研究生: |
高毓秀 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
職場員工運動行為改變計劃之實驗研究--跨理論模式之應用 |
指導教授: | 呂昌明 |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
健康促進與衛生教育學系 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education |
論文出版年: | 2002 |
畢業學年度: | 89 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 239 |
中文關鍵詞: | 職場員工 、運動階段 、身體活動 、跨理論模式 、運動自我效能 、自覺運動障礙 、自覺運動利益 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:790 下載:160 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
摘 要本研究之主要目的在探討職場員工之運動行為改變計劃介入對實驗組研究對象之自覺運動利益、自覺運動障礙、運動自我效能、運動階段及身體活動量的成效。採用「準實驗設計」,實驗組、對照組前後測方式進行。實驗處理是實驗組接受運動行為改變介入計劃活動,而對照組則不接受任何的實驗處理。以立意取樣方式選擇南部某電信公司全體員工為實驗組研究對象。同時,另外選取某通信分公司之全體員工為對照組。本研究根據員工自己參與的意願,進行運動行為計劃之介入,結果前後測收案資料共有193人,其中實驗組有133人,對照組有60人。研究工具之結構式問卷包括運動階段、自覺運動利益、自覺運動障礙、運動自我效能、基本資料及身體活動情形。運動行為改變計劃之介入內容,針對不同的運動階段的員工,應用跨理論模式中改變過程之策略,設計的運動行為改變計劃:包括各運動階段的教學活動、辦公室柔軟操及優秀健康體能選拔活動等。資料處理係以SAS for Window 6.11版之統計軟體進行分析,統計方法含描述性統計分析、t檢定及卡方檢定、配對t檢定、Bowker’s test of symmetry、共變數分析、單因子變異數分析、薛費氏事後比較及皮爾森積差相關。研究對象平均年齡為46.3歲,年齡層多數集中在36-55歲之間,以男性、已婚、自覺健康狀況為「普通」者、無罹患慢性疾病、沒有擔任運動代表的經驗、無參加任何運動團體經驗者及無運動傷害經驗居多。主要研究結果如下:一、實驗組在計劃介入實施後比計畫實施前運動人口有顯著的增加,計劃實施前「規律運動者」有37.6﹪,計劃實施後「規律運動者」有57.1﹪,計劃實施後規律運動人口增加近20﹪。而對照組在計畫介入前後運動人口無產生明顯的變化。二、計畫介入前後運動社會心理因素之變化,實驗組在計畫介入後,自覺運動利益及運動自我效能皆顯著高於計畫介入前,而自覺運動障礙顯著低於計畫介入前,但對照組此三者之計畫介入前後結果則無顯著差異。三、計畫介入前後身體活動量之變化,實驗組在計畫介入後,「平日身體活動量」及「平日中重度身體活動量」均未顯著高於計畫介入前,而「假日身體活動量」、「假日中重度身體活動量」、「三日身體活動量」及「三日中重度身體活動量」則顯著高於計畫介入前。而上述六項身體活動量對照組在計畫介入前後則無顯著差異。四、經兩組前測為共變項之共變數分析之後,實驗組後測之「自覺運動利益」及「運動自我效能」分數皆顯著高於對照組後測之分數。而實驗組後測之「自覺運動障礙」分數顯著低於對照組後測之分數。五、經兩組前測為共變項之共變數分析之後,實驗組後測之「平日身體活動量」及「平日中重度身體活動量」與對照組後測之間的差異,皆未達顯著水準。而實驗組後測之「假日身體活動量」、「假日中重度身體活動量」、「三日身體活動量」及「三日中重度身體活動量」顯著高於對照組後測。 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise intervention on improvement of perceived exercise benefit, perceived exercise barrier, exercise self-efficacy, stages of exercise, and physical activity. A Quasi-experimental design was utilized and purposive sampling was conducted at a telecom worksite of southern Taiwan. One hundred and ninety-three subjects were assigned into experimental and control group. The experimental group, which consisted of 133 subjects, participated a program of exercise intervention. The intervention program applied the Transtheoretical Model to aid subjects in developing effective approaches within different stages of the exercise change. It included teaching activities for the different stage of exercise, flexibility exercise of office, and health-related fitness test. The control group, which consisted of 60 subjects, had no treatment. The subjects completed a structured questionnaire, including stages of exercise, perceived exercise benefit, perceived exercise barrier, exercise self-efficacy, and physical activity, at the pre-test and 5-month follow-up test. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square test, paired t-test, Bowker’s test of symmetry, analysis of covariance, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s post hoc comparison and Pearson product-moment correlation. After exercise intervention, the results in the experimental group of follow-up test showed that (1) the percentage of regular exercise increased significantly, approximately 20%, (2) perceived exercise benefit, perceived exercise barrier, and exercise self-efficacy improved significantly, (3) the weekend day and the average of the weekday and weekend day had higher estimated energy expenditure than those of pre-test, (4) perceived exercise benefit and exercise self-efficacy had significantly higher than those in the control group of follow-up test while perceived exercise barrier had significantly lower than those in the control group of follow-up test, and (5) the weekend day and the average of the weekday and weekend day had higher estimated energy expenditure than those in the control group of follow-up test.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise
intervention on improvement of perceived exercise benefit, perceived exercise
barrier, exercise self-efficacy, stages of exercise, and physical activity. A
Quasi-experimental design was utilized and purposive sampling was conducted at
a telecom worksite of southern Taiwan. One hundred and ninety-three subjects
were assigned into experimental and control group. The experimental group,
which consisted of 133 subjects, participated a program of exercise
intervention. The intervention program applied the Transtheoretical Model to
aid subjects in developing effective approaches within different stages of the
exercise change. It included teaching activities for the different stage of
exercise, flexibility exercise of office, and health-related fitness test. The
control group, which consisted of 60 subjects, had no treatment. The subjects
completed a structured questionnaire, including stages of exercise, perceived
exercise benefit, perceived exercise barrier, exercise self-efficacy, and
physical activity, at the pre-test and 5-month follow-up test.
Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square test,
paired t-test, Bowker’s test of symmetry, analysis of covariance, one-way
ANOVA, Scheffe’s post hoc comparison and Pearson product-moment correlation.
After exercise intervention, the results in the experimental group of follow-
up test showed that (1) the percentage of regular exercise increased
significantly, approximately 20%, (2) perceived exercise benefit, perceived
exercise barrier, and exercise self-efficacy improved significantly, (3) the
weekend day and the average of the weekday and weekend day had higher
estimated energy expenditure than those of pre-test, (4) perceived exercise
benefit and exercise self-efficacy had significantly higher than those in the
control group of follow-up test while perceived exercise barrier had
significantly lower than those in the control group of follow-up test, and (5)
the weekend day and the average of the weekday and weekend day had higher
estimated energy expenditure than those in the control group of follow-up test.
中文部分
牛玉珍(1997):教師規律運動行為影響因素之研究—以交通大學教師為例。國立台灣師範
大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
王瑞霞(1994):社區老年人健康體能活動參與及相關因素的探討。行政院衛生署八十三
年度委託研究計劃。
伍連女(1999):臺北市高職學生身體意象與運動行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教
育研究所碩士論文。
朱嘉華(1998):國小教師身體活動與睡眠品質之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學體育研究
所碩士論文。
李明憲(1998):國小、國中體能活動相關影響因素之調查研究—以花蓮縣宜昌國民小學
、宜昌國民中學兩所學校為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文。
李思招(2000):護理學生規律運動行為相關因素研究—以台北護理學院學生為例。國立
台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
李彩華(1997):台北市國中學生身體活動量及其影響因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學體
育研究所碩士論文。
李碧霞(2001):中年人運動階段、身體活動及其影響因素之研究—以台北市中山區居民
為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文。
李蘭、季瑋珠、江永盛、楊志良、呂槃(1989):家庭結構年齡和性別影響成人健康行為
之探討。中華衛誌,9(1),1-13。
李蘭、陸均安、李隆安、黃美維、潘怜燕、鄧肖琳(1995):台灣地區成人的健康行為探
討:分佈情形、因素結構和相關因素。中華衛誌,14(4),358-367。
呂昌明、李明憲、楊啟賢(1997):都市學童規律運動行為及其影響因素之研究。衛生教育
論文集刊,10,53-66。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲、王淑芳 (2000):身體活動自我報告量表之效度及信度
的研究 --以Polar Vantage NV心搏率監測器為效標。衛生教育學報,14,33-48。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲、王淑芳 (2001):身體活動自我
報告量表之效度及信度的研究 --以TriTrac-R3D三度空間加速器
為效標。衛生教育學報,15,99-114。
林正常(1992a):台北市30-39歲中年就業人口運動量及健康體能常模之測定。行政院衛
生署八十一年度委託研究計劃。
林正常(1992b):中年就業人口運動量及健康體能常模之測定。行政院衛生署八十一年度
委託研究計劃。
林旭龍、呂昌明(2001):應用改變階段模式於運動行為之研究—以大學女生為例。衛生教
育學報,16,19-34。
林旭龍(2000):應用跨理論模式於大學女學生身體活動之主客觀評價的研究。國立台灣
師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文。
林清山(1997):心理與教育統計學。台北:東華書局。
林瑞雄(1991):國民健康調查之規劃與試驗。行政院衛生署委託研究期末報告。
林輔瑾(1996):專科學生從事規律運動意圖之研究—計劃行為理論之應用。國立台灣師
範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
季瑋珠、符春美(1992):社區民眾從事體能活動之研究。中華衛誌,11(4),328-339。
吳宏蘭(1993):某教學醫院參加健康檢查者之運動及攝鈉行為探討。國立台灣師範大學
衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
吳貴琍(1992):聯合工專學生規律運動對其體適能影響之調查研究。聯合學報,9,539-
546。
吳慧玲(1997):臨床護理人員規律運動習慣及相關因素探討。國立台灣大學護理研究所
碩士論文。
姜逸群、呂槃、江永盛、黃雅文(1988):民眾的健康意識集中老年病之預防健康行為調
查。衛生教育雜誌,9,67-81。
高毓秀、黃奕清(2000):成年人運動行為影響因素之徑路分析。護理研究,8(4),435-
446。
張正發(2000):台北市新莊市國小學生家長運動參與行為及其影相因素之研究。國立體
育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
張彩秀(1992):中老年人運動型態、體適能及健康狀況之研究。國立陽明醫學院公共衛
生研究所碩士論文。
張媚(1999):以職場健康促進介入措施改善員工健康體能工作計劃,行政院衛生署工作
計劃成果報告。
陳秀珠(1999):老人運動行為及其相關因素研究—以台北市基督教長老會松年大學五十
五歲以上學員為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
陳俊忠(1993):中年就業人口運動量及健康體能常模之測定。行政院衛生署八十二年度
委託研究計劃。
陳俊豪(1993):士林電機員工對體適能的知識及運動態度與行為之調查研究。台中:弘
祥。
許哲彰(1999):國小教師從事規律運動意圖行為之預測及影響因素之探究---驗證計劃行
為理論。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文。
許泰彰(2000):國小教師運動行為及其相關因素之研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士
論文。
郭青萍(1992):影響鄉村婦女預防性健康行為相關因素之調查研究—以彰化縣線西鄉為
例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
郭曉文(2000):學童母親規律運動行為之相關因素探討。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研
究所碩士論文。
彭昭英(2000):SAS與統計分析。台北:儒林。
曾佳珍(1999):以理性行動理論與自我效能探討某大學學生從事規律運動之意圖。國立
台灣大學護理研究所碩士論文。
詹德松(1997):國立中央大學教職員工身體適能與健康研究。國立中央大學體育室。
潘美玉(1996):某公司中年白領階級男性規律運動習慣及其相關因素研究。國立台灣大
學護理研究所碩士論文。
童淑琴(1991):工作場所健康促進計畫之實驗研究—以台電總公司體適能計畫為例。師
大衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
黃雅文、姜逸群、藍忠孚、方進隆及劉貴雲(1991):中老年人健康行為的探討。公共衛生
,18,133-147。
黃奕清、林琮智、高毓秀(2000):國小學童目標取向與中重度體能活動關係 -- 性別、
年級及種族之差異探討。體育學報,29,71-80。
黃奕清、高毓秀(1996):大一新生之動機、內外控人格特質與運動行為關係之探討。衛
生教育論文集刊,9,177-185。
黃奕清、陳清惠(1996):老年人運動行為之研究, 八十五學年度師範學院教育學術論文
發表會論文集。國立台東師範學院主辦,1-17。
黃麗卿、季瑋珠及鐘嫈嫈(1993):某專校學生運動情況與運動傷害之調查。中華家醫誌
,3,166-173。
楊宜川(1995):社區民眾從事體能活動的情形及其認知之研究。行政院衛生署八十四年
度委託研究計劃。
蔡佳倫(1998):台灣地區30至59歲成年人之社會角色與運動行為。國立台灣大學公共衛
生研究所碩士論文。
蔡美月(1996):台北市某活動中心六十歲以上老人運動行為及其影響因素之研究。國立
台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
蔡淑菁(1996):台北市國小學童運動及其影響因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育
研究所碩士論文。
賴曉蓉(1996):國小學童健康體能及其相關因素之探討。高雄醫學院護理研究所碩士論
文。
劉翠薇(1995):北縣某商專學生運動行為及其影饗因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生
教育研究所碩士論文。
蘇振鑫(1999):運動健康信念與運動行為之關係研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論
文。
鍾東蓉(2000):台北市立高中導師運動行為及其影響因素調查研究。國立台灣師範大學
衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
藍辰聿(1998):台北市某國小學童中重度體能活動及其影響因素之研究。國立台灣師範
大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
英文部分
Adams, L. L., LaPorte, R. E., Haile, G. T., & Kuller, L. H. (1986). Sex
differences in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and sub-
fractions among young black adults. Preventive Medicine, 15, 118-126.
Ainsworth, B. E., Berry, C. B., Schnyder, V. N., & Vickers, S. R.
(1992). Leisure-time physical activity and aerobic fitness in
African-American young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13, 1-6.
Ainsworth, B. E., Haskell, W. L., Leon, A. S., Jacobs, D. R., Jr.,
Montoye, H. J., Sallis, J. F., & Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr. (1993).
Compendium of physical activities: Classification of energy
costs of human physical activities. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise, 25, 71-80.
Allegrante, M., Whitney, S. L., & Irrgang, J. J. (1994). Clinical
implication of secondary impingement of the shoulder on freestyle
swimmers. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 20,
307-318.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1978). Position stand on the
recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and
maintaining fitness in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports,
10, 7-10.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1985). Guidelines for graded
exercise testing and exercise prescription (3rd ed.) Philadelphia: Lea
& Febiger.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1990). The recommended
quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining
cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22, 265-274.
Arroll, B., & Beaglehole, R. (1992). Does physical activity lower
blood pressure? A critical review of the clinical trials. Journal of
Clinicial Epidemiology, 45, 439-447.
Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in
changing societies. In Bandura, A. (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing
societies (pp. 1-45). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. (1977a). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of
behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1977b).Social learning theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency.
American Psychologist, 87, 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action: A social
cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1990). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of personal
agency. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2, 128-163.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation.
Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 50, 248-287.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control (pp. 415-
417). New York : W. H. Freeman and Company.
Bandura, A., & Wood, R. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and
performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision
making. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 56, 805-814.
Berlin, J., & Coldiz, G. A. (1990). A meta analysis of physical activity
in the prevention of coronary heart disease. American Journal of
Epidemiology, 132, 612-628.
Blair, S. N., & Connelly, J. C. (1996). How much physcial activity shoild
we do? The cade for moderate amounts and intensities of physical
activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67, 193-205.
Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W., Barlow, C. E., Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Gibbons,
L. W., & Macera, C. A. (1995). Changes in physical fitness and all-
cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1093-1098.
Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W., Gordon, N. F., & Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr. (1992).
How much physical activity is good for health? Annual Review of
Public Health, 13, 99-126.
Booth, M. L., Owen, N., Bauman, A., Clavisi, O., & Leslie, E.
(2000).Social-cognitive and perceived environment influences
associated with physical activity in older Australians. Preventive
Medicine, 31(1), 15-22.
Bouchard, C., Shephard, R. J., & Stephens, T. (1993). Physical activity,
fitness, and health: Concensus statement. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics.
Bouchard, C., Shephard, R. J., & Stephens, T. (Eds.). (1994). Physical
activity, fitness, and health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Leblanc, C., Lortie, G., Sauard, R., &
Therialt, G. (1983). A method to assess energy expenditure in
children and adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 37, 461-
467.
Bouchard, C. (1997). Bouchard three-day physical activity record.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(6), Supplement,
S19-S24.
Bozoian, S., Rejeski, W. J., & McAuley, E. (1994). Self-efficacy
influences feeling status associated with acute exercise. Journal of
Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 326-333.
Brown, D. R. (1990). Exercise, fitness and mental health. In C. Bouchard,
R. J. Shephard, T. Stephens, J. R. Sutton, & B. D. McPherson (Eds.),
Exercise, fitness, and health: a consensus of current knowlidge.
(pp.607-626). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Brown, S., & Conn, V. (1995). Self-efficacy and walking post-CABG.
Rehabilitation Nursing Research, 4, 64-71.
Burn, G. E., Naylor, P. J., & Page, A.(1999). Assessment of stages of
change for exercise within a worksite lefestyle screening program .
American Journal of Health Promotion, 13 (3), 143-145.
Calfas, K. J., Long, B. J., Sallis, J. F., Wooten, W. J., Pratt, M., &
Partrick, K.(1996). A controlled trail of physician counseling to promote the
adoption of physical activity. Preventive Medicine, 25, 225-233.
Camacho, T. C., Roberts, R. E., & Lazarus, N. B. (1991). Physical
activity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study.
American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 220-230.
Cardinal, B. J. (1997) . Construct validity of stages of change for exercise
behavior. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 68-74.
Cardinal, B. J., & Sachs, M. L. (1996) . Effects of mail –mediated ,
Stage-matched exercise behavior change strategies on female adults’
leisure-time exercise behavior. The Journal of Sports Medicine and
Physical Fitness, 36,100-107.
Casperson, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical
activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for
health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100, 126.
Cassell, C., Benedict, M., & Specker, B. (1996). Bone mineral density in
elite 7- to 9-yr-old female gymnasts and swimmers. Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise, 28, 1243-1246.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(1996). Physical Activity and
Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, Atlanta, GA : U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion.
Chen, C. L., White, E., Malone, K. E., & Darling, J. R. (1997).
Leisure-time physical activity in relation to breast cancer among
young women. Cancer Causes and Control, 8, 77-84.
Ching, P. L. Y. H., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (1996). Activity level
and risk of overweight in male health professionals. American
Journal of Public Health, 86, 25-30.
Clark, D. O. (1996). Age, socioeconomic status, and exercise self-
efficacy. Gerontologist, 36, 157-164.
Colditz, G. A., Cannuscio, C. C., & Frazier, A. L. (1997). Physical
activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for
prevention. Cancer Causes and Control, 8, 649-667.
Coogan, P. F., Newcomb, P. A., & Clapp, R. W. (1997). Physical
activity in usual occupation and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes
and Control, 8, 626-631.
Costakis, C.E., Dunnagan, T., & Haynes, G. (1999). The relationship
between the stages of exercise adoption and other health
behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 14(1), 22-30.
Despres, J. P., & Lamarche, B. (1993). Effects of diet and physical
activity on adiposity and body fat distribution: implications for
the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Research
Review, 6, 137-159.
DiClemente, C.C., Prochaska, J.O., & Gibertini, M. (1985). Self- efficacy
and the stages of self-change of smoking. Cognitive Therapy and
Research. 9(2),181-200.
DiClemente, C.C., Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., Fairhurst, S., Rossi, J.
S., & Velasquez, M. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: an analysis
of precontemplation, contemplation and preparation stages of change. Journal
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295-304.
DiPietro, L. (1995). Physical activity, body weight, and adiposity: an
epidemiological perspective. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews,
23, 275-303.
Dishman, R. K., Sallis, J. F., & Orenstein, D. (1985). The determinants of
physical activity and exercise. Public Health Report, 100, 158-171.
Dook, J. E., James, C., Henderson, N. K., & Price, R. I. (1997). Exercise
and bone mineral density in mature female athletes. Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 291-296.
Dowse, G. K., Zimmet, P. Z., Garreboo, H., Alberti, K. G. M. M.
Tuomilehto, J., Finch, C. F., Chitson, P., & Tulsidas, H. (1991).
Abdominal obesity and physical inactivity as risk factors for NIDDM
and impaired glucose tolerance in Indian, Creole, and Chinese
Mauritians. Diabetes Care, 14, 271-282.
Drinkwater, B. L. (1993). Exercise in the prevention osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis International, 1, S169-S171.
Duffy, M. E. (1988). Determinants of health promotion in midlife women.
Nursing Research, 37, 358-362.
Duffy, M. E., Rossow, R., & Hernandez, M. (1996). Correlates of health-
promotion activities in employed Mexican women. Nursing Research, 45, 18-24.
Durstine, J. L., & Haskell, W. L. (1994). Effects of exercise training on
plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Exercise and Sport Sciences Review,
22, 477-521.
Dyson, K. C., Blimkie, J. R., Davison, K. S., Webber, C. E., & Adachi, J.
D. (1997). Gymnastic training and bone density in pre adolescent
females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29, 443-450.
Dzewaltowski, D. A. (1994). Physical activity determinants: A social
cognitive approach. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26,
1395-1399.
Ettinger, W. H. Jr., & Afable, R. F. (1994). Physical disability from
knee osteoarthritis: the role of exercise as an intervention.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, 1435-1440.
Fagard, R. H., & Tipton, C. M. (1994). Physical activity, fitness, and
hypertension. In C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, & T. Stephens (Eds.),
Physical activity, fitness, and health (pp.633-655). Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics.
Fletcher, G. F. (1994). Exercise in the prevention of stroke. Health
Reports, 6, 106-110.
Fletcher, G. F., Balady, G., Froelicher, V. F., Hartely, L. H., Haskell, W.
L., & Pollock, M. L. (1995). Exercise standards: A statement for healthcare
professionals from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 91, 580-615.
Fisher, N. M., Kame, V. D. Jr., Rouse, L., & Pendergast, D. R. (1994).
Quantitative evaluation of a home exercise program on muscle and
functional capacity of patients with osteoarthritis. American Journal of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 413-420.
Friedlander, A. L., Genant, H. K., Sadowsky, S., Byl, N. N., & Gluer, C C. (
1995). A two year program of aerobics and weight training enhances bone
mineral density of young women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 10, 574-
585.
Glasgow, R. E., Ruggiero, L., Eakin, E. G., Dryfoos, J., & Chobanian, L.
(1997). Quality of life and associated characteristics in a large
national sample of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 20, 562-567.
Gebhardt, D.L., & Crump, C.E. (1990).Employee fitness and wellness
programs in the workplace. American Psychologist, 45(2), 262-272.
Glanz, K., Patterson, R.E., Kristal, A.R., DiClemente, C.C., Hermendinger, J.,
Linnan, L., & McLerran, D.F. (1994). Stages of change in adopting healthy
diets: fat, fiber, and correlates of nutrient intake. Health Education
Quarterly, 21, 499-519.
Gortner, S. R. & Jenkins, L. S. (1990). Self-efficacy and activity level
following cardiac surgery. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 15, 1132-
1138.
Hagberg, J. M. (1990). Exercise, fitness, and hypertension. In C.
Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, T. Stephens, J. R. Sutton, & B. D.
McPherson (Eds.), Exercise, fitness, and health: A consensus of
current knowledge (pp. 455-466). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Harris, S. S., Caspersen, C. J., DeFriese, G. H., & Estes, E. H. (1989).
Physical activity counseling for healthy adults as a primary
preventive intervention in the clinical setting: Report for the U. S.
Preventive Services Task Force. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 261, 3590-3598.
Haskell, W. L. (1994). Dose-response issues from a biological perspective. In
C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, & T. Stephens (Eds.), Physical activity, fitness,
and health(pp.1030-1039). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Heaney, R.P., Gallgher, J. C., Johnston, C. C., Near, R., Parfitt, A. M., &
Whedon, G. P. (1982). Calcium nutrition and bone health in the
elderly. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 36, 986-1013.
Helmrich, S., Ragland, D. R., Leung, R. W., & Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr.
(1991). Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine,
325, 147-152.
Helmrich, S., Ragland, D. R., & Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr. (1997).
Prevention of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with
physical activity. Medicine and Science on Sports and Exercise, 26, 824-830.
Huang, Y. C. (1994) Relationship of sociodemographic and physical
activity variables to physical fitness among Taiwanese junior high
school students. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at
Austin, Texas, USA.
Huang, Y. C., Kao, Y. H., & Lin, T. C. (1999). Moderate-to-vigorous
physical activities of primary school children. In B. Grant, & R.
Pringle (Eds.), Leisure Experiences: Interpretation and Action (pp.
95-100). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato.
Huang, Y. C. & Malina, R. M. (1996). Physical activity and correlates of
estimated energy expenditure in Taiwanese adolescents 12-14 years of age.
American Journal of Human Biology, 8, 225-236.
Janis, I. L. & Mann, L. (1977). Decision Making: A Psychological
Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment. New York; Collier
Macmillan, PP.1-10.
Jones, M., & Nies, M. A. (1996). The relationship of perceived benefits
and barriers to reported exercise in older African American women.
Public Health Nursing, 13, 151-158.
Kelly, G., & McClennan, P. (1994). Anti-hypertensive effects of
aerobic exercise: a brief meta-analytic veiw of randomised
controlled trials. American Journal of Hypertension, 7, 115-119.
Kelly, P. J., Eisman, J. A., & Sambrook, P. N. ( 1990). Interaction of
genetic and environmental influences on peak bone density.
Osteoporosis International, 1, 56-60.
King, A. C., Haskell, W. L., Young, D. R., Oka, R. K., & Stefanick, M. L.
(1995). Long-term effects of varying intensities and formats of
physical activity on participation rates, fitness, and lipoproteins in
men and women aged 50 to 65 years. Circulation, 91, 2596-2604.
King, H., Taylor, R., & Zimmet, P. (1984). Non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM) in a newly independent Pacific nation: The Republic of
Kiribati. Diabetes Care, 7, 409-415.
Kirchner, E. M., Lewis, R. D., & O'Connor, P. J. (1996). Effect of past
gymnastics participation on adult bone mass. Journal of Applied
Physiology, 80, 225-232.
Krall, E. A., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (1993). Heritable and life-style
determinants of bone mineral density. Journal of Bone and Mineral
Research, 8, 1-9.
Krisla, A. M., Gregg, E. W., & Utter, A. C. (1993). Association of physical
activity and plasma insulin levels on a population at high risk for NIDDM.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, S121.
Kujala, U. M., Kaprio, J., & Sarna, S. (1994). Osteoarthritis of weight-
bearing joints of lower limbs on former elite male athletes. British
Medical Journal, 308, 231-234.
Kushi, L. H., Fee, R. M., Folsom, A. R., Mink, P. J., Anderson, K. E.,
& Sellers, T. A. (1997). Physical activity and mortality in post-
menopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association,
277, 1287-1292.
Lakka, T. A., Venalainen, J. M., Rauramaa, R. (1994). Relation of
leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the
risk of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of
Medicine, 330, 1549-1554.
Landers, D. M., & Petruzzello, S. J. (1994). Physical activity, fitness, and
anxiety. In C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, & T. Stephens (Eds.),
Physical activity, fitness, and health (pp.868-882). Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics.
LaPorte, R. E., Montoye, H. J., & Caspersen, C. J. (1985). Assessment of
physical activity in epidemiologic research : problems and prospects. Public
Health Reports, 100(2), 131-146.
Laforge, R. G., Rossi, J. S., Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W., Levesque, D. A., &
Mchorney, C. A, (1999). Stage of regular exercise and health-related quality
of life.Preventive Medicine, 28, 349-360.
Lee, I. M., Hsieh, C. C., & Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr. (1995). Exercise
intensity and longevity in men: The Harvard Alumni Health Study.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 1179-1184.
Lee, I. M., Manson, J. E., & Hennekens, C. H.(1993). Body weight
and mortality: a 27 year follow-up of middle-aged men. Journal of
the American Medical Association, 270, 2823-2828.
Lee, I. M. & Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr. (1997). Physical activity, fitness and
longevity. Ageing, 9, 2-11.
Leon, A.S. (1991a). Effects of exercise conditioning on physiologic
precursors or coronary heart disease. Journal of Cardiopulmonary
Rehabilitation, 11, 46-57.
Leon, A.S. (1991b). Recent advances in the management of
hypertension. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 11, 182-191.
Leon, A. S., Connett, J., Jacobs, D. R., & Rauramaa, R. (1987). Leisure-
time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and
death: The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Journal of the
American Medical Association, 258, 2388-2395.
Linsted, K. D., Tonstad, S., & Kuzma, J. W. (1991). Self-reported
physical activity and patterns of mortality in Seventh-day Adventist
men. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 44, 355-376.
MacLeod, P., & Stewart, N. J. (1994). Predictors of participation in a
peer-led exercise program for senior women. Canadian Journal of
Nursing Research, 26, 13-25.
Magnus, K., Matroos, A., & Strackee, J. (1979). Walking, cycling, or
gardening, with or without seasonal interruption, in relation to acute
coronary events. American Journal of Epidemiology, 110, 724-733.
Mann, G. V., Garrett, H. L., Farhi, A., Murray, H., & Billings, F. T. (1969).
Exercise to prevent coronary heart disease. American Journal of Medicine, 46,
12-27.
Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett,
W. C., Krolewski, A. S., Rosner, B., Hennekens, C. H., & Speizer,
F. E. (1991). Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin
dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Lancet, 338, 774-778.
Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Stampfer, M. J. (1995). Body weight
and mortality among women. New England Journal of Medicine,
333, 677-685.
Marcus, B.H., Banspach, S.W., Lefebvre, R.C., Rossi, J.S., Carleton, R.A.
& Abrams, D.B. (1992). Using the stages of change model to
increase the adoption of physical participants. American Journal of
Health Promotion, 6(6), 424-429.
Marcus, B. H., Emmons, D. M., Simkin-Silverman, L. R., Linnan, L. A., Taylor,E.
R., Bock, B.C., Roberts, M. B., Rossi, J. S., & Abrams, D. B.(1998).
Evaluation of motivationally tailored vs standard self-help physical acitivity
interventions at the workplace. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(4),
246-253.
Marcus, B. H., Goldstein, M. G., Jette, A., Simkin-Silverman, L., Pinto, B. M.,
Milan, F., Washburn, R., Smith, K., Rakowski, W., & Dube, C. E.(1997).
Training Physicians to conduct physical acitivity counseling . Preventive
Medicine, 26, 382-388.
Marcus, B.H. & Owen, N. (1992). Motivational readiness, self-efficacy
and decision-making for exercise. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 22, 3-16.
Marcus, B.H., Selby, V.C., Niaura, R.S. & Rossi, J.S. (1992). Self-
efficacy and the stages of exercise behavior change. Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63 (1), 60-66.
Marcus, B.H., Pinto, B.M., Simkin, L.R. Audrain, J.E., & Taylor, E.R.
(1994). Application of theoretical models to exercise behavior among
employed women. Journal of Health Promotion, 9(1), 49-55.
Marcus, B.H., Rakwoski, W. & Rossi, J.S. (1992). Assessing motivational
readiness and decision-making for exercise. Health Psychology, 11,
257-261.
Marcus, B.H., Rossi, J.S., Selby, V.C., Niaura, R.S., & Abrams, D.B.
(1992).The stages and processes of exercise adoption and
maintenance in a worksite sample. Health Psychology, 11, 386-395.
Marcus, B.H., & Simkin, L.R.(1994). The transtheoretical model:
application to exercise behavior. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise, 26(11), 1400-1404.
Martinsen, E., & Stephens, T. (1994). Exercise and mental health in
clinical and free populations. In R. D. Dishman (Eds.), Advances in
Exercise Adherence. (pp.55-72). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
McAuley, E. (1993). Self-efficacy and the maintenance of exercise
participation in older adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16,
103-113.
McAuley, E. (1994). Physical activity and psychosocial outcomes. In
C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, & T. Stephens (Eds.), Physical activity,
itness, and health (pp.551-568). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
McAuley, E., & Courneya, K. S. (1992). Self-efficacy relationships with
affective and exertion responses to exercise. Journal of Applied
Social Psychology, 22, 312-326.
McAuley, E., Lox, C., & Duncan, T.E. (1993). Long-term
maintenance of exercise, self-efficacy, and physiological change
in older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 48, 218-224.
McAuley, E., & Rudolph, D. (1995). Physical activity, ageing and
psychological well-being. Journal of Ageing and Physical Activity, 3, 67-96.
McDonald, D. G., & Hodgdon, J. A. (1991). The psychological effects of
aerobic fitness training: research and theory. NY: Spinger-Verlag.
Mechelen, W. V.(1997). A physically active lifestyle-public health’s best
buy? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 31, 264-266.
Minor, M. (1991). Physical activity and the management of arthritis.
Annuls of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 117-124.
Myers, R. S., & Roth, D. L.(1997). Perceived benefits of and Barriers to
exercise And stage of exercise adoption in young adults. Health
Psychology, 16 (3), 277-283.
Nash, K., & Marcott, R.T.(1999). Using the transtheoretical model in
guiding smoking cessation. The Nurse Practitioner, 24(2), 146-150.
Neuberger, G. B., Kasal, S., Smith, K. V., Hassanein, R., & DeViney, S.
(1994). Determinants of exercise and aerobic fitness on outpatients
with arthritis. Nursing Research, 43, 11-17.
Neugut, A., Terry, M. N., & Hooking, G. (1996). Leisure and
occupational physical activity and risk of colorectal adenomatous
polyps. Internal Journal of Cancer, 68, 744-748.
Nichols, D. L., Sanborn, C. F., & Bonnick, S. L. (1994). The effects of
gymnastics training on bone mineral density, Medicine and Science
in Sports and Exercise, 26, 1220-1225.
Nigg, C. R., Burbank, P. m., Padala C., Dufresne, R., Rossi, J. S., Velicer,
W. F., Laforge, R. R., & Prochaska, J. O. (1999). Stages of change
across ten health risk behaviors for older adults. The Gerontologist,
39 (4). 473-482.
O’Campo, P. O., Fogarty, L. Gielen , A. C., Armstrong, K. Bond, L.,
Galavotti, C., & Green, B. M. (1999). Distribution along a stages-of-
behavioral-change continuum for condom and contraceptive use
among women accessed in different settings. Journal of Community
Health, 24 (1), 61-72.
O’Connor, G. T., Buring, J. E., & Yusuf, S. (1989). An overview of
randomised trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial
infarction. Circulation, 80, 234-244.
Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr. (1994). 40 years of Progress: Physical Activity,
Health and Fitness. ACSM-40th Anniversary lectures, Indianapolis: American
College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).
Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., Lee, I-M., Jung, D.
L., & Kampert, J. B. (1993). The association of changes in
physical activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with
mortality among men. New England Journal of Medicine, 328,
538-545.
Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Kampert, J. B., & Lee, I-M. (1994). Changes in
physical activity and other lifeway patterns influencing longevity.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 26, 857-865.
Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A.,
Bouchard, C., Buchmer, D., Ettinger, W., Heatlh, G. W., King, A. C.,
Kriska, A., Leon, A. S., Marcus, B. H., Morris, J., Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr.,
Patrick, K., Pollock, M. L., Rippe, J. M., Sallis, J., & Wilmore, J.
H. (1995). Physical activity and public health-A recommendation
from the center for disease control and prevention and the American
college of sports medicine. The Journal of American Medical Association, 273(5
), 402-407.
Perz, C.A., DiClemente, C.C., & Carbonari, J.P. (1996). Doing the right
thing at the right time? The interaction of stages and processes of
change in successful smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 15(6),
462-468.
Poag, K., & McAuley, E. (1992). Goal setting, self-efficacy, and exercise
behavior. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 352-360.
Prochaska, J.O., & DiClemente, C.C. (1982).Transtheoretical therapy:
Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory
Research and Practice, 19,276-288.
Prochaska, J.O., DiClemente, C.C. & Norcross, J.C. (1992). In search of
how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American
Psychologist, 47(9), 1102-1114.
Prochaska,J. O., Johnson, S. & Lee, P. (1998).篇名in Shumaker,S.A.,
Schron,E.B., Ockene, J.K. & McBee, W.L. (Ed.), The Handbook of
Health Behavior Change(p. 98). New York: Springer
Publishing Company.
Prochaska, J.O., & Marcus, B.H. (1994). The transtheoretical model:
Applications to exercise. In R.K. Dishman(Ed.), Advances in
Exercise Adherence(161-180). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
Publishers Inc.
Prochaska, J.O., Norcross, J.C., & DiClemente, C.C. (1994). Changing
for Good. New York: Avon books.
Prochaska, J.O., Redding, C.A., Harlow, L. L., Rossi, J. S. & Velicer, W.
F. (1994). The Transtheoretical Model of change and HIV Prevention: a review.
Health Education Quarterly, 21(4), 471-486.
Prochaska, J.O., Redding, C.A. & Evers, K. (1997). The transtheoretical
model and stages of change. In Glanz, K., Lewis, F.M., & Rimer, B.K. Health
Behavior and Health Education (2nd.Ed.) (pp.60-84). CA: Jossey-bass Publishers.
Prochaska, J.O. & Velicer, W.F.(1997). The transtheoretical model of
health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion,
12(1), 38-48.
Prochaska, J.O., Velicer, W.F., DiClemente, C.C. & Fava., J.L. (1988).
Measuring processes of change: applications to the cessation of
smoking. Journal Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 520-528.
Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W.F., Rossi, J. S., Goldstein, M. G., Marcus,
B. H.,Rakowski, W., Fiore, C., Harlow, L. L., Redding, C. A.,
Rosenbloom, D. and Rossi, S. R. (1994). Stage of change and
decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychology, 13,
1, 39-46.
Pruitt, L. A., Taaffe, D. R., & Marcus, R. (1995). Effect of a one -year
high intensity versus low-intensity resistance training program on
bone mineral density in older women. Journal of Bone and Mineral
Research, 10, 1788-1795.
Reaven, P. D., Barrett-Connor, E., & Edelstein, S. (1991). Relation
between leisure-time physical activity and blood pressure in older
women. Circulation, 83, 559-565.
Rejectski, W. J., Brawley, L. R., & Schumaker, S. A. (1996). Physical
activity and health-related quality of life. Exercise and Sport Sciences
Reviews, 24, 71-108.
Ronda, G., Van Assema, P., & Brug, J. (2001). Stages of change,
psychological factors and awareness of physical activity levels in the
Netherlands. Health Promotion International, 16(4), 305-314.
Sallis, J. F., Haskell, W. L., Fortmann, S. P., Branizan, K. M., Taylor, C.
B., & Solomon, D. S. (1986). Predictors of adoption and maintenance
of physical activity in a community sample. Preventive Medicine, 15,
331-341.
Sallis, J. F., Haskell, W. L., Wood, P. D., Fortmann, S. P., Rogers, T.,
Blair, S. N., & Paffenbarger, R. S. (1985). Physical activity assessment
methodology in the five-city project. American Journal of Epidemiology, 121(
1), 91-106.
Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., & Hofstetter, C. R. (1992). Predictors of
adoption and maintenance of vigorous physical activity in men and
women. Preventive Medicine, 21, 237-251.
Sarkin, J., Campbell, J., Gross, L., Roby, J., Bazzo, S., Sallis, J. F. &
Calfas, K. L. (1997). Seven-day physical activity recall. Medicine and Science
in Sports and Exercise, 29(supp6), S89-103.
Scharff, D. P., Homan, S., Kreuter, M., & Brennan, L. (1999). Factors
associated with physical activity in women across the life span : implications
for program development. Women & Health, 29(2), 115-134.
Schuster, C., Petosa, R., & Petosa, S. (1995). Using social cognitive
theory to predict intentional exercise on post-retirement adults.
Journal of Health Education, 26, 14-24.
Shaper, A. G., Wannamethee, G., & Weatherall, R. (1991). Physical
activity and ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged British men.
British Heart Journal, 66, 384-394.
Slattery, M. L., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., & Nichaman, M. Z. (1989). Leisure
time physical activity and coronary heart disease death. Circulation, 79, 304-
311.
Slattery, M. L., McDonald, A., & Bild, D. E. (1992). Associations of
body fat and its distribution with dietary intake, physical activity,
alcohol, and smoking in blacks and whites. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, 55, 943-950.
Slattery, M. L., Potter, J., Caan, B., Edwards, S., Coates, A., Ma, K.
N., & Berry, T. D. (1997). Energy balance and colon cancer –
beyond physical activity. Cancer Research, 57, 75-80.
Stephens, T., Jacob, D. R., & White, C. C. (1985). A descriptive epidemiology
of leisure-time physical activity. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 147-158.
Steptoe, A., Rink, E., & Kerry, S. (2000). Psychosocial predictors of changes
in physical activity in overweight sedentary adults following counseling in
primary care. Preventive Medicine, 31(2Pt1), 183-194.
Sternfeld, B., Ainsworth, B. E., & Quesenberry, C. P. (1999). Physical
activity patterns in a diverse population of women. Preventive Medicine,
28, 313-323.
Sternfeld, B., Cauley, J., Harlow, S., Liu, G., & Lee, M. (2000). Assessment
of physical activity with a single global question in a large, ,multiethnic
sample of midlife women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152(7), 678-687.
Stewart, A. L., King, A. C., & Haskell, W. L. (1993). Endurance exercise
and health-related quality of life in 50-65 year old adults.
Gerontologist, 33, 782-789.
Swift, C. S., Armstrong, J. E., Beerman, K. A., Campbell, R. K., & Pond-
Smith, D. (1995). Attitudes and beliefs about exercise among persons
with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Educator, 21, 533-540.
Taaffe, D. R., Snow-harter, C., Connoly, D. A., Robinson, T. R., Brown,
M. D., & Marcus, R. (1995). Differential effects of swimming versus
weight bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic
athletes. Journal of bone and mineral Research, 10, 586-593.
Taylor, R. J., Bennett, P. H., & LeGonidec, G. (1983). The prevalence of
diabetes mellitis in a traditional living Poynesian population: the
Wallis Island survey. American Journal of Public Health, 6, 334-340.
Taylor, P. A., & Ward, W. (1993). Women, high density lipoprotein
cholesterol and exercise. Archives in Internal Medicine, 153, 1178-
1184.
Thune, I., Brenn, T., Lund, E., & Gaard, M. (1997). Physical activity and
the risk of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 1269-1275.
Thune, I., & Lund, E. (1997). The influence of physical activity on lung
cancer risk. Internal Journal of Cancer, 70, 57-62.
Wankel, L.M., Mummery, W. K., Stephens, T., & Craig, C. L. (1994).
Prediction of physical activity intention from social psychological
variables: Results from the Campbell’s Survey of Well-Being.
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 56-69.
Wannamethee, G., & Shaper, A. G. (1992). Physical activity in stroke
in middle aged men. British Medical Journal, 204, 597-601.
Weitzel, M. H. (1989). A test of the health promotion model with blue
collar workers. Nursing Research, 38, 99-104.
Welton, D. C. (1994). Weight-bearing activity during youth is more
important factor for peak bone mass than calcium intake. Journal of
Bone and Mineral Research, 9, 1089-1096.
Weyerer, S. (1992). Physical inactivity and depression in the community:
evidence from the Upper Bavarian Field Study: International Journal
of Sports Medicine, 13, 492-496.
Wieseke, A. (1993). A test of Bandura’s social cognitive theory:
Prediction exercise behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International,
54(2-B), 748.
Wolinsky, F. D., Stump, T. E., & Clark, D. O. (1995). Antecedents and
consequences of physical activity and exercise among older adults.
Gerontologist, 35, 451-462.