研究生: |
林俊呈 Chun Cheng Lin |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
大學生在電腦輔助語言自學教室自主學習之探究 A Study on EFL College Students' Autonomous Learning in a CALL Self-Access Center |
指導教授: |
林至誠
Lin, Chih-cheng |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
英語學系 Department of English |
論文出版年: | 2010 |
畢業學年度: | 98 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 117 |
中文關鍵詞: | 自選式語言學習 、學習自主 、學習者觀感 、電腦輔助語言學習 |
英文關鍵詞: | self-access language learning, learner autonomy, learner perceptions, Computer-Assisted Language Learning |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:221 下載:38 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
電腦輔助語言自學教室的特色包括了學習資源和立即回饋的提供、個人化的學習以及學習紀錄的保存。過去咸認為電腦輔助語言自學教室能幫助學習者掌握自己的學習,但這樣的想法雖然理論上可行,但尚沒有太多文獻研究能夠提出確切的證據。
本研究探討學習者持續至自學教室學習的動機,以及比較至自學教室頻率較高的學習者和至自學教室頻率偏低的學習者對自選式語言學習的觀感是否有所差異。研究對象包括了非英語系的大一學生,從2006年第一學期至2007年第二學期共有912位學生,從2007年第一學期至2008第二學期共有1,086位學生。學生每次使用完學習軟體至少達四十分鐘後,登出系統前,必須填寫一份十題的網路問卷。此外,每學期結束時,學生必須填寫一份二十三題的問卷,以瞭解學生對自學教室如何能增進自己英語能力、補充大一英文課程內容以及提升自己學習興趣的看法。依據來訪自學教室頻率多寡,第一年共有四十五位學生,第二年則有五十六位學生參與期末半結構式訪談。
結果發現,能夠選擇自己喜愛的教材以及安排學習的時間,是學習者認為在自學教室中學習的優點。此外,學習者認為接觸影音素材有助於聽力和閱讀。其它語言學習部份的進步則包括了字彙、口說以及文化瞭解。自主學習部份,從學習者自陳式的回饋中發現,學習者表現出對自我以及策略的自覺,並在學習過程中規劃並評估自身的學習成果。另外,比較至自學教室頻率較高和頻率較低的學習者對自選式語言學習的觀感發現,對至自學教室頻率較高的學習者而言,在自學教室學習英語是愉快的經驗,他們也對助理的工作稱職和盡心回答問題表達較高的肯定。
It is often assumed that a CALL Self-Access Classroom (SAC), a technology-enhanced environment that features resources, individualization, record-keeping and feedback, can help learners take charge of their learning. Nonetheless, while this assumption is theoretically plausible, few empirical results have offered robust evidence.
The purpose of this study is to explore the factors that motivate learners to continue visiting the SAC, and any different perspectives toward self-access language learning that more frequent visitors may have from their infrequent counterparts. Participants in this study included non-English-major college students enrolled in the course of Freshman English in two years, 912 students from the fall semester of 2006 to the spring semester of 2007 and 1,086 ones from the fall semester of 2007 to the spring semester of 2008. These students were encouraged to visit the SAC after class. Each of their visits was recorded, and they had to fill in a 10-item online survey after they used one specific learning program for at least forty minutes. Moreover, at the end of each semester, the students filled out a 23-item survey questionnaire, which mainly probed into their perceptions of how the SAC may facilitate their English learning, complement their Freshman English course and boost their interest in English. For further examination, 45 students in the first year and 56 students in the second year were recruited for a semi-structured interview.
Findings revealed that the freedom of choosing their preferable materials and the control of their own learning schedule in a cozy environment are two advantages of learning in the SAC. As for the benefits of learning, learners found exposure to audio/visual inputs beneficial to their listening and reading. Gains in their vocabulary, speaking and cultural understanding were also reported. Other aspects of learning, including personal and strategic awareness, planning, and evaluation of what has been acquired were identified in learners’ written responses. As for different perspectives that may exist between more frequent visitors and their less frequent counterparts, statistical analyses suggested that more frequent learners more enjoyed learning in the CALL SAC, and that they had more positive evaluations toward the assistant’s competence as well as enthusiasm to answer learners’ questions. Based upon the results, pedagogical implications and suggestions for the institution are outlined.
Alalou, A., & Chamberlain, E. (1999). Using students’ expectations and perceived needs to rethink pedagogy and curriculum: A case study. Foreign Language Annals, 32(1), 27-44.
Aston, G. (1997). Involving learners in developing learning methods: Exploiting text corpora in self-access. In P. Benson & P. Voller (Eds.), Autonomy and independence in language learning (pp.219-227). London: Longman.
Bax, S. (2003). CALL―Past, present and future. System, 31(1), 13-28.
Benson, P. (1992). Self-access for self-directed learning. Hong Kong Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching, 15, 31-38.
Benson, P., & Voller, P. (1997). Autonomy and independence in language learning. London: Longman.
Benson, P. (2001). Teaching and researching autonomy in language learning. Malaysia: Pearson.
Blin, F. (2005). CALL and the development of learner autonomy: An activity theoretical study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Open University, U.K.
Candy, P. C. (1988). On the attainment of subject-matter autonomy. In D. Boud (Ed.) Developing student autonomy in learning (pp. 59-76). London: Kogan Page.
Candy, P. C. (1991). Self-direction for lifelong learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Carson, L., & Allen, R. (2006). A self access centre in action: Facilitating student achievement of specific language goals. ESP Malaysia, 12, 91-100.
Champagne, M.-F., Clayton, T., Dimmitt, N., Laszewski, M., Savage, W., Shaw, J., Stroupe, R., Thein, M. M., & Walter, P. (2001). The assessment of learner autonomy and language learning. In L. Dam (Ed.), AILA Review 15: Learner autonomy: New insights (pp. 45-55). UK: Catchline.
Chang, M.-M., & Ho, C.-M. (2009). Effects of locus of control and learner control on web-based language learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 22(3), 189-206.
Chao, C. C. (2005). 尋找英語學習的新樂園: 英語自學措施分類與分析[Encouraging self-regulated EFL learning in Taiwanese higher education: Activity types and analysis] English Teaching & Learning, 29(4), 1-20.
Chapelle, C. A. (2001). Computer applications in second language acquisition: Foundations for teaching, testing and research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chavali, N. (2001). Learning from learners: Perceptions of self-access language learning in a Hong Kong secondary school. Unpublished master’s thesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
Chen, H. H.-J. (2007). The difficulties of integrating a self-access reading site into high-school English classrooms. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China (pp. 67-80). Taipei: Taiwan ELT.
Chen, K. (2004). An investigation on the ASR software feedback on EFL college students’ pronunciation. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Cheng, W.-w. (2006). Learner perspectives of self-access to the multimedia English learning center at NKFUST. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Chia, C. (2007). Autonomy in language learning: The use of IT and internet resources. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education.
Cotterall, S. (1995). Readiness for autonomy: Investigating learner beliefs. System, 23(2), 195-205.
Cotterall, S. (2009). Learner autonomy in a mainstream writing course: Articulating learning gains. In R. Pemberton, S. Toogood, & A. Barfield (Eds.), Maintaining control: Autonomy and language learning (pp. 87-107). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Dam, L. (1995). Learner autonomy 3: From theory to classroom practices. Dublin: Authentik.
Dam, L. (2000). Evaluating autonomous learning. In B. Sinclair, I. McGrath & T. Lamb (Eds.), Learner autonomy, teacher autonomy: Future directions (pp. 48-59). Malaysia: Longman.
Darasawang, P., & Reinders, H. (2010). Encouraging autonomy with an online language support system. CALL-EJ, 11(2), Retrieved March 20, 2010 from http://www.tell.is.ritsumei.ac.jp/callejonline/journal/11-2/darasawang_reinders.html
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Pienum.
Dickinson, L. (1987). Self-instruction in language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dubreil, S. (2006). Gaining perspective on culture through CALL. In L. Ducate & N. Arnold (Eds.), Calling on CALL: From theory and research to new directions in foreign language teaching (pp. 237-268). USA: CALICO.
Eck, A., Legenhausen, L., & Wolff, D. (1994). Der Einsatz der Telekommunikation in einem lernerorientierten Fremdsprachenuntericht. In W. Gienow & K. Hellwig (Eds.), Interkulturelle Kommunikation und prozeßorienterte Medienpraxis im Fremdsprachenunterricht: Grundlagen, Realisierung, Wirksamkeit (pp. 43-57). Seelze, Germany: Friedrich Verlag.
Egbert, J., Hanson-Smith, E., & Chao, C.-c. (2007). Introduction: Foundations for teaching and learning. In J. Egbert, & E. Hanson-Smith (Eds.) CALL environments: Research, practice, and critical issues (2nd ed.) (pp.1-15). Illinois, U.S.A.: TESOL Inc.
Engestrom, Y. (1987). Learning by expanding: An activity-theoretical approach to developmental research. Helsinki: Orienta-Konsultit.
Esch, E. (1996). Promoting learner autonomy: Criteria for the selection of appropriate methods. In R. Pemberton, E. Li, W. Or & H. Pierson (Eds.), Taking control: Autonomy in language learning (pp. 35-48). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Figura, K., & Jarvis, H. (2007). Computer-based materials: A study of learner autonomy and strategies. System, 35, 448-468.
Fisher, A. (2001). Critical thinking: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fox, J. (1994). Demystifying IT in second language learning. In E. Esch (Ed.), Self-access and the adult language learner (pp. 19-27). London: CILT.
Gardner, D. (2002). Evaluating self-access language learning. In P. Benson and S. Toogood (Eds.), Learner autonomy 7: Challenges to research and practice (pp.60-69). Dublin: Authentik.
Gardner, D., & Garcia, R. B. (1996). Interactive video as self-access support for language-learning beginners. In R. Pemberton, E. Li, W. Or & H. Pierson (Eds.), Taking control: Autonomy in language learning (pp. 219-232). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Gardner, D., & Miller, L. (1999). Establishing self-access: From theory to practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goh, C. (1995). Metacognitive awareness and second language listeners. ELT Journal, 51(4), 361-369.
Guichon, N., & McLornan, S. (2008). The effects of multimodality on L2 learners: Implications for CALL resource design. System, 36, 85-93.
Harris, V., & Noyau, G. (1990). Collaborative learning: Taking the first steps. In I. Gathercole (Ed.), Autonomy in language learning (pp. 55-64). London: CILT.
Hauck, M. (2005). Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive strategies and CALL. In J. L. Egbert & G. M. Petrie (Eds.), CALL research perspectives (pp. 65-86). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Healey, D. (2007). Theory and research: Autonomy and language learning. In J. Egbert & E. Hanson-Smith (Eds.), CALL environments: Research, practice and critical issues (2nd ed.) (pp.377-403). Illinois, U.S.A.: TESOL Inc.
Hess, H. W. (2006). Beyond the rhetoric of “autonomous learner”: Combining the e-learning and the classroom. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 3(1), 102-120.
Ho, J., & Crookall, D. (1995). Breaking with Chinese cultural traditions: Learner autonomy in English language teaching. System, 23(2), 235-243.
Holec, H. (1981). Autonomy and foreign language learning. London: Pergamon.
Hsu, L.-H. (2004). A study of the relationship between senior high school students’ English achievement and learner autonomy. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Changhua University of Education. Changhua, Taiwan.
Hsu, W.-c., & Xu, X. (2007). Learner autonomy: Does it work in the exam-oriented Taiwanese secondary context? In Department of English, National Chengchi University (Eds.), Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China (pp. 1-11). Taipei: Taiwan ELT.
Hurd, S., Beaven, T., & Ortega, A. (2001). Developing autonomy in a distance language learning context: Issues and dilemmas for course writers. System, 29, 341-355.
Jones, F. R. (1998). Self-instruction and success: A learner-profile study. Applied Linguistics, 19, 378-406.
Jones, L. C., & Plass, J. L. (2002). Supporting listening comprehension and vocabulary acquisition in French with multimedia annotations. Modern Language Journal, 86(4), 546-561.
Karlsson, L., Kjisik, F., & Nordlund, J. (1997). From here to autonomy. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
Katchen, J. P. (1996). First language subtitles: Help or hindrance? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Japan Association of Language Teachers (Hiroshima, Japan, 22nd, November). ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 421873.
Kellerman, S. (1992). “I see what you mean”: The role of kinesic behavior in listening and implications for foreign and second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 13, 239-258.
Kenning, M.-M. (1996). IT and autonomy. In E. Broady & M. M. Kenning (Eds.), Promoting learner autonomy in university language teaching (pp.121-138). London: Association for French Language Studies/CILT.
Klassen, J., Detarmani, C., Lui, E., Patri, M., & Wu, J. (1997). Evaluating the English Foundation Program in the self-access mode at City University. In D. Kember (Ed.), Case studies of improving teaching and learning from the action learning project (pp. 319-334). Hong Kong: The Power Electronics Research Centre, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Klassen, J., Detarmani, C., Lui, E., Patri, M., & Wu, J. (1998). Does self-access language learning at the tertiary level really work? Asian Journal of English Language Teaching, 8, 55-80.
Koyalan, A. (2009). The evaluation of a self-access centre: A useful addition to class-based teaching? System, 37, 731-740.
Lai, J. (2001). Towards an analytic approach to assessing learner autonomy. In L. Dam (Ed.), The AILA Review 15: Learner autonomy: New insights (pp. 34-44). UK: Catchline.
Lai, L.-k., & Hamp-Lyons, L. (2001). Different learning patterns in self-access. RELC Journal, 32(2), 63-79.
Leonard, G. (1968). Education and ecstasy. New York: Dell.
Lepper, M. R. (1985). Microcomputers in education: Motivational and social issues. American Psychologist, 40, 1-18.
Leotiev, A. N. (1978). Activity, consciousness, and personality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lewis, T., Woodin, J., & St. John, E. (1996). Tandem learning: Independence through partnership. In E. Broady & M.–M. Kenning (Eds.), Promoting learner autonomy in university language teaching (pp.105-120). London: Association for French Language Studies/CILT.
Li, J.-h. (2004). The effect of learner autonomy promotion on listening comprehension for senior high school students. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Lin, C.-C., & Lin, C.-C. (2009). EFL college students’ perceptions of learning English at a CALL Self-Access Center. Paper presented at the 44th RELC Seminar, RELC, Singapore.
Lin, Y.-C. (2009). The effects of visual aids and text types on listening comprehension. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Little, D. (1991). Learner autonomy I: Definitions, issues, and problems. Dublin: Authentik.
Little, D. (1996). Freedom to learn and compulsion to interact: Promoting learner autonomy through the use of information systems and information technologies. In R. Pemberton, E. S. L. Li, W. W. F. Or & H. D. Pierson (Eds.), Taking control: Autonomy in language learning (pp. 203-218). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Little, D. (2002). Learner autonomy and second/foreign language learning. Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies Good Practice Guide. Retrieved 14 February 2009, from http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/1409
Littlejohn, A. (1983). Increasing learner involvement in course management. TESOL Quarterly, 17(4), 595-608.
Littlewood, W. T. (1996). Autonomy: An anatomy and a framework. System, 24(4), 427-435.
Littlewood, W. (1997). Self-access: Why do we want it and what can it do? In P. Benson & P. Voller (Eds.), Autonomy and independence in language learning (pp.79-91). London: Longman.
Littlewood, W. (1999). Defining and developing autonomy in East Asian contexts. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 71-94.
Lonergan, J. (1994). Self-access centres: Implications for managers, teachers and learners. In E. Esch (Ed.), Self-access and the adult language learner (pp. 119-125). London: CILT.
Mak, L. (1994). From English teacher to producer: How to develop multimedia computer simulation for teaching ESL. In D. Gardner and L. Miller (Eds.), Directions in self-access language learning (pp.145-154). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Mayer, R. F., & Clark, C. (1963). Explorations in student-controlled instruction. Psychological Reports, 13, 71-76.
Marquart, J. M., Li, S., & Zercher, C. (1997). Making the whole more than the sum of the parts: Challenges in a mixed method study of inclusion. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 408749).
Mayer, R. E. (1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions? Educational Psychologist, 32(1), 1-19.
Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mayer, R. E. (2002). Cognitive theory and the design of multimedia instruction: An example of the two-way street between cognition and instruction. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 89(1), 55-71.
McMurry, B. L. (2005). Self-access centers: Maximizing learners’ access to center resources. Unpublished master’s thesis, Brigham Young University.
Merrill, M. D. (1984). What is learner control? In R. K. Bass (Ed.), Instructional Development: The State of the Art, II (pp. 221-242). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 298 905).
Miller, L., & Rogerson-Revell, P. (1993). Self-access systems. ELT Journal, 47(3), 228-233.
Morrison, B. (2005). Evaluating learning gain in a self-access language learning centre. Language Teaching Research, 9(3), 267-293.
Morrison, B. (2008). The role of the self-access center in the tertiary language learning process. System, 36(2), 123-140.
Motteram, G. (1997). Learner autonomy and the web. In V. Darleguy et al. (Eds.), Educational technology in language learning: Theoretical considerations and practical applications (pp. 17-24). Lyons: INSA (National Institute of Applied Sciences).
Murray, G. L. (1999). Autonomy and language learning in a simulated environment. System, 27, 295-308.
Mynard, J. (2004). Investigating evidence of learner autonomy in a virtual EFL classroom: a grounded theory approach. In J. Hull, J. Harris & P. Darasawang (Eds.). Research in ELT: Proceedings of the International Conference (pp. 117-127). 9-11 April, 2003. School of Liberal Arts and the Continuing Education Center, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thonburi, Thailand.
Mynard, J. (2006). Measuring learner autonomy: Can it be done? Independence, 37: 3-6.
Ning, S.-j. (2008). EFL college students’ perceptions of self-access language learning at a CALL center. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Norton, B. (1997). Language, identity and the ownership of English. TESOL Quarterly, 31(3), 409-429.
Nunan, D. (1997). Designing and adapting materials to encourage learner autonomy. In P. Benson & P. Voller (Eds.), Autonomy and independence in language learning (pp. 192-203). London: Addison Wesley Longman.
O’Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oscarson, M. (1997). Self-assessment of foreign and second language proficiency. In C. Clapham & D. Corson (Eds.), Language testing and development (pp. 175-187). Encyclopedia of Language and Education (Vol. 7. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Oxford, R. L. (2003). Toward a more systematic model of L2 learner autonomy. In D. Palfreyman & R. C. Smith (Eds.), Learner autonomy across cultures: Language education perspectives (pp.75-91). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Palfreyman, D. (2001). The socio-cultural construction of learner autonomy and learner independence in a tertiary EFL institution. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Canterbury Christ Church University College/ University of Kent at Canterbury.
Pemberton, R., Ho, S., Lam, J., & Toogood, S. (1999). Developing a self-directed English language-learning program for postgraduate students. In B. Morrison (Ed.), Experiments and evaluation in self-access language learning (pp. 1-24). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Association for Self-Access Learning and Development.
Plass, J. L., & Jones, L. C. (2005). Second language acquisition with multimedia. In R. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 476-488). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Reinders, H. (2000). Do it yourself? A learners’ perspective on learner autonomy and self-access language learning in an English proficiency program. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
Reinders, H., & Cotterall, S. (2001). Fortress or bridge? Learners’ perceptions and practice in self-access language learning. Tesolanz, 8, 23-38.
Reinders, H., & Lázaro, N. (2007). Current approaches to assessment in self-access. TESL-EJ Journal, 11(3), 1-13. Retrieved on June 23, 2010 from http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume11/ej43/ej43a2/
Reinders, H., & Lázaro, N. (2008). Technology in support of pedagogy: The case of self-access. In F. Zhang & B. Barber (Eds.), The handbook of research on computer enhanced language acquisition and learning (pp. 469-482). Hershey: IGI.
Ridley, J. (2000). Towards autonomy in university classrooms: The role of learners’ goals. In D. Little, L. Dam, & J. Timmer (Eds.), Why focus on learning rather than teaching (pp.3-15). Dublin: CLCS, Trinity College Dublin. ‘
Riley, P., & Zoppis, C. (1985). The sound and video library. In P. Riely (Ed.), Discourse and learning (pp.286-298). London: Longman.
Rubin, J. (1975). What the “Good Language Learner” can teach us. TESOL Quarterly, 9(1), 41-51.
Schwienhorst, K. (2008). Learner autonomy and CALL environments. NY: Routledge.
Secules, T., Herron, G., & Tomasello, M. (1992). The effect of video context on foreign language learning. Modern Language Journal, 76, 480-490.
Sheerin, S. (1991). State of the art: Self-access. Language Teaching, 24(3), 143-157.
Sinclair, B. (1999). More than an act of faith? Evaluating learner autonomy. In C. Kennedy (Ed.), Innovation and best practice in British ELT (pp. 96-107). Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman.
Sinclair, B., McGrath, I., & Lamb, T. (2000). Learner autonomy, teacher autonomy: Future directions. Essex: Longman.
Song, L., & Hill, J. R. (2007). A conceptual model for understanding self-directed learning in online environments. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 6(1), 27-42.
Sorgen-Goldschmidt, F. (2003). Does the pedagogy drive the technology? Revisiting an old saw after ‘03IALLT conference. SouthWest Association of Language Learning Technology Online, 2(2). Retrieved June 28, 2010, from http://www.ccsf.edu/Organizations/Southwest_Association_for_Language_Learning_Technology/vol2num2/sorgen.htm
Spratt, M., Humphreys, G., Chan, V. (2002). Autonomy and motivation: Which one comes first? Language Teaching Research, 6(3), 245-266.
Stevens, V. (1996). Use and abuse of autonomy in computer-assisted language learning: Some evidence from student interaction with SuperCloze. In R. Pemberton, E. Li, W. Or & H. Pierson (Eds.), Taking control: Autonomy in language learning (pp. 281-301). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Sturtridge, G. (1997). Teaching and learning in self-access centers: Changing roles? In P. Benson & P. Voller (Eds.), Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning (pp.66-78). London: New York.
Tsai, P.-H. (2006). Bridging pedagogy and technology: User evaluation of pronunciation oriented CALL software. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 22, 375-397. Retrieved June 25, 2010, from http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet22/tsai.html
Underwood, J. (1984). Linguistics, computers, and the language teacher: A communicative approach. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 29) (pp. 271-360). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Victori, M., & Lockhart, W. (1995). Enhancing metacognition in self-directed language learning. System, 23(2), 223-234.
Voller, P. (1997). Does the teacher have a role in autonomous language learning? In P. Benson & P. Voller (Eds.), Autonomy and independence in language learning (pp. 98-113). London: Longman.
Voller, P., Martyn, E., & Pickard, V. (1999). One-to-one counseling for autonomous learning in a self-access center: Final report on an action learning project. In S. Cotterall & D. Crabbe (Eds.), Learner autonomy in language learning: Defining the field and effecting change (pp.111-126). New York: Peter Lang.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language (A. Kozulin Ed. & Trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Wang, L. (2006). EFL college students’ perceptions of culture learning at a CALL center. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Wang, Y. (2001). Chinese students’ oral contribution in the UK university classroom: A cultural perspective. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Nottingham.
Warschauer, M., Turbee, L., & Roberts, B. (1996). Computer learning networks and student empowerment. System, 24(1), 1-14.
Warschauer, M., & Healey, D. (1998). Computers and language learning: An overview. Language Teaching, 31, 57-71.
Wenden, A. (1991). Learner strategies for learner autonomy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall International.
Wenden, A. (1999). An introduction to metacognitive knowledge and beliefs in language learning: Beyond the basis. System, 27, 435-441.
Yang, N. D. (2010). Implementing autonomous learning projects in English classes. Paper presented at 2010 International Conference on Applied Linguistics & Language Teaching, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
Zou, X. (2006). Learners’ autonomy in self-access centers – An exploration of the SAC in Chongqing University. Sino-US English Teaching, 3(9), 1-7.