on the maintenance of aerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (Baltimore, Md.), 28(8), 1056-1062.