研究生: |
陳美琪 Chen, Mei-Chi |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
全球照顧鏈的悲歌:失聯社福女性移工生育安置歷程之初探 The tragedy of the global-care-chain: A preliminary study of the choice of childbirth and placement for female migrant workers |
指導教授: |
潘淑滿
Pan, Shu-Man |
口試委員: |
王明聖
Wang, Ming-Sheng 林君諭 Lin, Chun-Yu 潘淑滿 Pan, Shu-Man |
口試日期: | 2021/09/24 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
社會工作學研究所 Graduate Institute of Social Work |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 172 |
中文關鍵詞: | 全球照顧鏈 、社福女性移工 、失聯移工 、生育安置 、多元文化和社會工作 |
英文關鍵詞: | global care chain, migrant social welfare workers, undocumented migrant workers, maternity placement, cultural diversity and social work |
研究方法: | 深度訪談法 、 半結構式訪談法 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202101507 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:203 下載:27 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
在全球化的脈絡下,女性移工為了經濟因素,成為全球照顧鏈的一環,看似增加了女性就業機會,其實是加劇了性別差異及照顧工作女性化的刻板印象。當全球照顧鏈在探討照顧的剩餘價值或情感轉移時,鮮少有人注意到女性移工在他國的生育困境及被剝奪懷孕權利。
台灣社福移工主要來自印尼,現約20萬名印尼籍育齡婦女在台擔任照顧工作。每年查獲在臺懷孕或生產,並接受機構安置的失聯移工婦幼約為200人,尚不包括女性移工自行在家生產未通報的數字,隨著逐年攀升的移工產子人數,失聯移工在臺生育一事已成為需要關注的社福事件。雖然台灣已不再要求女性移工驗孕,並給予她們生育的權利,但大部份女性移工仍面臨生育與工作的困難抉擇。因此本研究的主要目的在於,失聯社福女性移工在面臨生育及工作的決策歷程,及瞭解工作者對於多元文化案主的服務經驗及反思。
本研究以深度訪談法訪問8位受安置之失聯社福女性移工及6位官方及民間機構的工作者。研究結果發現:
一、社會結構對女性移工的限制:女性移工因社會結構的限制及支持系統的薄弱,使得她們在懷孕後就面臨進退兩難的困境。
二、回歸以兒童最佳利益為主體:從兒童最佳利益的角度思考,母嬰共同安置於成人收容場所,是否能讓移工後代享有安全穩定的生存環境。
三、跨文化工作者的文化勝任能力:社會工作者在面對多元文化案主時,需要增加自身的多元文化能力,避免因為對跨文化案主的偏見及刻板印象,而產生認知上的偏誤。
綜上所述研究結果,本研究建議:
一、應建立雇主、仲介及女性移工,三方權力對等的協議機制。
二、女性移工返國生產後優先進用及免再付仲介費用。
三、保障雇主應享的權益,不會因為移工懷孕而產生損失。
四、協助成立社福女性移工互助團體。
五、移工的求職自由市場,讓移工聘用的機制回歸自由市場。
六、成立針對女性移工的跨部會專責部門。
七、透過實務訓練及多元文化教育來提升工作者的多元文化內涵。
本次研究的8位女性失聯移工,因機構結束安置服務而再度失聯,她們不信任官方的安置機構,寧願再度違法失聯也不願意進入政府的安置場所。失聯女性移工對民間機構的信任感,才是促使她們願意出面自首的關鍵因素,當政府要結束民間非法安置服務時,應考量如何將信任感延續下去,創造一個更友善的安置環境。
The process of globalization has accelerated the labor trafficking to satisfy the growing demand of the care chain, in this trend the female migrant workers make up a predominant proportion of the global care chain. It seems like the female labors are benefited from the booming job market, nevertheless it actually has enhanced the gender discrimination, such as the nursing job is typically a female role. The plight of foreign female worker, including the deprivation of pregnancy right and parenting their child has been neglected for a long time. Most of the domestic migrant labor in Taiwan is from Indonesia. There are around 200,000 female Indonesians who are employed to do the domestic or nursing work in Taiwan. According to the official information, every year there are about 200 illegal Indonesian female with their children need to be sheltered in the social welfare institution. Not to mention the unreported home parturitions. Along with the childbirth increment of the migrant workers, we need to pay serious attention to the birth delivery of the illegal migrant workers.
Although the pregnancy test is no longer necessary in Taiwan, and the right of birth delivery for the migrant female workers has been granted. In the fact, most of the female migrant workers would still be caught in a dilemma as to whether to keep their job or pregnancy. In summary, this research focuses on the issues related to the decisions for the illegal migrant female workers to make when it comes to the childbirth and job. Furthermore, from the perspective of the social welfare institutions to understand their serving experience and reflection towards the clients from different countries and cultures.
In-depth interviews with eight illegal female migrant workers from the social welfare shelter and six social workers from official and NGO are conducted in this research. And the results are summarized as follow:
1.Due to the restraint of society structure and lack of support resource, the female migrant workers always struggle in a predicament as the pregnancy issue is concerned.
2.In regards of the best interests of a child, is it appropriate for the mother to nurse a child in an adult shelter?
3.It requires more empathy for the social workers to embrace all the culture differences. we shall always respect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the client.
As a conclusion, this research suggests as below:
1.We should establish a labor dispute settlement mechanism with substantive equality of the triangle between employers, agencies, and female migrant workers.
2.Priority Employment for the migrant female worker after child birth, and immunity of agent fee.
3.Protecting the rights of the employer prevent the loss from the migrant worker’s pregnancy.
4.Facilitating to establish supporting groups for the female migrant workers.
5.Reforming the migrant worker employment mechanism to be a free job market.
6.Establishment of the competent authority for the migrant worker.
7.Social work practice education and training for culture diversity.
The eight illegal female workers in this research have lost contact again, since the shelter closed. They rather against the law rather than being placed in the official placement institution, because the lack of trust. The trust of the illegal female workers for the private shelter institution plays an important factor for them to surrender them up. The authority concerned should think more about how to continue the trust relationship and make the housing environment more friendly prior to the closure of ill private shelter institution.
中文文獻:
Allison艾厲森(2019)。移工罪與罰:那些血淚交織的在台工作日。獨立評論@天下。2019/09/27。https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/477/article/8543
Cheung V.(2014)。一位外傭形容:在新加坡我們如同「超市中的洋娃娃」被展示。BuzzOrange。https://buzzorange.com/2014/07/10/discount-maid-at-singapores-malls/
Dow,R.D.(2011).死刑台前的告別:我替百位死刑犯辯護的日子(楊語芸譯)。臺北市:漫遊者。(原著出版年:2011)
三立新聞(2014)。獨家/男嬰可賣100萬!直擊印尼商店仲介販嬰。三立新聞,2014/06/24。https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=28115
中央社(2016)。台中霧峰女棄嬰 生母為越南逃逸外勞。中央社,2016/09/21。https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20160921003323-260402?chdtv
中央社(2019)。越籍移工產女丟棄路邊 遭警方移送。中央社,2019/03/27。https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2015948
方恩真(2011)。東南亞籍新移民母親照顧癌症子女之生活經驗(未出版之碩士論文)。國立台北護理健康大學護理系:台北市。
王天苗(2004)。幼兒發展與學習之影響因素探討。國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育學系,特殊教育研究學刊,民93(27),1-18。
王幼玲、王美玉(2019)。監察院調查報告108內調0100。臺北市,監察院。https://www.cy.gov.tw/CyBsBoxContent.aspx?n=133&s=6871
王行(2007)。暴力與非自願性案主輔導:系統視野的論述。台北:松慧出版。
王順民(2019)。擺盪在家人、移工和居服員三者之間的孝親行徑替補及其結構性剝削。國政評論。財團法人國家政策研究基金會。2019/10/3。https://www.npf.org.tw/1/21487
王增勇(2002)。原住民社會工作與福利服務。社會工作與台灣社會,309-335。台北:巨流 圖書。
王增勇、凃沛璇(2019)。從文化缺陷到反壓迫社工:多元文化社工的再想像。社區發展季刊,165,329-339。
內政部移民署。統計資料查詢網站。https://www.immigration.gov.tw/5385/7344/7350/8943/?alias=settledown&sdate=201901&edate=201906。檢索日期2020/01/20。
世界銀行(2016)。2016 年營商環境報告:衡量監管質量和效率。http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2016。
四方新聞(2020)。社福移工不適用勞基法基本薪資怎麼調都無感。四方新聞。2020/08/20。https://4wayvoice.nownews.com/news/20200820/612281/
可蘭經漢譯經文查詢。查詢網站。http://tool.hkislam.com/cqse/。檢索日期2021/7/10。
甘安琪(2020)。非婚生穆斯林子女不能冠父名 槟宗教司:是时候检讨法规。精彩大马。2020/2/14。https://www.cincainews.com/news/malaysia/2020/02/14/time-for-fatwa-on-the-naming-of-illegitimate-muslim-children-to-be-reviewed/1837614
石秀娟(2020)。印尼要求雇主負擔移工安置費 願協商但不改立場。中央通訊社,2020/09/03。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202009030081.aspx
成之約 (2017)。在家庭工作外籍勞工權益保障: 他國經驗借鏡。臺灣勞工季刊,51, 26-31. https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/117804/1/23-28.pdf
自由時報(2015)。嬤想抱孫掰撿到嬰 意外爆出診所疑販賣人口。自由時報,2015/03/08。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/1250671
自由時報(2016)。廚餘桶發現男嬰屍體 警方尋獲丟棄者。自由時報,2016/08/31。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/1811856
余衡(2017)。餵毒剝削40移工 惡仲介還性侵女外勞 宛如性奴集中營。自由時報,2017/07/24。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/2141717
吳欣紜(2019)。外籍看護雇主籲恢復妊娠檢查,保障被照顧者權益。中央社。2019/11/30。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/201911300087.aspx
呂嘉鴻、李宗憲(2019)。香港外籍幫傭:懷孕產子的代價,嘗試留港的征途。BBC中文。https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-48995755
李玉春(2015)。長期照顧保險法 保障你我未來。衛福季刊電子版,第4期。http://www2.mohwpaper.tw/inside.php?offset=1&cid=218&type=history
李宗澤(2020)。直聘移工問題多 仲介制度難廢除。《小世界周報》。2020/10/28。https://reurl.cc/xGOxnb
李牧宜(2015)。一個空姐家裡的印尼女孩:我以為比較高的人不會想跟比較低的人說話……。TheNewsLens關鍵評論。2015/05/14。 https://www.thenewslens.com/article/16684
李美賢(2013)。後殖民印尼性/別道德政策演化的初步觀察。2013年台灣東南亞區域研討會發表文章。
李聲吼(2009)。文化能力在社會工作教育與運用之探討。社區發展季刊,127,153-125。
兒童死亡個案檢討委員會(2019)。兒童死亡個案檢討委員會第四份報告(有關2014及2015年的香港兒童死亡個案)。2019/05。https://www.swd.gov.hk/storage/asset/section/2867/tc/CFRP_Fourth_Report_cn_Nov2019.pdf
周月清(1994)。台灣受虐婦女社會支持探討之研究。婦女與兩性學刊,5,69-108。DOI:10.6255/JWGS.1994.5.69
周新富(2008)。社會階級對子女學業成就的影響-以家庭資源為分析架構。台灣教育社會學研究,台灣教育社會學研究,2008(1),1-43。
周會敏(2008)。增權理論與傳統社會工作理論之比較與反思。東華大學學報(社會科學版),12,285-288。
東森新聞(2019)。關愛之家無國界 移工母子暫時避風港。東森新聞。2019/03/28。https://news.ebc.net.tw/news/society/158149
林天祐(2002)。認識研究倫理,林淑玲、陳麗鳳、張金年、傅明儀、謝雅惠、林天祐、劉春榮(主編)。研究論文與報告撰寫手冊,頁96-134。臺北市:臺北市立師範學院輔導中心。
林本炫(2007)。不同質性研究方法的資料分析比較。嘉義,南華大學教育社會學研究所。
林沛璇、游晴晴(2020)。移工議題與社會工作。台大社工系學會學術部。2020/03/22。
林秀錦、王天苗(2004)。幼兒入學準備能力之研究。特殊教育研究學刊,民93(26),89-108。
林辰彥(2020)。印尼年輕男女婚前性行為鞭刑100還是要量體溫戴口罩。三立新聞網。2020/06/06。https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=757077
林奐成、陳偉周、侯良儒(2019)。你的人權燈塔是我的囚牢:逾千移工在台慘遭性侵。蘋果日報,2019年專題報導。https://tw.inv.appledaily.com/metoo/imprisonment-thousands-of-migrant-workers-raped-in-taiwan/
林昭彰(2019)。調查報導/全台幽靈黑戶寶寶人數 至今仍是個謎。聯合新聞網2019/11/10。https://udn.com/news/story/7315/4156489
林玲舟(2014)。外籍勞工發生行蹤不明原因分析探討。台北,勞動部勞動力發展署。
林悅(2020)。懷孕移工自行到案盼移民署協助返鄉開啟新生活。ETtoday新聞雲,2020/06/05。https://www.ettoday.net/news/20200605/1730663.htm#ixzz6b6HdsQnH
林國榮、詹火生、馬財專、藍科正、林昭禎(2014)。未來十年我國外勞政策變革方向之研究,臺北:財團法人國家政策研究基金會。
林萬億(2013)。當代社會工作:理論與方法(3版)。台北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
邱羽凡、宋庭語(2020)。移工自由轉換雇主之限制規範與檢討。交大法學評論,勞動法特刊。
邵沛琳(2020)。入境處「曙光行動」反非法勞工 拘七名黑工及兩女僱主。香港01。2020/09/29。https://reurl.cc/GmgZgd
洪清海(2014)。不可思議的卡法拉(kafala system)外勞控制系統。勞動論壇。http://www.tpfl.org.tw/article.php?id=1365
香港特別行政區政府新聞公報(2021)。非法勞工被判入獄。GovHK香港政府一站通。2021/05/27。https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202105/27/P2021052700548.htm
孫暐皓(2016)。別再被媒體的片面資訊誤導了,你知道新加坡職場階級分明,低階移工難以翻身嗎?。2016/09/12。https://crossing.cw.com.tw/article/6965
徐禎美(2003)。第三孕期婦女的壓力, 社會支持與憂鬱(未出版之碩士論文)。高雄醫學大學護理學系,高雄市。
馬來西亞移民局總部(內政部)(2021)。Enforcement。2021/07/07。https://www.imi.gov.my/portal2017/index.php/en/enforcement.html
高彥哲(2018)。逃逸移工虐死童 黑戶兒曝光。中國時報。2018/12/11。https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20181211000614-260106?chdtv
國家發展委員會(2020)。中華民國人口推估(2020年至2070年)。2020/08。https://pop- proj.ndc.gov.tw/download.aspx?uid=70&pid=70
康庭瑜(2020)。性、母職、國家工具人:《海的另一端》...菲律賓移工的女性困境。聯合報數位版。2020/10/12。https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8664/4929009
張添童(2010)。台灣外籍勞工行蹤不明之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。逢甲大學公共政策: 台中市。
張曉筱(2017)。社工理論比較與實務運用:任務中心取向,生態觀及增強權能觀三者的比較分析。社區發展季刊,159,385-400。
曹惟純、葉光輝(2017)。〈從孝道外包到服務外購─以孝道雙元模型解讀臺灣家庭高齡照顧型態的當代演化〉,見胡台麗、余舜德、周玉慧主編:《跨.文化:人類學與心理學的視野》,369-407,臺北:中央研究院民族學研究所。
許凱惠(2020)。我國移工失聯行為之前因探討-以印尼籍及越南籍為例(未出版之碩士論文)。逢甲大學公共事務與社會創新:台中市。
許臨高(2010)。社會個案工作-理論與實務(主編)。台北: 五南.
連子彬(2019)。「歧視三明治」:當明目張膽的歧視成為台灣日常。聯合報。2019/9/18。https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/11115/4052187
郭建慧(2011)。移形換位:諸羅城中的女體經驗、日常生活空間與文化再現。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。
陳向明(2002)。社會科學質的研究。台北:五南。
陳秀玉(2014)。本國藍領外籍勞工行蹤不明原因之分析(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學勞工關係學系:嘉義縣。
陳依潔(2008)。跨文化社會工作者的服務經驗與反思(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學社會工作學,台北市。 https://hdl.handle.net/11296/tumzaq
陳怡靜(2018)。惡仲介欺逃逸女外勞 打工被抽佣6成還性侵。三立新聞。2018/08/30。https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=423088
陳洸銘(2018)。性行為的「罪與罰」:印尼愛家盟的釋字申請。聯合報嗚人堂。 https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/11635/3057065
陳貞樺(2017)。看見「透明的小孩」─從香港經驗再思無國籍兒童議題。報導者。2017/3/1。https://www.twreporter.org/a/stateless-children-of-migrants-chance-hk
陳啓明(2018)。狠保母虐嬰身分曝光 逃逸移工還非法營業將被重罰。三立新聞。2018/12/09。https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=468275
陳揚(2011)。印尼人姓名中的文化差异与融合。東南亞研究. 2011,5,92-96。
傅莞淇(2014)。香港印傭受虐 慘絕人寰。風傳媒。2014/01/20。https://www.storm.mg/article/26558
勞東來(2019)。菲傭受聘照顧大肚僱主兼湊B來港後亦懷孕產女申申覆核挑戰同住規定。蘋果日報,2019/10/30。 https://hk.appledaily.com/local/20191030/NOM3BMABQLMIHKNVQCNTXWBE2A/
勞動部(2015)。國際上外籍勞工政策與最低 (基本)工資制度之關連性。臺北市,勞動部。
勞動部(2016)。勞委會將採重罰非法雇主及非法媒介以遏止外勞行蹤不明。中華民國勞動部全球資訊網。2016/09/19。https://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/27179/15866/
勞動部(2019)。108年外籍勞工運用及管理調查報告。臺北市,勞動部。
勞動部勞動力發展署(2010)。懷孕及健康檢查項目。文宣專區。2020/06/11。https://www.wda.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=8DC97C01DCF594B0&sms=B765994FC1B39759&s=7322BDD52B25D100
勞動部。勞動統計查詢網。https://statfy.mol.gov.tw/index12.aspx。檢索日期2020/08/25。
壹週刊(2018)。7月嬰送醫亡 印尼保姆涉虐被逮。壹週刊,2018/12/10。https://tw.nextmgz.com/realtimenews/news/455560
彭杏珠(2019)。女移工未婚生子、棄嬰2000名「黑寶寶」見不得光。移工、新住民系列報導,遠見,2019/06。https://event.gvm.com.tw/201906_migrant-worker/05.html
曾仁杰(2014)。邁向復元之路--優勢觀點社會工作處遇關係之內涵與歷程研究(未出版之博士論文)。國立暨南國際大學社會政策與社會工作學系:南投縣。
曾翔霆.(2016)。Karyati:我在阿拉伯工作,每天睡四個小時,摺一座山的衣服。One-Forty。 https://one-forty.org/2016/07/06/migrantstory_karyati/
曾華源,黃俐婷(2006)。心理暨社會派、生態系統觀點及增強權能觀點對 “人在情境中”的詮釋比較。東吳大學學報,2006,6(14):63-89。
曾僑慧.邱乃唐(2015)。性侵害女性移工個案實務工作的經驗與反思:從移工庇護所社工的角度。社區發展季刊,152,246-253。
游美惠、唐文慧(2002)。社會母職:女性主義媽媽的願景。婦女與性別研究通訊,63,13-15。
湯佳珮(2021)。0~3歲語言發展里程碑!正常或遲緩,把握黃金期正確判斷。嬰兒與母親。2021/03/07。https://www.mababy.com/knowledge-detail?id=11708
覃玉蓉(2019)。照顧、勞動與性別平等:從婦女新知基金會的倡議經驗談起。婦研縱橫,110,40-47。
新加坡華人網(2015)。新加坡打黑工被抓,你知道最高罰款是多少嗎? 請看。新加坡華人網今日頭條。2015/12/09。https://www.twgreatdaily.com/cat39/node780167
詹宜璋(2009)。專業知識與文化知識之衝突與轉化:原住民族社會工作者專業實踐的反思。社區發展季刊,127,113-120。
廖绣玉(2019)。外國遊客也得遵守!印尼新刑法要禁同性戀與婚前性行為 數萬學生包圍國會、怒喊撤回惡法。風傳媒。https://www.storm.mg/article/1757797
廖綉玉(2018)。想海外打工?先打避孕針!英國《衛報》:斯里蘭卡貧窮婦女到中東幫傭,竟遭毆打、虐待與性侵!。風傳媒。https://today.line.me/TW/article/jBEezL?utm_source=copyshare
監察院新聞稿(2019)。未落實處理外籍移工子女身分權益、性工法對懷孕移工政策難以落實,監察院糾正行政院、內政部移民署及勞動部。監察院。2019/11/19。https://www.cy.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=124&s=14906
監察院新聞稿(2020)。紀惠容委員就:「移工(黑戶)寶寶在台之身分及居留權之檢討」議題,代表內政及族群委員會作以下發言。監察院,2020/12/28。https://www.cy.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=528&s=19842
監察院調查處(2020)。監察院調查「勞動部直聘中心職能不彰 引進移工比率低 且提供就業轉換資訊不足 衍生仲介違法向移工收取轉換雇主費用」案。監察院電子報,137,2020/9/10。https://multimedia.cy.gov.tw/Epaper_Content.aspx?es=37&n=531&s=18319
趙從賢(2019)。淺談臨床溝通的核心技巧。林口總院醫教電子報。2019(162)。https://www1.cgmh.org.tw/intr/intr2/ebmlink/36100/enews/me_epaper_108-02.htm
劉怡芳、孫蕾明、王姿芸、許慧香(2016)。探討外勞性侵害案件跨網絡處遇模式-以高雄市 為例。社區發展季刊,156,169-181。
劉梅君(2000)。廉價外勞」論述的政治經濟學批判。台灣社會研究季刊,38,59-89。
潘淑滿(2000)。社會個案工作,台北市:心理出版社
潘淑滿(2005)。台灣母職圖像。女學學誌:婦女與性別研究,20,41-91。
潘淑滿(2007)。外籍家事工受暴現象的社會意義。社區發展季刊,119,103-115。
潘淑滿、劉曉春(2010)。從事外籍配偶家庭服務之社會工作角色定位與服務模式建構之探討:以外籍配偶家庭服務中心為例。內政部委託研究報告(PG9806-0083)。台北:內政部社會司。
衛生福利部(2011)。國民長期照護需要調查(第二階段)。臺北市,衛福部。
衛生福利部(2018)。中華民國 106 年老人狀況調查報告。https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/cp-1767-38429-113.html
衛生福利部疾病管制署(2019)。疾管署說明針對非本國籍特殊兒童(黑戶寶寶)亦可接種各項常規疫苗。新聞稿。2019/8/6。https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/ListContent/4T8vDeSxOpmz0ILvF_D8Yw?uaid=j2C0YYhi3H2yjfmZxo1ccw
融幼社PathFinders。官方網站。https://www.PathFinders.org.hk/zh-Hant/。檢索日期2020/8/20。
蕭婷方(2020)。台灣成打黑工天堂… 無法遣送回國的失聯移工,為何到處趴趴走身價反漲?。今周刊。2020/12/09。https://reurl.cc/MZYrLK
勵馨基金會(2020)。2020家事移工調查研究。台灣看護移工勞動權益及長期照顧制度永續性論壇。2020/11/20。
總統府人權諮詢委員會(2019)。總統府人權諮詢委員會第三十六次委員會議紀錄,108/07/19。
聯合國兒童權利委員會(2017)。關於具國際移民背景兒童的人權問題一般性原則的保護所有移徙工人及其家庭成員權利委員會第 3 號和兒童權利委員會第 22 號聯合一般性意見。2017/11/19。https://www.cylaw.org.tw/about/crc/28/311
聯合新聞網(2016)。跨國仲介費黑洞 官方難釐清。聯合新聞網,2016/04/30。https://udn.com/upf/newmedia/2016_data/20160430_migrante/m/analyze1.html
謝孟穎(2019)。歧視殺人!懷孕外籍移工被迫逃跑,「黑戶」寶寶悲歌:不能打疫苗染病死,媽媽說想把他埋在清真寺…。風傳媒,2019/08/06。https://www.storm.mg/article/1546158
謝幸恩(2017)。我想要上學 黑戶寶寶困境直擊。鏡週刊,2017/09/16。https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20170913soc002/
藍佩嘉(2005)。漂洋過海來幫傭:外籍家務勞工的生命地圖。人籟月刊,14,36-43。
藍佩嘉(2006)。合法的奴工,法外的自由:外籍勞工的控制與出走。臺灣社會研究季刊,64,107-150。
藍佩嘉(2008)。跨國灰姑娘:當東南亞幫傭遇上台灣新富家庭。行人文化實驗室,140-150。
藍佩嘉(2010)。照護工作: 文化觀點的考察。社會科學論叢,3(2),1-27。
藍佩嘉(2017)。向移民學習,認識更大的世界。親子天下雜誌,93,2-3。http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~pclan/columns/17_09_new_southern.pdf
藍佩嘉(2018)。再訪「跨國灰姑娘」。獨立評論@天下。https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/390/article/7506
鄺曉斌、鄧穎琳(2017)。外傭泣訴血淚歲月 胎兒被咒弱智無手腳。香港01線報。2017/11/08。https://reurl.cc/ogdL3D
羅晴(2016)。外勞「一夜情」未婚生子,這些孩子們都去哪了?。TVBSNEWS,2016/09/22。 https://news.tvbs.com.tw/ttalk/detail/topic/4749
關鍵評論網(2019)。印尼新國會不撤刑法修正案,學運爆衝突,局勢恐惡化。關鍵評論網 ASEAN。https://www.thenewslens.com/article/125459
龔宜君(2012)。移工的道德經濟學:印尼在臺女性勞動者之研究。人文與社會科學簡訊。2012年9月,13(4),47。
龔宜君(2014)。內捲化的跨國移動:來台印尼爪哇女性移工的道德經濟學。臺灣社會學刊。2014年12月,(55),75-126。
英文文獻:
Anderson, K., & van Ee, E. (2020). Reflective functioning of refugee mothers with children born of conflict-related sexual violence. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8), 2873.
Anju M. P., and Pearlyn N. (2018). Am I Allowed to Be Pregnant? Awareness of Pregnancy Protection Laws among Migrant Domestic Workers in Hong Kong. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (7): 1195–1213. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1367651
Appadurai,A.(1996). Modernity At Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis. University of Minnesota Press.
Aspinwall N.(2019). “Baby or a job? Stark choice for Taiwan's migrant workers”, Reuters.2019/12/17. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-migrants-workers-idUSKBN1YL0WU
Bachelard,M. (2013). Thousands of babies sold on Indonesian black market .THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD.2013/5/11. https://www.smh.com.au/world/thousands-of-babies-sold-on-indonesian-black-market-20130511-2jeaj.html
Binder, P., Borné, Y., Johnsdotter, S., & Essén, B. (2012). Shared language is essential: communication in a multiethnic obstetric care setting. Journal of health communication, 17(10), 1171–1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.665421
Brücker H., Capuano, S. and Marfouk, A. (2013). Education, gender and international migration: insights from a panel-dataset 1980-2010, mimeo.
Castles, S., De Haas, H., & Miller, M. J. (2013). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Cheang, J. (2008). Choice of foreign names as a strategy for identity management. Intercultural Communication Studies, 17(2), 197-202.
Cheng, I.(2020). We want productive workers, not fertile women: The expediency of employing Southeast Asian caregivers in Taiwan. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12275
Constable, N. (2014). Migrant motherhood,‘failed migration’, and the gendered risks of precarious labour. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and-National Studies of Southeast Asia, 3(1), 135-151.
Constable, N.(2015). Born Out of Place: Migrant Mothers and the Politics of International Labour. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Constable,N. (2019). Tales of two cities: legislating pregnancy and marriage among foreign domestic workers in Singapore and Hong Kong. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1-17.
Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty?. American journal of sociology, 112(5), 1297-1338.
Cortina, L. M., Curtin, N., & Stewart, A. J. (2012). Where is social structure in personality research? A feminist analysis of publication trends. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(3), 259-273.
Cousins, S.(2018). “Will Migrant Domestic Workers in the Gulf Ever Be Safe From Abuse?”.TheNewHumanitarian.2018/08/31.https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/articles/2018/08/31/will-migrant-domestic-workers-in-the-gulf-ever-be-safe-from-abuse-2
de Guzman, M. R. T., Durden, T. R., Taylor, S. A., Guzman, J. M., & Potthoff, K. L. (2016). Cultural competence: An important skill set for the 21st century. Youth & Families, Families.Issued February 2016.https://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/html/g1375/build/g1375.htm
Dobranja, D. (2017). Global care chains, refugee crisis, and deskilling of workers. Gender and the Economy - Perspectives of Feminist Economics.
Donato, K. M., & Gabaccia, D. (2016). The Global Feminization of Migration: Past, Present, and Future. Migration Policy Institute. Testo disponibile al sito: http://www. migrationpolicy. org/article/global-feminization-migration-pastpresent-and-future.
Donato,M.K. & Gabaccia,D.(2016). The Global Feminization of Migration: Past, Present, and Future. the online journal of the migration policy institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/global-feminization-migration-past-present-and-future
Dumitru, S., & Marfouk, A. (2015). Existe-t-il une féminisation de la migration internationale?. Féminisation de la migration qualifiée et invisibilité des diplômes. Hommes & migrations. Revue française de référence sur les dynamiques migratoires, (1311), 31-41.
ECDHR.(2019). Bahrain – Migrant workers’ rights, June 2019. European Centre for Democracy and Human Rights.2019/06.
European Commission(2020). First steps taken to protect migrant domestic workers in the Sudan. EU EMERGENCY TRUST FUND FOR AFRICA.2020/9/21.https://ec.europa.eu/trustfundforafrica/all-news-and-stories/first-steps-taken-protect-migrant-domestic-workers-sudan_en
Fair Labor Association. (2018). Triple Discrimination: Woman, Pregnant, and Migrant. 2019/04/13. http://www. fairlabor. org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/triple_discrimination_woman_pregnant_and_migrant_march_2018. pdf.
Fellmeth, G., Plugge, E. H., Nosten, S., Oo, M. M., Fazel, M., Charunwatthana, P., Nosten, F., Fitzpatrick, R., & McGready, R. (2018). Living with severe perinatal depression: a qualitative study of the experiences of labour migrant and refugee women on the Thai-Myanmar border. BMC psychiatry, 18(1), 229. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1815-7
Godoy O.(2002). El Salvador. Trabajo infantil doméstico: Una evaluación rápida (Geneva: ILO-IPEC, 2002), p. 24.
Goh, L. S.(2015). Atmosphere of fear prevents pregnant maids from seeking help. AWARE. https://www.aware.org.sg/2015/10/atmosphere-of-fear-prevents-pregnant-maids-from-seeking-help/
Green, J. (1995). Cultural awareness in the human services a multi-ethnic approach. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cultural-awareness-in-the-human-services-%3A-a-Green/f0e158f55c53ed885183e646acb36f25be589c77
Herbe A.(2019). “Singapore domestic workers 'suffer exploitation and abuse” DW RECOMMENDS,2019/03/28. https://www.dw.com/en/singapore-domestic-workers-suffer-exploitation-and-abuse/a-48101632
Hochschild, A. (2000). “Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value.” In On the Edge: Living with Global Capitalism, edited by A. Giddens and W. Hutton, 130–146. London: Jonathan Cape.
Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805851
Human Rights Watch.(2006). Swept Under the Rug: Abuses against Domestic Workers Around the World. https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/07/27/swept-under-rug/abuses-against-domestic-workers-around-world
ILO.(2018). Recognizing the rights of domestic workers. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/features/WCMS_641738/lang--en/index.htm
Johnson, A. J. (Ed.). (2015). Religion and men's violence against women. Springer-Verlag New York. DOI10.1007/978-1-4939-2266-6
Kaur, A. (2007). International labour migration in Southeast Asia: Governance of migration and women domestic workers. Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, 15. Retrieved from http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue15/kaur.htm
Knott K.(2020). Pregnant, jobless and stranded by Covid-19: domestic workers shelter in a Hong Kong charity’s safe house.SouthChinaMorningPost,2020/09/10.https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/family-relationships/article/3100792/they-are-pregnant-out-work-and-stranded-covid-19
Kondrat,M.(1999).Who is the “self” in self-aware:Prefessional self-awareness froma critical theory perspective. Social Service Review, 73(4),451-477.
Lan, P. C. (2003). Political and social geography of marginal insiders: Migrant domestic workers in Taiwan. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 12(1-2), 99-125.
Lephard, E., & Haith-Cooper, M. (2016). Pregnant and seeking asylum: exploring women's experiences ‘from booking to baby’. British Journal of Midwifery, 24(2), 130-136.
Mandap, D.CL. (2014). “ Pregnant foreign domestic workers in HK seek help”.Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/balikbayan/54699-pregnant-foreign-domestic-workers-hk-seek-help
Maymon, P. L. (2017). The Feminization of Migration: Why are women moving more. Cornell Policy Review, 5.
Michener, H.A.(1988). Social Structure & Personality. Handbook of Social Psychology. https://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam/xsoc530/socstructure.html
Mills, M. B.(1999). Thai Women in the Global Labour Force. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Ong, A. (1999). Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality . Durham: Duke University Press, p. 4.
Ong, A. (2006). Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Ostrach B.(2013). ' Yo No Sabía …'-Immigrant Women's Use of National Health Systems for Reproductive and Abortion Care. Journal of Immigrant & Minority Health 2013;15(2):262–272.
Parreñas, R. S. (2015). Servants of globalization: Migration and domestic work. Stanford University Press.
Parreñas, R.S. (2001), Servants of Globalization:Women, Migration, and Domestic Work. Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press.
Piper, N. (2003). Feminization of labor migration as violence against women: International, regional, and local nongovernmental organization responses in Asia. Violence Against Women, 9(6), 723-745.
Piper, N. (2008). Feminisation of migration and the social dimensions of development: the Asian case. ThirdWorld Quarterly, 29(7):1287–1303.
Puvar, D. (2015). The Struggle Overseas: risk factors for suicide among female migrant workers in Nepal. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3242&context=isp_collection
Rajan, K.S. (2017). Pharmocracy: value, politics, and knowledge in global biomedicine.6-20. Duke University Press.
Rubin, R. (1984). Maternal identity and the maternal experience. New York: Springer.
Santos, A. P.,(2017). “Qatari laws target pregnant migrant workers”,DW News. https://www.dw.com/en/qatari-laws-target-pregnant-migrant-workers/a-39384445
Schmied, V., Black, E., Naidoo, N., Dahlen, H. G., & Liamputtong, P. (2017). Migrant women's e xperiences, meanings and ways of dealing with postnatal depression: A meta-ethnographic study. PloS one, 12(3), e0172385. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172385
Schoevers, M. A., van den Muijsenbergh, M. E., & Lagro-Janssen, A. L. (2010). Illegal female immigrants in The Netherlands have unmet needs in sexual and reproductive health. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 31(4), 256-264.
Seow, J.(2015). “Maids Fear Losing Job when they Get Pregnant.”, Straits Times, December 3.https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/maids-fear-losing-job-when-they-get-pregnant
Shafiqul,I. (2018). Global care chain & gender inequality: the case of Philippines , Srilanka & Bangladesh. Socioeconomica-Naučni časopis za teoriju i praksu društveno-ekonomskog razvoja, 7(13), 71-88.
Sijapati, B. (2015). Issue in brief, March No.12. In Women’s labour migration from Asia and the Pacific: Opportunities and challenges. Washington, DC: International Organization for Migration.
Sokoloff, N.(1980)BetweenMoneyandLove:TheDialecticsofWomen’sHomeandMarketWork.New York: Praeger Publishers.
Stark, S. (2006). Cultural diversity and social work. Western Kentucky University.
Streber O. B.(2000).Comment provided to Human Rights Watch by fax by Oscar Barahona Streber, San José, Costa Rica, November 29, 2000.
Tittensor, D., & Mansouri, F. (2017). The feminisation of migration? A critical overview. In The Politics of Women and Migration in the Global South (pp. 11-25). Palgrave Pivot, London.
UN News Centre.(2017). UN agency data on labour migration shows 150 million migrants in global workforce,http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp
United Nations(2019). International Migration 2019 Report. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. United Nations. New York, 2019.
Ward,O.(2018). Babies for sale: ASEAN’s insidious underground baby market. ASEAN Today.2018/10/19. https://www.aseantoday.com/2018/10/babies-for-sale-aseans-insidious-underground-baby-market/
Yeates, N. (2005). Global care chains: a critical introduction. Global migration perspectives, 44(2).
Zlotnik,H.(2003). Migrants’rights, forced migration and migration policy in Africa. In Migration in Comparative Perspective conference, Johannesburg.