本研究的目的，是希望藉由學校實證的、精神疾病完整篩選的、多種介入模式相互比較的實證研究當中，找出最為迅速有效的實用模式。
本研究經由三個子研究建立自殺防治整合模式，第一個子研究是經由自陳量表進行全校的篩選，找出自殺及憂鬱症高危險群的學生及分佈情形；第二個子研究將這些高危險的學生經由精神科醫師，使用標準化的診斷系統會談並藉以建立臨時診斷，再則可以決定高危險學生是否可以在學校處理；第三個子研究則是將這些高危險群的學生挑選出90人，隨機分派到密集介入、一般介入以及最少介入三種不同的介入方式，經由介入前以及介入後的測量，希望能夠比較三個方式的效果，以及那些部分達到顯著的差別。
研究樣本是在南部的某一所中學，學生的人數是1826人，使用的工具包括了貝克憂鬱量表、貝克焦慮量表、貝克絕望感量表、貝克自殺意念量表，來測量介入前後狀況的變化。結果發現：
一、第一個子研究：經由全校的篩選，憂鬱程度為中到重度者有13.14％。焦慮為中到重度者有15.61％。絕望感為中到重度者有19.71％。而曾出現自殺意念為者有44.43%。
二、第二個子研究：這些高危險群的學生經由精神科醫師診斷會談之後，最主要的診斷為適應障礙以及未分類憂鬱症，診斷的分配大致如下：診斷符合適應障礙診斷者共有33人，佔36.67％；符合未分類憂鬱症診斷者共有30人，佔33.33％；符合未分類憂鬱症合併其他診斷者共有7人，佔7.78％；符合適應障礙合併其他診斷者共有6人，佔6.67％。符合嚴重憂鬱症診斷者共有4人，佔4.44％；符合情緒低落障礙診斷者共有3人，佔3.33％。
三、第三個子研究：以隨機分配的方式進行，以單因子共變數分析實驗介入對依變項的影響，研究結果發現，密集介入組以及一般介入組在憂鬱、焦慮和自殺意念的改變程度都顯著優於最少介入組；而密集介入組在改善絕望感方面，顯著優於一般介入組和最少介入組，而在憂鬱、焦慮及自殺意念方面，密集介入組和一般介入組的效果並沒有顯著差異。但是這兩組仍然顯著優於最少介入組。
本研究結果支持整合的密集介入模式(篩選，診斷及密集介入)能夠藉由迅速的方式減少高危險青少年自我傷害的危險性，並能減少高危險群個案陷入絕望、不求助的再度危險性。雖然研究的樣本局限於南部的某一所公立完全中學，但是本研究驗證了以學校為本位的自殺防治模式在校園中是可行的，而且可以相當快速的減輕青少年的憂鬱症狀及自我傷害行為，值得後續進一步的研究加以推廣。

The purpose of this thesis is to establish the most effective, evidence-based model of adolescent suicide prevention, which combined of screening for psychiatric disorders and three-leveled interventions.
Procedures were divided into three steps. First, self-administered inventories were used as tools for large scale screening. Second, subjects with moderate to high cutoff scores were interviewed by psychiatrists to decide tentative diagnosis and exclude those who could not be managed in a school setting. Third, a group of 90 high risk subjects were randomly assigned to three different levels of interventions and received 6 successive weeks of suicide interventions among intensive, usual and minimal intervention groups.
A total of 1826 subjects were recruited from one of the high school in southern part of Taiwan. Screening tools were Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and Beck Suicide Scale (BSS). Results were summarized as the following:
1.Results of large scale screening by self-administered inventories were as follows, moderate to severe depression were 13.14%, moderate to severe anxiety were 15.61%, moderate to severe hopelessness were 19.71% and suicide ideations were 44.43%.
2.Results from high risk subjects interviewed by the psychiatrist, tentative diagnosis made and distributions were as follows, adjustment disorders with depressed mood 36.67% (n=33), depressive disorder, NOS 33.33% (n=30), depressive disorder with co morbidity 7.78%, adjustment disorder with co morbidity 6.67%, major depressive disorder 4.44% (n=4),dysthymic disorder 3.33% (n=3).
3.Comparison among three-level interventions shown, intensive and usual groups were significantly superior to minimal level intervention in BDI, BAI and BSS scales. Intensive group was significantly superior to usual group in BHS (Hopelessness) but not significantly superior to usual group in other three scales (BDI, BAI and BSS).
Conclusions and suggestions: Integrated intensive model, which include large scale screening, diagnostic interview, and intensive interpersonal intervention were shown to be a superior and promising model in adolescent suicide prevention, especially the therapeutic effects by reduction of hopelessness level and further risk of suicide. The model extends medical diagnostic interviews and interventions to school-based suicide prevention. This model could be generalized to larger areas upon further research.

一、中文部分
林一真（民89）。貝克焦慮量表（中文版）指導手冊。台北市：中國行為科學社。
唐子俊等人（印製中）：青少年重複自我傷害行為人際心理治療：正向改變及有效治療因子分析。中華心理衛生學刊。
唐子俊等人(民94)。人際心理治療手冊：理論與實務。台北市：五南出版社。
柯慧貞(民78)。內因性憂鬱症與非內因性憂鬱症在腎上腺皮質素抑制反應、認知偏差及生活壓力上之比較。台灣大學心理研究所博士論文，未出版，台北市。
柯慧貞等(民91)。校園自殺的防治─三級預防模式，學生輔導雙月刊，80，84-95。
陳心怡（民89）。貝克憂鬱量表（中文版）指導手冊。台北市：中國行為科學社。
陳美君（民89）。貝克絕望感量表（中文版）指導手冊。台北市：中國行為科學社。
黃子恩（民82）。憂鬱傾向與非憂鬱傾向大學生之負向想法﹑轉移策略之比較。台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
張春興（民91)。張氏心理學辭典。台北市：東華書局。
張壽山（民89）。貝克自殺意念量表（中文版）指導手冊。台北市：中國行為科學社。
郭志通(民88)。談青少年自殺事件之校園危機處理，教育資料文摘，43（1），170-187。
許文耀，吳英璋（民85），自殺行為徵兆評估量表編製計劃（第二年計畫期末報告）。台北市：教育部訓委會。
許文耀，鍾瑞玫（民86）。自殺危險程度量表。中華心理衛生學刊，10（2），1-17。
許文耀，呂嘉寧（民87）。情緒自主、依附型態與自殺危險。中華心理衛生學刊，11（2），59-81。
許文耀，林宜旻（民88)。自殺危險性發生模式驗證。中華心理學刊，41（1），87-108。
程國選（民89)。台北市國高中教師對學生自我傷害防治之調查研究。建中學報，6。265-287。
吳美玲（民91)。大專學生自我知覺的親子關係與人格特質對自殺意念的影響。中原大學心理研究所碩士論文，桃園縣。
衛生署（民93)。九十三年度衛教宣導主題之七 -自殺防治。網頁位址：http://www.doh.gov.tw.
衛生署(民94)。高雄市立K高中健康營造計畫九十四年度執行成果彙編。行政院衛生署國民健康局。

二、英文部分
Adams, C., & Gelder, M. (1994). The case for establishing a register of randomized controlled trials of mental health care. Br J Psychiatry, 164, 433-436.
Allison, S., Pearce, C., & Martin, G. (1995). Parental influence, pessimism and adolescent suicidality. Arch Suicide Res, 1, 229-242.
Andreasen, N. C., & Hoenk, P. R. (1982). The predictive value of adjustment disorders: a follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry, 139, 584-590.
Andrews, J.A., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1992). Suicidal attempts among older adolescents: Prevalence and co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 31, 655-662.
Apter, A., Bleich, A., King, R. A., Kron S, Fluch, A., Kotler, M., & Cohen, D. J. (1993). Death without warning? A clinical postmortem study of suicide in 43 Israeli adolescent males. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50(2), 138-142.
Asarnow, J. R., Carlson, G. A., & Guthrie, D. (1987). Coping strategies, self-perceptions and perceived family environments in depressed and suicidal children. J Consult Clin Psychology 55, 361-366.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression. New York, Harper & Row.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York, International Universities Press.
Beck, A.T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G.. (1987). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, The Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Beck scale for suicide ideation manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Berman, A. L., & Jobes, D. S. (1995). Suicide prevention in adolescents (ages 12-18). Suicide Life Threat Behav, 25, 143-154.
Birmaher, B., Arbelaez, C., & Brent, D. (2002). Course and outcome of child and adolescent major depressive disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. Jul, 11(3), 619-37.
Bourin, M., Bougerol, T., Guitton, B., & Broutin, E. (1997). A combination of plant extracts in the treatment of outpatients with adjustment disorder with anxious mood: controlled study versus placebo. Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 11(2), 127-132.
Brent, D. A., Perper, J., & Goldstein, C. E. (1988). Risk factors for adolescent suicide: A comparison of adolescent suicide victims with suicidal inpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45, 581-588.
Brent, D.A., Perper, J.A., Moritz, G., Baugher, M., & Allman, C. (1993). Suicide in adolescents with no apparent psychopathology. JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32, :494-500.
Brent, D.A., Bridge, J., Johnson, B.A., & Connolly, J. (1996). Suicidal behavior runs in families: A controlled family study of adolescent suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53, 1145-1152.
Brent, D.A., Holder, D., Kolko, D., Birmaher, B., Baugher, M., Roth, C., Iyengar, S., & Johnson, B. A. (1997). A clinical psychotherapy trial for adolescent depression com¬paring cognitive, family, and supportive therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 877-885.
Brent, D.A., Baugher, M., Bridge, J., Chen, T., & Chiappetta, L. (1999). Age- and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38(12), 1497- 1505.
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1978). Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorders in Women. London, Tavistock.
Bryant, M. J., Simons, A.D., & Thase, M.E. (1999). Therapist skill and patient variables in homework compliance: controlling an uncontrolled variable in cognitive therapy outcome research. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23,381-399.
Burns, D. (1980). Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy. New York, William Morrow.
Butler, J. W., Novy, N. K., & Gates, G.. (1994). An investigation of differences in attitudes between suicidal and non-suicidal student ideators. Adolescence 29, 623-638.
Carr, A. (2002).Preventions:what work with children and adolescence. Brunner- Routledge, NY.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1992). Youth suicide prevention programs: A resource guide. Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1994). Programs for the prevention of suicide among adolescents and young adults and suicide contagion and the reporting of suicide: Recommendations from a national workshop. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep RR, 6, 43.
Centers for Disease Control (1990). Attempted suicide among high school students: United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 40, 633-635.
Chalmers, I., Dickersin, K., & Chalmers, T. C. (1992). Getting to grips with Archie Cochrane's agenda. BMJ 305, 786-788.
Cohen, F. (1981). Stress and bodily illness. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 4, 269-286.
Conte, H. R., & Karasu, T. B. (1992). A review of treatment studies of minor depression: 1980-1991. AmJ Psychother 46, 58-74.
Coyne, J. C., & Downey, G. (1991). Social factors and psychopathology: stress, social support, and coping processes. Annu Rev Psychol 42, 401-425.
Cutler, J. L., Cutler, J. L., Goldyne, A., Markowitz, J. C., Devlin, M. J., & Glick, R. A. (2004). Comparing cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(9), 1567-1573.
Eggert, L. L., Thompson, E. A., Herting, J. R., & Nicholas, L. J. (1995a). Reducing suicide potential among high-risk youth: Tests of a school-based prevention program. Suicide Life Threat Behav 25, 276-296.
Eggert, L. L., Thompson, E. A., & Randell, E. (1995b). Youth suicide prevention plan for state. Olympia, WA, Washington State of Health.
Eggert, L. L., Karovsky, P. P., & Pike, K. C. (1999). Pathways to enhancing community capacity to prevent youth suicidal behaviors. Washington State Youth Suicide Prevention Program Final Report. Olympia, WA, Washington State Department of Health.
Ferster, C. B. (1973). A functional analysis of depression. Am Psychol, 28, 857-870.
Field, M., & Lohr, K. N. (1992). Guidelines for Clinical Practice: From Development to Use. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
Foley, S. H., O'Malley, S., Rounsaville, B., Prusoff, B. A., & Weissman, M. M. (1987). The relationship of patient difficulty to therapist performance in interpersonal psychotherapy of depression. J Affect Disord 12(3), 207-217.
Garland, A., Shaffer, D., & Whittle, B. (1989). A national Sur-of school-based, adolescent suicide prevention. JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 28, 34.
Garrison, C. Z., McKeown, R. E., Valois, R., & Murray, V. (1993). Aggression, substance use, and suicidal behaviors in high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 179-184.
Gould, M.S., Fisher. P., Parides, M., Flory, M., & Shaffer, D. (1996). Psychoso¬cial risk factors of child and adolescent completed suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 53(12), 1155-1162.
Gould, M. S., Wallenstein, S., & Davidson, L. (1989). Suicide clusters: A critical review. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 19, 17-29.
Greenberg, W. M., Rosenfeld, D. N., & Ortega, E. A. (1995). Adjustment dis¬order as an admission diagnosis. AmJ Psychiatry, 152, 459-¬461.
Gutierrez, P., Osman, A., Kopper, B., & Barros, F. (2000). Why young people do not kill themselves: The Reason for Living Inventory for Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 177-187.
Hawton, K. (2000). The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide.NewYork, NY: John Wiley and Son’s Ltd.
Hawton, K., Cole, D., O'Grady, J., & Osborn M. (1982). Motivational aspects of deliberateself-poisoning in adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 141, 286-291.
Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., Evans, M.D., Wiemer, M. J., Garvey, M. J., Grove, W. M., & Tuason, V. B. (1992). Cognitive-therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression: singly and in combination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49(10), 774-781.
Jacobs, D. (1999). (Ed). The Harvard medical school Guide to suicide assessment and intervention. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., Gortner, E., & Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression. J Consult Clin Psychol 64(2), 295-304.
Joffe, R. T., Offord, D. R, & Boyle, M. H. (1988). Ontario Child Health Study: Suicidal behavior in youth age 12-16 years. Am J Psychiatry 145, 1420-1423.
Jones, E. E., & Pulos, S. M. (1993). Comparing the process in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies.J Consult Clin Psychol, 61, 306-316.
Kalafat, J., & Underwood, M. (1989). Lifelines: a school-based adolescent suicide response program. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
Karasu, T. B. (1990). Toward a clinical model of psychotherapy for depression, I: systematic comparison of three psychotherapies. Am J Psychiatry 147, 133-147.
Katon, W., & Gonzales, J. (1994). A review of randomized trials of psychiatric consultation-liaison studies in primary care. Psychosomatics, 35, 268-278.
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., Marttunen, M., Rimpela, A., & Rantanen, P. (1999). Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: school survey. British Medical Journal, 319(7206), 7 , 348-351.
Keller, M. B., Klein, D. N., Hirschfeld, R. Ml. (1998). Results of the DSM-IV mood disorders field trial, in DSM¬IV Sourcebook, Vol 4. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, pp 717-732.
Kienhorst, W. M., deWilde, E. J., van Den Bout, J., Diekstra, R. E, & Wolters, W. H.(1990). Characteristics of suicide attempters in a population-based sample of Dutch adolescents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 243-248.
King, C. A., Segal, H., Kaminski, K., Naylor, M. W., Ghaziuddin, N., & Radpour, L. (1995). A prospective study of adolescent suicidal behavior following hospitalization. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 25, 327-338.
Klerman, G. L. (1990). The current age of youthful melancholia: Evidence for increase in depression among adolescents and young adults. In: Chess S, Hertzig ME (eds.): Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development. Philadelphia, Brunner/Mazel, pp. 333-354.
Klerman, G. L., & Weissman, M. M. (1982). Interpersonal psychotherapy: theory and research, in Short-Term Psychotherapies for Depression. Edited by Rush AJ. New York, Guilford.
Klerman, G. L., Weissman, M. M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Chevron, R.S. (1984). Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York, Basic Books.
Klingman, A., & Hochdorf, Z. (1993). Coping with distress and self-harm: The impact of a primary prevention program among adolescents. J Adolesc 16, 121-140.
Leenaars, A. A., & Lester, D. (1995). Impact of suicide prevention centers on suicide in Canada. Crisis, 16, 39.
Levy, J., & Deykin, E. (1989). Suicidality, depression, and substance abuse in adolescence. Am J Psychiatry 146, 1462-1467.
Lewinsohn, P. .M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. J Abnorm Psychol, 102, 133-144.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J.R. (1996). Adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clin Psychology: Sci Prac, 3, 25-46.
Lewinsohn, P.M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J.R. (1994). Psychosocial risk factor for future adolescent suicide attempts. J Consult Clin Psychol, 62, 297-305.
Lewis, S.A., Johnson, J., Cohen, P., Garcia, M., & Velez, C. N. (1988). Attempted suicide in youth: Its relationship to school achievement, educational goals, and socioeconomic status. J Abnorm Child Psychol 16(4), 459-471.
Liberman, R. P., & Raskin, D. E. (1971). Depression: a behavioral formulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 24, 515-523.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skill training manual for borderline personality disorder. New York, NY：Guilford press.
Markowitz, J. C. (1993). Psychotherapy of the post-dynamic patient. J Psychother Pract Res, 2, 157-163.
Martin, G., & Waite, S. (1994). Parental bonding and vulnerability to adolescent suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 89, 246-254.
McIntosh, J. L. (2000). Epidemiology of adolescent suicide in the United States. In: Maris RW, Canetto SS,McIntosh JL, et al. (eds): Review of Suicidology. 3-33.
Miller, H.L, Coombs, D.W., Leeper, J.D., & Barton, S. N. (1984). An analysis of the effects of suicide prevention facilities on suicide rates in the United States. Am J Public Health, 74(4), 340-343.
Gelder, M. G., L'opez-Ibor, J. J., & Andreasen N. (2003). New oxford textbook of psychiatry .New York, Oxford University Press.
Mufson, L., Weissman, D., & Klerman, G. L. (1993). Interpersonal therapy for depressed adolescents. New York, NY：Guilford Press.
Mufson, L., Dorta, K. P., Moreau, D., & Weissman, M. M. (2004). Interpersonal therapy for depressed adolescents (2ED). New York, NY：Guilford Press.
Newcorn, J. H., & Strain, J. (1992): Adjustment disorder in children and adolescents.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 31, 318-326.
Newcorn, J., & Strain, J. J. (1999). Adjustment disorders, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 7th Edition.Edited by Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Baltimore, MD, Williams & Wilkins, pp 1714-1722.
Olfson, M., Klerman, G. L., Pincus, H.A. (1993). The roles of psychiatrists in organized outpatient mental health settings. Am J Psychiatry 150, 625-631.
Orbach, I., & Bar-Joseph, H. (1993). The impact of a suicide prevention program for adolescents on suicidal ten¬dencies, hopelessness, ego identity, and coping. Sui¬cide Life Threat Behav, 23, 120-129.
Pearce, E., & Martin, G. (1994). Predicting suicide attempts among adolescents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 324-328.
Persons, J. B. (1993). The process of change in cognitive therapy: schema change or acquisition of compensatory skills? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 123-137.
Persons, J. B., Burns, D. D., & Perloff, J. M. (1988). Predictors of dropout and outcome in cognitive therapy for depres-sion in a private practice setting. Cognitive Therapy and Research 12, 557-575.
Pollin, I. S., & Holland, J. (1992). A model for counseling the medically ill: the Linda Pollin Foundation approach. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 14 (suppl) , 1S-2S.
Raue, P. I., Castonguay, L. G., & Goldfried, M. R. (1993). The working alliance: a comparison of two therapies. Psychotherapy Research, 3, 197-207.
Robins, C. J., & Hayes, A. M. (1993). An appraisal of cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 61, 205-214.
Rotherman-Borus, M.J., Piacentini, J., Cantwell, C., Belin, T. R., & Song, J. (2000). The 18-month impact of an emergency room intervention for adolescent female suicide attempters. J Consult Clin Psychol, 68, 1081-1093.
Shaffer, D., & Craft, L. (1999). Methods of adolescent suicide prevention. J Clin Psychiatry 60, 70-74.
Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Piacentini, J. (1989). The NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children (DISC-2). New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University.
Shaffer, D., Garland, A., Gould, M., Fisher, P., & Trautman, P. (1988). Preventing teenage suicide: a critical review. JAm Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27(6), 675-687.
Shaffer, D., Garland, A., Vieland, V., Underwood, M., & Busner, C. (1991). Impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30(4), 588-596.
Shaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Fisher, P., Trautman, P., Moreau, D., Kleinman, M., & Flory, M. (1996). Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(4), 339-348.
Shaffer, D., & Piacentini. J. (1994). Suicide and attempted suicide. in M., Taylor E. (eds.): Child Psychiatry:approaches 3rd ed. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publication, pp. 407-424.
Shaffer, D. (1988). The epidemiology of teen suicide: An examination of risk factors. J Clin Psychol, 49, 36-41.
Sifneos, P. E. (1989). Brief dynamic and crisis therapy, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V, 5th Edition, Vol 2. Edited by Kaplan HI Sadock BJ. Baltimore, MD, Williams & Wilkins, pp 1562-1567.
Simons, A. D., Angell, K. L., Monroe, S. M., & Thase, M. E. (1993). Cognition and life stress in depression: cognitive factors and the definition, rating, and generation of negative life events. J Abnorm Psychol, 102(4), 584-591.
Spirito, A., Overholser, J., Ashworth, S., Morgan, J., & Benedict-Drew, C. (1988). Attitudes toward suicide test and suicide knowledge test (SKT). (Available from Dr Spirito, Child & Family Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St. Providence, RI 02903.)
Spirito, N., & Overhosler, J. C. (2003). Evaluation and treatment of adolescent suicide attempters: from research to practice. London, UK：Academic Press.
Starfield, B. (1992). Primary Care: Concept, Evaluation, and Policy. New York, Oxford University Press, 1992 Stewart JW, Quitkin FM, Klein DE The pharmacotherapy of minor depression. Am J Psychother, 46, 23-36.
Steer, R. A., Kumar, G., & Beck, A. T. (1993). Self-reported suicidal ideation in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 1096-1099.
Stein, D., Witztum, E., Brom, D., DeNour, A., & Elizur, A.(1992). The association between adolescents' attitudes toward suicide and their psychosocial background and suicidal tendencies. Adolescence, 27, 949-959.
Strain, J. J., Smith, G. C., Hammer, J. S., McKenzie, D. P., Blumenfield, M., Muskin, P., Newstadt, G., Wallack, J., Wilner, A., & Schleifer, S. S. (1998). Adjustment disorder: a multisite study of its utilization and interventions in the consultation-liaison psychiatry setting. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 20(3), 139-149.
Thase, M. E., & Beck, A. T. (1993). An overview of cognitive therapy, in Cognitive Therapy With Inpatients: Developing a Cognitive Milieu. Edited by Wright JH, Thase ME, Beck AT, et al. New York, Guilford, pp 3-34.
Tierney, R., Ramsay, R., Tanney, B. (1990). Compre¬hensive school suicide prevention programs. Death Stud, 14, 347-370.
Trautman, P. D., Stewart, N., & Morishima, A. (1993). Are adolescent suicide attempters non-compliant with outpatient care? JAm Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32, 89-94.
True, P. K., & Benway, M. W. (1992). Treatment of stress reaction prior to combat using the "BICEPS" model. Mil Med, 157, 380-381.
Vallis, T. M., Shaw, B. F., & Dobson, K. S. (1986). The cognitive therapy scale: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol, 54, 381-385.
Weissman, M. M. (1979). The psychological treatment of depression: research evidence for the efficacy of psychotherapy alone, in comparison and in combination with pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 36, 1261-1269.
Weissman, M. M., Klerman, G. L., Prusoff, B. A., Sholomskas, D., & Padian, N. (1981). Depressed outpatients: results one year after treatment with drugs and/or interpersonal psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38, 51-55.
Wise, M. G. (1988). Adjustment disorders and impulse disorders not otherwise classified, in The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychiatry. Edited by Talbott JA, Hales RE, Yudofsky SC. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, pp 605-620.
Wiser, S., & Goldfried, M. R. (1993). Comparative study of emotional experiencing in psychodynamic-interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapies. J Consult Clin Psychol, 61, 892-895.
Young, J. E., & Lindemann, M. D. (1992). An integrative schema-focused model for personality disorders. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 6, 11-23.
Zinbarg R. E., Barlow, D. H., Liebowitz, M., Street, L., Broadhead, E., Katon, W., Roy-Byrne, P., Lepine, J. P., Teherani, M., Richards, J. (1994). The DSM-IV field trial for mixed anxiety-depression. Am J Psychiatry,. 151(8), 1153-62.