研究生: |
李思亮 Szu-ling Lee |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
已婚男性婚姻品質相關之研究--以育有學齡子女父親為對象 The relation study of the marital quality for the married men |
指導教授: |
黃馨慧
Hwang, Shin-Huey |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
人類發展與家庭學系 Department of Human Development and Family Studies |
論文出版年: | 2001 |
畢業學年度: | 89 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 153 |
中文關鍵詞: | 已婚男性 、男性性別角色態度 、婚姻品質 |
英文關鍵詞: | married men, male gender-role attitude, marital quality |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:199 下載:22 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
摘 要
本研究旨在分析已婚男性之男性性別角色態度與婚姻品質的差異情形,並探討其影響因素。研究者採用立意取樣,選取台北縣、市21所公立國小918位學童父親為對象,合計有效問卷692份。研究工具包括「男性性別角色態度量表」、「婚姻品質量表」及「基本資料調查表」。
本研究以t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關及多元逐步迴歸等方法進行統計考驗,其結論為:
一、 國小子女的父親對其自身男性性別角色的看法均持較傳統的態度。
二、 健康情形較不佳的國小子女父親尤其害怕外界投以「女性化」的眼光。
三、 國小子女的父親對其婚姻品質普遍感到滿意。
四、 國小子女的父親對家庭經濟壓力的主觀感受直接對其婚姻品質造成影響。
五、 國小子女父親的父母婚姻關係和諧程度對其婚姻品質具有關鍵性的影響。
六、 國小子女父親本身的健康情形與其婚姻品質有密切關係。
七、 國小子女的父親在家庭中處於「既傳統、又現代」的過渡狀態—其對自身在婚姻生活中的角色扮演是男女特質兼具,即是既要符合傳統勇者形象的社會規範,同時要具備表達情緒與內心情感等女性特質。
最後,根據本研究之結果顯示與結論,對已婚男性、家庭生活教育的相關單位、傳播媒體等提出幾點建議;並說明本研究之限制與未來研究的建議。
The Relation Study of the Marital Quality for the Married Men
Abstract
The main purposes of this study were to explore the married men’s male gender-role attitudes and marital quality. The subjects were 918 married men with school-age children selected from 21 elementary schools in Taipei cities and countries. The measurements applied in this study included Personal Questionnaire, Male Gender-Role Inventory, and Marital Quality Inventory.
The data from the questionnaire were statistically analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression. The major findings of this study were as follows:
1. In general, the married men with school-aged children tended to have traditional male gender-role attitudes.
2. The married men with school-aged children were physical illness tended to be more avoiding femininity.
3. The married men with school-aged children tended to have higher quality of the marriage.
4. For the married men with school-aged children, subjective economic indicators were be more strongly correlated with marital quality.
5. This study found that, for the married men with school-aged children, the higher the marital quality in the parents' marriage, the higher the marital quality in the adult children's marriages.
6. For the married men with school-aged children, decrements in health may have an adverse influence on marital quality.
7. The married men with school-aged children tended to be with a high number of both masculine and feminine traits.
Applications for the results of this study and suggestions for the married men, family life education organizations, mass medium, and future research were also provided , but here were omitted.
參考書目
中文部分
王美惠(民76)。已婚職業婦女之家務分工、性別角色態度和社會支援與婚姻滿意度的研究。中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
王麗玲(民84)。南區大專學生對父親家庭角色態度之探討。中國文化大學家政學系研究所碩士論文。
王行(民85)。回家的路也太長—男性研究雜感。婦女兩性研究通訊,41,7-9。
王行(民86)。台灣地區已婚男性對夫妻性別角色觀念之研究。東吳社會工作學報,3,47-78。
王行(民87)。已婚男性婚姻經歷變化與滿足感初探。東吳社會工作學報,4。
王雅各(民85)。男性研究:一個新的研究領域。婦女與兩性研究通訊,41,1-6。
方思文(民88)。影響台灣地區男女兩性家務參與因素之探討。國立台灣大學農業推廣學研究所碩士論文。
伊慶春(民80)。台北地區婚姻調適的一些初步研究發現。國家科學委員會研究彙刊:人文及社會科學,1(3),151-173。
朴秀美(民82)。中韓兩國都市夫妻性別角色態度﹑角色期待及角色扮演之比較研究。中國文化大學家政學系研究所碩士論文。
李美枝(民75)。社會心理學。台北市:大洋出版社。
李閏華(民81)。父母婚姻關係對子女婚姻態度影響之研究。東海大學社會工作學系研究所碩士論文。
李寬芳(民84)。家務分工、夫妻家庭角色類型與婚姻品質之間的關係—以台中縣市已婚婦女為例。東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
李良哲(民85)。大台北地區已婚者婚姻衝突因應行為年齡與性別差異研究。教育與心理研究,19,169-196。
李良哲(民86)。國內中年人關心的生活課題之探討研究。教育與心理研究,20,141-180。
李盛祖(民87)。台北市教師性別角色態度調查研究。兩性平等教育季刊,2,85-89。
周麗端等(民88)。婚姻與家庭關係。台北縣:空大
林翠湄(民77)。父母的性別角色態度對兒童性別角色態度的影響—父母家務分工模式及對兒童家務指派的效應分析。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
林震雯(民81)。雙生涯家庭父母親職角色與兒童性別角色態度的關係。中國文化大學兒童福利學系研究所碩士論文。
林機勝(民85)。師院生性別角色、工作價值與任教承諾之關係。國立嘉義師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
林幸臺、王慶福、張德榮(民86)。人際依附風格、性別角色取向與人際親密能力之評量。測驗年刊,44(2),63-77。
林蓉影(民87)。性別角色態度與離異傾向。東吳大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
林松齡(民89)。台灣社會的婚姻與家庭:社會學的實證研究。台北市:五南。
林佳玲(民89)。夫妻依附風格、衝突因應策略與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
邱秀貞(民76)。夫妻溝通與婚姻滿足之研究—以台中市黎明社區及台中縣國宅社區為例。東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
高淑娟(民87)。大學教師性別角色態度與工作投入之相關研究。國立成功大學教育學研究所碩士論文。
莊訓當(民85)。國中已婚教師婚姻滿意度相關因素及其調適之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
胡嘉鴻(民84)。Higgins工作—家庭衝突模式之驗證:比較雙生涯與傳統生涯男性。大同工學院事業經營學系碩士論文。
唐先梅(民88)。從家務工作的本質談雙薪家庭夫妻家事分工。應用心理研究,4,131-173。
曹中瑋(民74)。自我狀態、夫妻溝通型態與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
莫黎黎(民87)。已婚男性之家庭觀之探究。全國家庭教育研討會會議實錄。
張春興(民78)。張氏心理學辭典。台北市:東華書局。
張寶珠(民84)。婦女自我肯定、婚姻滿意、父母非理性信念之關係研究。輔導季刊,31(1),21-30。
陳明穗(民74)。家庭型態、夫妻知覺一致性與婚姻滿足關係之研究。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
陳明君(民79)。家庭決策、夫妻溝通之自我開放程度與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。中國文化大學家政學研究所碩士論文。
陳幸玉(民84)。雙生涯夫妻性別角色特質、家庭職業角色與學習需求之研究。社會教育學刊,24,179-192。
陳志賢(民87)。婚姻信念、婚姻溝通與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳曉慧(民88)。國小學童父親性別角色態度、親職角色與親職教育需求之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文。
陳科維(民89)。社會支持期望與獲得的差距對於求診不孕婦女婚姻滿意度之影響。台北醫學院醫學研究所碩士論文。
郭美岑(民87)。自我分化與婚姻品質之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
彭懷真(民85)。婚姻與家庭。台北市:巨流。
黃文三(民86)。青少年後期性別角色發展及其相關因素之比較研究--以高雄師大82-84學年度大一新生為例。高雄師大學報,8,45-74。
黃倩倩(民87)。台北縣市大學生性別角色、自我概念與婚姻態度之相關研究。中國文化大學家政學系研究所碩士論文。
黃鈴喬(民87)。不同依附風格夫妻之關係期望、婚姻溝通與婚姻調適之關係研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
黃宗堅(民88)。家庭系統的測量與應用。應用心理學,2,83-109。
黃馨慧(民89)。台灣成年男性婚姻觀及其家務參與之研究。中華家政學刊,29,59-80。
曾溫純(民75)。已婚職業婦女的角色壓力與婚姻適應研究。東吳大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
曾文鑑(民89)。國小學生家庭因素、學校因素對其性別角色影響之研究。國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
傅瓊慧(民74)。雙生涯家庭中影響妻子婚姻滿足相關因素之研究。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
葉志偉(民88)。男性教育人員中年危機相關研究—以桃園縣為例。國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
楊茜如(民89)。大學生愛情觀、性別角色與兩性關係及相關因素之研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
趙居蓮譯(民84)。社會心理學。台北市:桂冠。
劉美華(民84)。家庭經濟資源與婚姻品質的關係—兼論社會支持、心理困擾的影響力。東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
鄭青玫(民84)。後青春期大學男生知覺其父母婚姻狀況對其個體化影響之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
賴美秀(民81)。父母的性別角色﹑兒童的性別角色與兒童的自尊和同儕接納度之關係。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
謝銀沙(民81)。已婚婦女個人特質、婚姻溝通與婚姻調適相關之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
謝坤鍾(民82)職業婦女婚姻角色衝突、婚姻適應與婚姻滿足之研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
鍾鳳嬌(民77)。母親就業、性別角色、事業觀、生活滿意度與國中生性別特質、生活適應之關係。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
應敏貞(民79)。夫妻休閒活動的安排與婚姻滿意關係之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
戴智慧(民74)。已婚職業婦女的生活壓力與休閒型態、婚姻滿意、生理健康、心理健康及工作滿意五者的關係。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
羅淑芳、葉秀玲(民83)。女主管理現代化性別角色、職業角色適切性與工作現況之研究。台南家專學報,13,177-192。
英文部分
Amato, P. R., & Booth, A. (1995). Changes in gender role attitrdes and perceived marital quality. American Socilolgical Review, 60(1), 58.
Amato, P. R., Loomis, L. S., & Booth, A. (1995). Parental divorce, marital conflict, and offspring well-being during early adulthood. Social Forces, 73, 895-915.
Amato, P. R., & Rezac, S. J. (1995). Helping between parents and young adult offspring: The role of parental marital quality, divoce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(2), 363-375.
Amato, P. R., & Rogers, S. J. (1999). Do attiaudes toward divorce affect marital quality?Journal of Family Issues, 20, 69-86.
Ballard-Reisch, D. S., & Weigel, D. J. (1999). Relational maintenance behaviors, marital satisfaction, and commitment in Tatar, Russian, and Mixed. Journal of Family Issues, 20(5), 677-698.
Barber, J. S., & Axinn, W. G. (1998). Gender role attitudes and marriage among young women. Sociological Quarterly, 39(1), 11-30.
Bem, S. L.(1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
Blaisure, K. R., & Allen, K. R. (1995). Feminists and the ideology and practice of marital equality. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 5-19.
Blee, K. M., & Tickamyer, A. R. (1995). Racial differences in men’s attitudes about women’sgender roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(1), 21-31.
Block, J. H. (1973). Conceptions of sex role: Some cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526.
Booth, A., & Edwards, J. N. (1989). Transmission of marital and family quality over the generations: The effect of parental divorce and unhappiness. Journal of Divorce, 13, 41-57.
Booth, A., & Johnson, D. R. (1995). Belief and behavior : Does religion matter in today’s marriage?Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(3), 661-673.
Brannon, R. (1976). The male sex role: Our culture’s blueprint for manhood, what it’s done for us lately. In David, D. & Brannon, R. (Eds). The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role. Reading, M. A.: Addison Wesley.
Brannon, R. & Juni, S. (1984). A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity. Psychological Documents, 14(1).
Broom, B. L. (1998). Parental differences and changes in marital quality. Journal of Family Nursing, 4(1), 87-113.
Cicone, M. V., & Ruble, D. N. (1978). Beliefs about males. Journal of Social Issues, 34(1).
Clark-Nicolas, P., & Gray-Little, B. (1991). Effect of economic resoruces on marital quality in Black married couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 645-655.
Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, E. O., Conger, K. J., Simons, R. L. Whitbeck, L. B., Huck, S., & Melby, J. N. (1990). Linking economic hardship to marital quality and instability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 643-656.
Costos, D. (1990). Gender role identity from an ego developmental perspective. Sex Roles, 22, 723-741.
Cournoyer, R. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (1995). Cross-sectinal study of gender role conflict examining college-aged and middle-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(1), 11-19.
Eccles, J. S. (1987). Adolescence: Gateway to gender role transcendence. In D. B. Carter (Ed.), Current conceptions of sex roles and sex typing: Theory and research, 225-241. New York: Praeger.
Eisler, R. M., Skidmore, J. R., & Ward, C. H. (1988). Masculine gender-role stress: Predictor of anger, anxiety, and health-risk behaviors. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 133-141.
Feng, D., Giarrusso, R., Bengtson, V. L, & Frye, N. (1999). Intergenerational transmission of marital quality and marital instability. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(2), 451.
Fincham, F. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (1987). The assessment of marital quality: a reevaluation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 797-809.
Forbes, G. B., & Adams-Curtis, L. E. (2000). Gender role typing and attachment to parents and peers. Journal of Social Psychology, 140(2), 258-260.
Ford, J. B., & Kramer Voli, P., et al. (1998). Gender role portrayals in Japanese advertisingL: A magazine content analysis. Journal of Advertising, 27(1), 113-124.
Fox, G. L., & Chancey, D. (1998). Sources of economic distress: Individual and family outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 19, 725-749.
Gavazzi, S. M., Mckenry, P. C., Jacobson, J. A., Julian, T. W., & Lohman, B. (2000). Modeling the effects of expressed emotion, psychiatric symptomology, and marital quality levels on male and female verbal aggression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(3), 669-683.
Glements, R., & Swensen, C. H. (2000). Commitment to one’s spouse as a predictor of marital quality among older couples. Current Psychology, 19(2), 110-120.
Glenn, N. D. (1990). Quantitative research on marital quality in the 1990s:A critical review. Journal of Marriage and the Family,52, 818-831.
Glenn, N. D. (1990). The recent trend in marital success in the United States. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 261-270.
Gottman, J. M. (1993). A theory of marital dissolution and stability. Journal of Family Psychiatry, 7(1), 57-75.
Guilbert, D. E., Vace, N. A., & Pasley, K. (2000). The relationship of gender role beliefs, negativity, distancing, and marital instability. Family Journal, 8(2), 124-132.
Heaton, T. B., & Blake, M. (1999). Gender differences in determinants of marital disruption. Journal of Family Issues, 20(1), 25-45.
Hefner, R., Rebecca, M., & Oleshansky, B. (1975). Development of sex role transcendence. Human Development, 18, 143-158.
Hollingshead, A. B. & Redlich, F. C.(1958). Social class and mental illness: a community study. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Johnson, W. B., & Hayes, D. N. (1997). An identity-focused counseling group for man. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 19(3), 295-304.
Johnson, D. R., White, L. K., Edwards, J. N., & Booth, A. (1986). Dimensions of marital quality: Toward methodological and conceptual refinement. Journal of Family Issues, 71, 31-49.
Kaufman, G. (2000). Do gender role attitudes matter?Journal of Family Issues, 21(1), 128-145.
Kerr, P. S., & Holden, R. R. (1996). Development of the gender role beliefs scale(GRBS). Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 11(5), 3-16.
Kimmel, D. & Van Der, F. (1974). Factors of marital adjustment in Locker’s marital adjustment test. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 36, 57-63.
Kimmel, M. S., & Messner, M. (1992). Introduction. In Kimmel, M. S., & Messner, M. (Eds), Men’s lives (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Kinnunen, U., & Pulkkinen, L. (1998). Linking economic stress to marital quality among Finnish marital couples. Journal of Family Issues, 19(6), 705-725.
Krejcie, R. V. & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Education and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
Larson, J. H., & Holman, T. B. (1994). Premarital predictors of marital quality and stability. Family Relations, 43(2), 228-238.
Levent, R. F., Hirsch, L. S., Cozza, T. M., MacEachern, M., & Schnedeker, J. (1992). The male role: An investigation of contemporary norms. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 14(3), 325-337.
Levy, G. D., & Barth, J. M., et al. (1998). Associations among congnitive and behavior aspects of preschoolers’ gender role deveolpment. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159(1), 121-126.
Lev-Wiesel, R., Al-Krenawi, A. (1999). Attitude towards marriage and marital quality: A comparison among Israele Arabs differentiated by religion. Family Relations, 48(1), 51-56.
Lewis, R. A., & Spanier, G. B. (1979). Theorizing about the quality and stability of marriage. In Burr, W. R. et al. (1979). Contemporary theories about the family, 1, 268-294. New York: Free Press.
Locke, H. J., & Wallace, K. M. (1959). Short multi-adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 329-343.
Loomis, L. S., & Booth, A. (1995). Multigenerational caregiving and well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 16(2), 131-149.
Lye, D. N., & Biblaz, T. J. (1993). The effects of attitudes toward family life and gender roles on marital satisfaction. Journal of Family Issues, 14(2), 157-189.
Mattox, Jr., & William, R. (1996). Marital bliss. American Enterprise, 7(3), 45-46.
McCrearyz, D. R., Newcomb, M. D., & Sadave, S. W. (1998). Dimensions of the male gender role: a confirmatory analysis in men and wenem. Sex Role, 39(1/2).
Messner, M. (1987). The life of a men’s seasons: Male identity in the life course of the jock, in Michael S. Kimmel (Ed.), Changing men: New directions in research on men and masculinity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Messner, M. A. (1998). The limits of “the male sex role”. Gender & Society, 12(3), 255-277.
Miller, R. B., & Glass, J. (1989). Parent-child attitude similarity across the life course. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 991-997.
Miller, N. B., & Kannae, L. A. (1999). Predicting marital quality in Ghana. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30(4), 599-615.
Mokgatlhe, B. P., & Schoeman, J. B. (1998). Predictors of satisfaction with life: The role of racial identity, collective self-esteem and gender-role attitudes. South African Journal of Psychology, 28(1), 28-36.
Myers, S. M. (1999). Marital Strains and marital quality; The role of hing and low locus of control, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(2), 423-437.
Norton, R. (1983). Measuring marital quality: a critical look at the dependent variable. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 141-151.
O’Neil, J. M., Helms, B., Gable, R., David, L., & Wrightsman, L. (1986). Gender role conflict scale: College men’s fear of femininity. Sex Roles, 14, 335-350.
O’Neil, J. M., Stillson, R. W., & Owen, S. V. (1991). Predictors of adult men’s gender-role conflict: race, class, unemployment, age, instrumentality expressiveness, and personal strain. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(4), 458-464.
Pleck, J. H., Sonenstein, F. L., & Ku, L. C. (1993). Masculinity ideology: Its impact on adolescent males’ heterosexual relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 49(3), 11-29.
Pimentel, E. E. (2000). Just how do I love thee?: Marital relations in Urban China. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(1), 32-48.
Rando, R. A., Rogers, J. R., & Brittan-Powell, C. S. (1998). Gender role conflict and college men’s sexually aggressive attitudes and behavior. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 20(4), 359-370.
Roach, A. J., Frazier, L. P., & Bowden, S. R. (1981). The marital satisfaction scale; development of a measure for intervention research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 537-546.
Rogers, S. J., & Aamto, P. R. (1997). Is marital quality declining?The evidence from two…Social Forces, 75(3), 1089-1111.
Rogers, S. J., & Aamto, P. R. (2000). Have changes in gender relations affected marital quality?Social Forces, 79(2), 731-754.
Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J., & Goldsteen, K. (1990). The impact of the family on health: The decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 1059-1078.
Sabatelli, R. M. (1984). The marital comparison level index : A measure for assessing outcomes relative to expectations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 651-662.
Sabatelli, R. M. (1988). Measurement issues in marital research: A review and critigue of contemporary survey instruments. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 891-915.
Schumm , W. R., Paff-Bergen, L. A., Hatch, R. C., Obiorah, F. C., Copeland, J. M., Meens, L. D., & Bugaighis, M. A. (1986). Conurrent and disriminant validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 381-387.
Shek, Daniel T. L. (1995). Marital quality and psychological well-being of married adules in a Chinese context. Journalof Genetic Psychology, 156(1), 45-57.
Shek, Daniel T. L. (1998). Linkage between marital quality and parent-child relationship. Journal of Family Issues, 19(6), 687-705.
Shelton, B. A., & John, D. (1993). Does marital status make a differences. Housework among married and cohabiting men and women. Journal of Family Issues, 14, 401-420.
Sherriffs, A. C., & McKee, J. P. (1957). Qualitative aspects of beliefs about men and women. Journal of Personality, 25, 451-464.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15-28.
Spence, J. T., Deaux, K., & Helmreich, R. L. (1985). Sex roles in contemporary American society, p149-178 in Lindzey G. & Aronson E. (Eds), Handbook of Social Psychology vol. 1. New York: Random House.
Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29-39.
Sperling, V. (2000). Marriages in Russia: couples during the economic transition. Gender & Society, 14(5), 700.
Thompson Jr., E. H., & Pleck, J. H. (1987). The structure of male role norms. In Michael S. Kimmel (Ed.), Changing men: New directions in research on men and masculinity, 25-36. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thompson, L. (1993). Conceptualizing gender in marriage: The case of marital care. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 557-569.
Thornton, A. (1989). Changing attitudes toward family issues in the United States. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 873-893.
Voydanoff & Donnelly, P. (1999). The intersection of time in activities and perceived unfairness in relation to psychological. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 739-752.
Voydanoff, P. (1990). Economic distress and family relations: A review of the eighites. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 1099-1115.
Wade, J. C. (1998). Male reference group identity dependence: A theory of male identity. Counseling Psychologist, 26(3), 349-383.
Ward, R. A., & Spitze, G. (1998). Sandwiched marriages: The implications of child and parent relations for marital quality in midlife. Social Forces, 77(2), 647-667.
White, L., & Rogers, S. J. (2000). Economic circumstances and family outcomes: A review of the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 1035-1052.
Wickrama, K. A. S., & Lorenz, F. O. (1997). Marital quality and physical illness:a latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59(1), 143-156.
Wiegel, D. J., & Ballard-Reisch, D. S. (1999). Family Relations, 48(3), 263-270.
Xu, X. (1996). The cross-country differences and similarities in conceptualizing and predicting marital quality of ever married women in Urban America and China: Detroit and chengdu. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 26, 55-78.
Xu, X. (1998). Marital quality revisited : A rdplication and extension of the JWEB model. Socilolgical Spectrum, 18(4), 367-393.