簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 辛宜佳
Yi-Chia Hsin
論文名稱： 台灣周邊海域海流之數值研究
Numerical study on the currents around Taiwan
指導教授： 吳朝榮
Wu, Chau-Ron
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 地球科學系
Department of Earth Sciences
論文出版年： 2008
畢業學年度： 96
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 92
中文關鍵詞： 傳輸量 、台灣海峽 、數值模擬 、黑潮 、季內變化
英文關鍵詞： volume transport, Taiwan Straitt, numerical modeling, Kuroshio, intra-seasonal variation
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：212  下載：7 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • A multiple grid-size nesting ocean model system is developed in this work to perform studies on the variations of the flow in the Taiwan Strait and the Kuroshio east of Taiwan.
    The transport in the Taiwan Strait is studied using the East Asian Marginal Seas (EAMS) model. Three model experiments using different wind data sets (ERA40, NCEP Reanalysis version 2, and QuikSCAT/NCEP blend wind) were performed. Model experiments suggested that the best simulation is achieved when the model is driven by the QuikSCAT/NCEP blend wind forcing. Involving the strong wintertime southward flow events in the Taiwan Strait, the annual averaged modeled transports through the Taiwan Strait is 1.09 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3/s). The result suggests that shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (sb-ADCP) observations are biased toward estimates in summer and fair weather since bad weather during the winter northeast monsoon often prevents seagoing observations. Linear regression lines are also proposed to give simple relations between transport and wind stress for roughly evaluating the transport through a known wind stress value.
    The spatial and temporal variations of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan are investigated using model outputs, surface drifter trajectories, satellite-based altimetric data, and wind data. From the simulation of the EAMS model over a span of 24 years from 1982 to 2005, the variability of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan is studied in detail. Between 22 and 25°N, the mean state and variability of the Kuroshio, such as the two paths observed in the trajectories of surface drifters southeast of Taiwan and the branching of the Kuroshio northeast of Taiwan, are well reproduced by the model. Southeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio is mostly in the top 300 m in the inshore path but extends to 600 m in the offshore path. Northeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio follows the shelf edge in the East China Sea, but sometimes branches along a path south of the Ryukyu Islands. The latter path often meanders southward, and a significant portion of the Kuroshio transport may be diverted to this path. The Kuroshio extends from the coast to 123°E ~ 123.5°E between 22°N ~ 25°N with currents reaching a depth of 1000 m at some latitudes. The Kuroshio transports averaged over five sections east of Taiwan are 28.4 ± 5.0 Sv and 32.7 ± 4.4 Sv with and without the contribution from the countercurrent, respectively.
    Using satellite data and the Seas Around Taiwan (SAT) model simulation, the intra-seasonal variation of the Kuroshio southeast of Taiwan is further studied. Superimposed with the main stream of the Kuroshio, two intra-seasonal signals longer than 2 weeks are revealed in the study region, 20 ~ 30 days and 40 ~ 90 days. The variation of 20 ~ 30 days is only significant between Taiwan and the Lan-Yu Island. A mechanism is proposed to describe how the wind stress curl in the northeastern South China Sea modulates the circulation southeast of Taiwan on this timescale. The fluctuation with a longer period of 40 ~ 90 days is resulted from the westward propagating eddies.

    A multiple grid-size nesting ocean model system is developed in this work to perform studies on the variations of the flow in the Taiwan Strait and the Kuroshio east of Taiwan.
    The transport in the Taiwan Strait is studied using the East Asian Marginal Seas (EAMS) model. Three model experiments using different wind data sets (ERA40, NCEP Reanalysis version 2, and QuikSCAT/NCEP blend wind) were performed. Model experiments suggested that the best simulation is achieved when the model is driven by the QuikSCAT/NCEP blend wind forcing. Involving the strong wintertime southward flow events in the Taiwan Strait, the annual averaged modeled transports through the Taiwan Strait is 1.09 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3/s). The result suggests that shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (sb-ADCP) observations are biased toward estimates in summer and fair weather since bad weather during the winter northeast monsoon often prevents seagoing observations. Linear regression lines are also proposed to give simple relations between transport and wind stress for roughly evaluating the transport through a known wind stress value.
    The spatial and temporal variations of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan are investigated using model outputs, surface drifter trajectories, satellite-based altimetric data, and wind data. From the simulation of the EAMS model over a span of 24 years from 1982 to 2005, the variability of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan is studied in detail. Between 22 and 25°N, the mean state and variability of the Kuroshio, such as the two paths observed in the trajectories of surface drifters southeast of Taiwan and the branching of the Kuroshio northeast of Taiwan, are well reproduced by the model. Southeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio is mostly in the top 300 m in the inshore path but extends to 600 m in the offshore path. Northeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio follows the shelf edge in the East China Sea, but sometimes branches along a path south of the Ryukyu Islands. The latter path often meanders southward, and a significant portion of the Kuroshio transport may be diverted to this path. The Kuroshio extends from the coast to 123°E ~ 123.5°E between 22°N ~ 25°N with currents reaching a depth of 1000 m at some latitudes. The Kuroshio transports averaged over five sections east of Taiwan are 28.4 ± 5.0 Sv and 32.7 ± 4.4 Sv with and without the contribution from the countercurrent, respectively.
    Using satellite data and the Seas Around Taiwan (SAT) model simulation, the intra-seasonal variation of the Kuroshio southeast of Taiwan is further studied. Superimposed with the main stream of the Kuroshio, two intra-seasonal signals longer than 2 weeks are revealed in the study region, 20 ~ 30 days and 40 ~ 90 days. The variation of 20 ~ 30 days is only significant between Taiwan and the Lan-Yu Island. A mechanism is proposed to describe how the wind stress curl in the northeastern South China Sea modulates the circulation southeast of Taiwan on this timescale. The fluctuation with a longer period of 40 ~ 90 days is resulted from the westward propagating eddies.

    Table of contents page 謝誌……………………………………………………….. IV Abstract ………………………………………………….. VI Table of contents ………………………………................ VIII List of tables ……………………………………………... XI List of figures …………………………………….............. XII Chapter 1 Introduction …………………………………. 1 1.1 Geographic background around Taiwan ……………….... 1 1.2 Motivation …………………………………………...…....... 4 1.3 References ………………………………………………….. 8 Chapter 2 Volume transport through the Taiwan Strait: a numerical study …......................................... 13 2.0 Abstract ……….…..………………….……………………... 13 2.1 Introduction ……….…..………………….………………… 14 2.2 The numerical model ………………………………………. 17 2.3 Results and discussions …………………………………….. 20 2.3.1 Model experiments and validation ………………………. 20 2.3.2 Transport through the Penghu Channel ………………….. 22 2.3.3 Transport through the Taiwan Strait ……………………... 26 2.4 Conclusions ………………………………………………..... 31 2.5 References ………………………………………………....... 33 Chapter 3 Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Kuroshio East of Taiwan, 1982-2005: A numerical study.............................................. 37 3.0 Abstract …………………………………………………....... 37 3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………........ 38 3.2 Model description ………………………………………….. 43 3.3 Result from model simulation ……………………………... 45 3.3.1 Mean surface currents …………………………………… 46 3.3.2 Seasonal variation of currents with depths ……………..... 49 3.3.3 Transport …………………………………………………. 55 3.4 Discussions ………………………………………………….. 61 3.5 Conclusions …………………………………………………. 64 3.6 References …………………………………………………... 66 Chapter 4 Intra-seasonal Variation of the Kuroshio southeast of Taiwan and its possible forcing mechanism ...................................................... 72 4.0 Abstract …………………………………………………....... 72 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………… 72 4.2 Satellite data and numerical model ……………………...... 75 4.3 Results ……………………………………………………..... 76 4.3.1 Velocity property and intra-seasonal variation …………... 76 4.3.2 Dynamics of the Kuroshio fluctuations ………………...... 80 4.4 Conclusions …………………………………………………. 85 4.5 References …………………………………………………... 86 Chapter 5 Conclusions ………………………………...... 89 Appendix I: Publication list …….…………………......... 92 List of tables page Table 3.1 Mean Kuroshio transport east of Taiwan in earlier observations ……………………………………….….. 39 List of figures page Figure 1.1 Bathymetry around Taiwan.……………………......... 1 Figure 1.2 Seasonal average wind field (COADS) around Taiwan. The vector denotes the wind speed in m/s. JFM, AMJ, JAS, and OND represent spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively………………………… 3 Figure 2.1 (a) The integrated domain of the EAMS model with realistic bathymetry. (b) The study area with locations of mooring stations (triangles) and the Penghu Channel (PHC). The horizontal line across the Penghu Island is chosen to calculate the strait-wide volume transport from model. The color shading represents the bottom topography…………... 14 Figure 2.2 (a) Time series of observed transport through the Taiwan Strait calculated from four bottom-mounted ADCPs (from Teague et al. [2003] and Ko et al. [2003]). (b) The model-derived volume transports across the Taiwan Strait. The red, blue, and purple lines represent the transports estimated from three numerical experiments QS, EC and NC, respectively. The observed transport is also plotted (black line) for comparison.…………………….................................. 21 Figure 2.3 Model-derived transport compared to observations through the Penghu Channel. Pink segments and red circle are calculated from sb-ADCP measurements by Jan and Chao [2003] and Wang et al. [2004], respectively. Blue stars are calculated from sb-ADCP observations by Dr. Ruo-Shan Tseng (unpublished data)………………………………………………….. 23 Figure 2.4 Relationship between the model-derived transport through the Penghu Channel and the along-strait wind stress………………………………………….... 23 Figure 2.5 Model-derived transport and observed transports in the Taiwan Strait. Blue stars and red circles represent strait-wide volume transports calculated from sb-ADCP measurements by Dr. Ruo-Shan Tseng (unpublished data) and by Chung et al. [2001], respectively. Purple line represents monthly mean model-derived transport.…………………….............. 27 Figure 2.6 Relationship between model-derived transport through the Taiwan Strait and the along-strait wind stress.…………............................................................ 27 Figure 2.7 Model-derived pressure gradient force between north and south entrances of the Taiwan Strait during the period from 1999 to 2003. The pressure gradient is calculated from model sea surface height difference……………………………………............. 29 Figure 2.8 Comparison between model-derived transport (red line) and transport estimated using a resistance coefficient (blue line) during the period from 1999 to 2003………………………………………………….. 30 Figure 2.9 Comparison of upper-layer temperatures (0 ~ 50 m) to the east (black line) and west (red line) of the Penghu Island during the period from 1999 to 2003. The temperatures are averaged over the regions of black and red rectangles shown in the upper panel............................................................................. 30 Figure 3.1 The nested system of numerical simulation. (a) The NPO model domain with the EAMS domain in a box. (b) The EAMS model domain and bathymetry. (c) Enlarged view of bathymetry in the seas around Taiwan……………...................................................... 40 Figure 3.2 The annual mean surface current averaged from 0 to 50 m (a) in the full EAMS domain and (b) in the vicinity of Taiwan. The color bar is for both panels and represents the current speed. The number of grids is doubled and the length of the velocity vector is reduced by half from 15 to 35ºN and from 120 to 140ºE in (a). Six lines labeled as 1 to 6 indicate the sections for transport calculation at 22.5ºN, 24ºN, 25.25ºN, 124ºE, PCM-1, and PN-LINE, respectively.. 46 Figure 3.3 Vertical distributions of horizontal velocities between 0 and 1000 m in sections at 22.5°N, 24°N, 25.25°N, and 124°E. The velocity is averaged over data from 24-years’ model simulation. The left panels are zonal velocity component (U), and the right ones are the meridional velocity component (V). The contour interval is 10 cm/s. The negative contours in gray shading denote westward flow in U or southward flow in V.…………………………………………….. 48 Figure 3.4 Maximum horizontal currents between 0 and 200 m from model simulation. The unit vector is 50 cm/s, and color-shading indicates current speed. Panels (a) ~ (d) are for spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively………………………………………...... 50 Figure 3.5 Same as Figure 3.4 but for flow averaged over 300 ~ 600 m. The unit vector is 40 cm/s.………………....... 51 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.6 Same as Figure 3.4 but for flow averaged over 700 ~ 1000 m. The unit vector is 30 cm/s…........ 52 Figure 3.7 (a) Variation of model-derived transport at PCM-1 from December 1994 to May 1995, (b ~ f) snapshots of the sea surface height during this period, and (g ~ k) the kinetic energy in the upper 500 m of the water column.………………………………………………. 53 Figure 3.8 Dependence of the Kuroshio transport on latitude. The thick solid line denotes transport integrated from the coast of Taiwan eastward to the 10 cm/s isotach at the surface. The other lines are transports integrated to five longitude lines: 122.5, 123, 123.5, 124, and 124.5°E.………………………………........................ 56 Figure 3.9 (a) Variation of volume transport as a function of the lower boundary of vertical integration at the six sections shown in Figure 3.2. Transport is also calculated using flow (b) in the downstream direction only and (c) in the upstream direction only.…………. 57 Figure 3.10 Volume fluxes at 22N. Fluxes contributed by the northward and southward flow are shown by short-dashed and long-dashed lines, respectively (left axis). The sum of the two is plotted as a thin solid line. The thick solid line is the cumulative percentage of contribution by the northward flow from west (right axis). The gray shading indicates the location of the Lan-Yu Island…………………………………. 59 Figure 3.11 Power spectral density function for downstream transport in Figure 3.9b. The 80%, 90%, and 95% confidence intervals are shown.………………........... 60 Figure 3.12 Schematic diagram showing transports in Sv at sections in the Kuroshio east of Taiwan……………... 62 Figure 3.13 Trajectories of surface drifters passing through the region east of Taiwan from Centurioni et al., [2004]. The surface drifters were launched at a depth of 15 m during 1988 ~ 2004. The red lines and the blue lines represent the inshore path and the offshore path, respectively…………………….................................. 62 Figure 4.1 Bathymetry and mean surface flow around Taiwan. The vector denotes the annual mean flow at 30 m compiled by the National Center for Ocean Research, Taiwan. W and E denote the locations of moorings used in Wu et al. [2005]. The dashed frame marked with “L” represents the low-velocity region……........ 76 Figure 4.2 Geostrophic velocities along 22°N. The meridional geostrophic velocity and zonal velocity are plotted for east and west of Taiwan. LY and TW denote the Lan-Yu Island and Taiwan, respectively. The positive sign represents the eastward and northward flows, respectively, for zonal and meridional geostrophic velocities…………………………………….............. 77 Figure 4.3 Panels (a) and (b) represent the variance (energy) - preserving spectra of GSV west of the Lan-Yu Island (120.75 ~ 121.5°E) and east of the Lan-Yu Island (121.5 ~ 123°E), respectively. The spectrum of GSU west of Taiwan (120 ~ 120.5°E) is revealed in panel (c). The data used for panels (a) ~ (c) is from 1993 to 2006. Panel (d) shows the spectrum of WSC (2000 ~ 2005) off southwest Taiwan (119.5 ~ 120.5°E, 20.75 ~ 21.75°N)………………………………………........ 79 Figure 4.4 Wind Stress Curl (WSC) around southern Taiwan. The WSC averaged over 22.5 ~ 23°N is used for east of Taiwan, and that averaged over 21 ~ 21.5°N is used for west of Taiwan. LY and TW represent the Lan-Yu Island and Taiwan, respectively……………. 81 Figure 4.5 Zonal geostrophic velocity along 120.75°E in the northern Luzon Strait between 21.5 and 22°N. The positive sign represents the eastward flow…………... 81 Figure 4.6 Averaged wind field in (a) October-March, (b) May-August, and (c) July-August 2004. Arrows represent wind stress vector and color shading with zero contour line shows wind stress curl……………. 82 Figure 4.7 Modeled surface flow (0 ~ 200 m) with shading of speed in (a) December 1 ~ 31, 2000 and (b) April 1 ~ 20, 2001…………………………………………........ 84 Figure 4.8 The 40-90 day band-passed sea level anomaly along 22°N……………………………………………......... 84

    Ch 1
    Ezer, T., and G. L. Mellor (2000), Sensitivity studies with the North Atlantic sigma coordinate Princeton Ocean Model, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 32, 185 - 208.
    Guo, X., H. Hukuda, Y. Miyazawa, and T. Yamagata (2003), A Triply Nested Ocean Model for Simulating the Kuroshio - Roles of Horizontal Resolution on JEBAR, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33, 146 - 169.
    Guo, X., Y. Miyazawa, and T. Yamagata (2007), The Kuroshio onshore intrusion along the shelf bread of the East China Sea: The origin of the Tsushima Warm Current, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 36, 2205 - 2231.
    Hu, J., H. Kawamura, H. Hong, and Y. Qi (2000), A review on the currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio intrusion, Journal of Oceanography, 56, 607 - 624.
    Huh, C. - A., and C. - C. Su (1999), Sedimentation dynamics in the East China Sea elucidated from 210Pb, 137Cs and 239,240Pu, Marine Geology, 160, 183 - 196.
    Ichikawa, H., and R. C. Beardsley (2002), The current system in the Yellow and East China Seas, Journal of Oceanography, 58, 77 - 92.
    Jan, S., D. D. Sheu, and H. - M. Kuo (2006), Water mass and throughflow transport variability in the Taiwan Strait, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, C12012, doi: 10.1029/2006JC003656.
    Jan, S., J. Wang, C. - S. Chern, and S. - Y. Chao (2002), Seasonal variation of the circulation in the Taiwan Strait, Journal of Marine Systems, 35, 249 - 268.
    Jan, S., and S. - Y. Chao (2003), Seasonal variation of volume transport in the major inflow region of the Taiwan Strait: the Penghu Channel, Deep-Sea Research II, 50, 1117 - 1126.
    Johns, W. E., T. N. Lee, D. Zhang, R. Zantopp, C. - T. Liu, and Y. Yang (2001), The Kuroshio east of Taiwan: Moored transport observations from WOCE PCM-1 array, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 1031 - 1053.
    Ko, D. S., R. H. Preller, G. A. Jacobs, T. Y. Tang, and S. F. Lin (2003), Transport reversals at Taiwan Strait during October and November 1999, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, C11, 3370, doi: 10.1029/ 2003JC001836.
    Liang, W. - D. (2002), Study of Upper Ocean Thermal and Current Variation in the South China Sea, PhD Thesis, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
    Liang, W. - D., T. Y. Tang, Y. J. Yang, M. T. Ko, and W. - S. Chuang (2003), Upper-ocean currents around Taiwan, Deep-Sea Research II, 50, 1085 - 1105.
    Lin, S. F., T. Y. Tang, S. Jan, and C. - J. Chen (2005), Taiwan strait current in winter, Continental Shelf Research, 25, 1023 - 1042.
    Liu, K. - K., T. Y. Tang, G. - C. Gong, L. - Y. Chen, and F. - K. Shiah (2000), Cross-shelf and along-shelf nutrient fluxes derived from flow fields and chemical hydrography observed in the southern East China Sea off northern Taiwan, Continental Shelf Research, 20, 493 - 523.
    Marchesiello, P., J. C. McWilliams, and A. Shchepetkin (2001), Open boundary conditions for long-term integration of regional oceanic models, Ocean Modelling, 3, 1 - 20.
    Metzger, E. J., and H. E. Hurlburt (2001), The nondeterministic nature of Kuroshio penetration and eddy shedding in the South China Sea, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 1712 - 1732.
    Nitani, H. (1972), Beginning of the Kuroshio, in Kuroshio - Its physical aspects, p. 129 - 163, edited by H. Stommel and K. Yoshida, Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
    Shaw, P. - T., and S. - Y. Chao (1994), Surface Circulation in the South China Sea, Deep-Sea Research I, 41, 1663 - 1683.
    Teague, W. J., G. A. Jacobs, D. S. Ko, T. Y. Tang, K. - I. Chang, and M. - S. Suk (2003), Connectivity of the Taiwan, Cheju, and Korea straits, Continental Shelf Research, 23, 63 - 77.
    Tseng, C., C. Lin, S. Chen, and C. Shyu (2000), Temporal and spatial variations of sea surface temperature in the East China Sea, Continental Shelf Research, 20, 373 - 387.
    Wang, Y. - H, S. Jan, and D. - P. Wang (2003), Transports and tidal current estimates in the Taiwan Strait from shipboard ADCP observations (1999 - 2001), Estuarine coastal and shelf science, 57, 193 - 199.
    Wu, C. - R., H. - F. Lu, and S. - Y. Chao (2008), A numerical study on the formation of upwelling off northeast Taiwan, Journal of Geophysical Research, In press .
    Wu, C. - R., P. - T. Shaw, and S. -Y. Chao (1999), Assimilating altimetric data into a South China Sea model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (C12), 29987 - 30005.
    Wyrtki, K. (1961), Physical oceanography of the southeast Asian waters, Scientific Results of Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, NAGA Report Vol. 2, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, 195 pp.
    Yang, Y., C. - T. Liu, J. - H. Hu, and M. Koga (1999), Taiwan Current (Kuroshio) and impinging Eddies, Journal of Oceanography, 55, 609 - 617.
    Zhang, D., T. N. Lee, W. E. Johns, C. - T. Liu, and R. Zantopp (2001), The Kuroshio east of Taiwan: Modes of variability and relationship to interior ocean mesoscale eddies, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 1054 - 1074.

    Ch 2
    Blumberg, A. F., and G. L. Mellor (1987), A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In: Heaps, N.S. (Ed.), Coastal and Estuarine Sciences 4: Three Dimensional Coastal Models. AGU, Washington, DC, 1 - 16p.
    Chen, C. T. A. (2003), Rare northward flow in the Taiwan Strait in winter: A note, Continental Shelf Research, 23, 387 - 391.
    Chuang, W. - S. (1985), Dynamics of subtidal flow in the Taiwan Strait, Journal of Oceanography, 41, 83 - 90.
    Chuang, W. - S. (1986), A note on the driving mechanisms of current in the Taiwan Strait, Journal of The Oceanographical Society of Japan, 42, 355 - 361.
    Chung, S. - W., S. Jan, and K. - K. Liu (2001), Nutrient fluxes through the Taiwan Strait in spring and summer 1999, Journal of The Oceanographical Society of Japan, 57, 47 - 53.
    Flather, R. A. (1976), A tidal model of the north-west European continental shelf, Memories de la Society Royal des Sciences de Liege, 6 (10), 141 - 164.
    Huh, C. - A. and C. - C. Su (1999), Sedimentation dynamics in the East China Sea elucidated from 210Pb, 137Cs and 239,240Pu, Marine Geology, 160, 183 - 196.
    Isobe, A. (1999), On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current and its seasonality, Continental Shelf Research, 19, 117 - 133.
    Jan, S., and S. - Y. Chao (2003): Seasonal variation of volume transport in the major inflow region of the Taiwan Strait: the Penghu Channel, Deep-Sea Research II, 50, 1117 - 1126.
    Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, D. Deaven, L. Gandin, M. Iredell, S. Saha, G. White, J. Woollen, Y. Zhu, A. Leetmma, B. Reynolds, M. Chelliah, W. Ebisuzaki, W. Higgins, J. Janowiak, K. C. Mo, C. Ropelewski, J. Wang, R. Jenne, and D. Joseph (1996), The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77, 437 - 471.
    Ko, D. S., R. H. Preller, G. A. Jacobs, T. Y. Tang, and S. F. Lin (2003), Transport reversals at Taiwan Strait during October and November 1999, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, C11, 3370, doi: 10.1029/ 2003JC001836.
    Liang, W. - D. (2002), Study of upper ocean thermal and current variation in the South China Sea, Ph. D. Thesis, Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, 127 pp.
    Liang, W. - D., T. Y. Tang, Y. J. Yang, M. T. Ko, and W. - S. Chuang (2003), Upper-ocean currents around Taiwan, Deep-Sea Research II, 50, 1085 - 1105.
    Liu, K. - K., T. Y. Tang, G. - C. Gong, L. - Y. Chen, and F. - K. Shiah (2000), Cross-shelf and along-shelf nutrient fluxes derived from flow fields and chemical hydrography observed in the southern East China Sea off northern Taiwan, Continental Shelf Research, 20, 493 - 523.
    Mellor, G. L. (2004), Users guide for a three-dimensional, primitive equation, numerical ocean model, Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, 53 pp.
    Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada (1974), A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers, Journal of Atmospheric Science, 31, 1791 - 1806.
    Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada (1982), Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Review of Geophysics and Space Physics, 20, 851 - 875.
    Milliff, R. F., W.G. Large, J. Morzel, G. Danabasoglu, and T. M. Chin (1999), Ocean general circulation model sensitivity to forcing from scatterometer winds, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 11337 - 11358.
    Oey, L. - Y., G. L. Mellor, and R. I. Hires (1985), A three-dimensional simulation of the Hudson- Raritan estuary. Part I: Description of the model and model simulations, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15, 1676 - 1692.
    Teague, W. J., G. A. Jacobs, D. S. Ko, T.Y. Tang, K. - I. Chang, and M. - S. Suk (2003), Connectivity of the Taiwan, Cheju, and Korea Straits, Continental Shelf Research, 23, 63 - 77.
    Wang, J., and C. S. Chern (1988), On the Kuroshio branch in the Taiwan Strait during wintertime, Progress in Oceanography, 21, 469 - 491.
    Wang, Y. - H, S. Jan, and D. - P. Wang (2003), Transports and tidal current estimates in the Taiwan Strait from shipboard ADCP observations (1999 - 2001), Estuarine coastal and shelf science, 57, 193 - 199.
    Wang, Y. - H., L. - Y. Chiao, K. M. M. Lwiza, and D. - P. Wang (2004), Analysis of flow at the gate of Taiwan Strait, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, C02025, doi: 10.1029/2003JC001937.
    Wyrtki, K. (1961), Physical oceanography of the southeast Asian waters, Scientific Results of Marine Investigation of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, NAGA Report Vol. 2, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, 195 pp.

    Ch 3
    Blumberg, A. F., and G. L. Mellor (1987), A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model, in Three Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, Coastal Estuarine Stud., vol. 4, edited by N. S. Heaps, pp. 1 - 16, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    Centurioni, L. R., P. P. Niller, and D. - K. Lee (2004), Observations of inflow of Philippine Sea surface water into the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 113 - 121.
    Chen, C. - T. A., and M. - H. Huang (1996), A mid-depth front separating the South China Sea water and the Philippine Sea water, Journal of Oceanography, 52, 17 - 25.
    Chen, C. - T. A., and R. Ruo, S. C. Pai, C. L. Liu, and G. T. F. Wang (1995), Exchange of water masses between the East China Sea and the Kuroshio off northeastern Taiwan, Continental Shelf Research, 15, 19 - 39.
    Chu, T. - Y. (1974), The fluctuations of the Kuroshio current in the eastern sea area of Taiwan, Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica, 4, 1 - 12.
    Chu, T. - Y. (1976), Study of the Kuroshio current between Taiwan and Ishigakijima, Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica, 6, 1 - 24.
    Chuang, W. - S. (1986), A note on the driving mechanisms of current in the Taiwan Strait, Journal of The Oceanographical Society of Japan, 42, 355 - 361.
    Ebuchi, N., and K. Hanawa (2000), Mesoscale eddies observed by TOLEX-ADCP and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter in the Kuroshio recirculation region south of Japan, Journal of Oceanography, 56, 43 - 57.
    Flather, R. A. (1976), A tidal model of the north-west European continental shelf, Memories de la Society Royal des Sciences de Liege, 6, 141-164.
    Gilson, J., and D. Roemmich (2002), Mean and temporal variability in Kuroshio geostrophic transport south of Taiwan (1993 - 2001), Journal of Oceanography, 58, 183 - 195.
    Gong, G. - C., K. - K. Liu, C. - T. Liu, and S. - C. Pai (1992), The chemical hydrography of the South China Sea west of Luzon and a comparison with the west Philippine Sea, Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences, 3, 587 - 602.
    Hwang, C., and R. Kao (2002), TOPEX/POSEIDON-derived space-time variations of the Kuroshio Current: applications of a gravimetric geoid and wavelet analysis, Geophysical Journal International, 151, 835 - 847.
    Hwang, C., C. - R. Wu, and R. Kao (2004), TOPEX/Poseidon observations of mesoscale eddies over the Subtropical Countercurrent: Kinematic characteristics of an anticyclonic eddy and a cyclonic eddy, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, C08013, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002026.
    Ichikawa, H., and M. Chaen (2000), Seasonal variation of heat and freshwater transports by the Kuroshio in the East China Sea, Journal of Marine System, 24, 119 - 129.
    Johns, W. E., T. N. Lee, D. Zhang, R. Zantopp, C. -T. Liu, and Y. Yang (2001), The Kuroshio east of Taiwan: Moored transport observations from WOCE PCM-1 array, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 1031 - 1053.
    Kim, Y. Y., T. Qu, T. Jensen, T. Mriyama, H. Mitsudera, H. - W. Kang, and A. Ishida (2004), Seasonal and interannual variations of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation in a high-resolution OGCM, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, C03040, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002013.
    Lee, T. N., W. E. Johns, C. - T. Liu, D. Zhang, R. Zantopp, and Y. Yang (2001), Mean transport and seasonal cycle of the Kuroshio east of Taiwan with comparison to Florida Current, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 22143 - 22158.
    Liang, W. - D., T. Y. Tang, Y. J. Yang, M. T. Ko, and W. - S. Chuang (2003), Upper-ocean currents around Taiwan, Deep-Sea Research II, 50, 1085 - 1105.
    Liu, C. - T. (1983), As the Kuroshio turns: (I) Characteristics of the current, Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica, 14, 88 - 95.
    Mellor, G. L. (2004), User’s guide for a three-dimensional, primitive equation, numerical ocean model, Report, 53 pp., Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.
    Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada (1982), Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Review of Geophysics and Space Physics, 20, 851 - 875.
    Nitani, H. (1972), Beginning of the Kuroshio, in Kuroshio - Its physical aspects, p. 129 - 163, edited by H. Stommel and K. Yoshida, Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
    Oey, L. Y., G. L. Mellor, and R. I. Hires (1985), A three - dimensional simulation of the Hudson - Raritan estuary. Part I: Description of the model and model simulations, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15, 1676 - 1692.
    Qiu, B., and R. Lukas (1996), Seasonal and interannual variability of the North Equatorial Current, Mindanao Current, and the Kuroshio along the Pacific western boundary, Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 12315 - 12330.
    Qu, T. (2003), Mixed-layer heat balance in the western North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (C7), 3242, doi: 10.1029/2002JC001536.
    Qu, T., and R. Lukas (2003), The bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current in the Pacific, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33, 5 - 18.
    Qu, T., H. Mitsudera, and T. Yamagata (1998), On the western boundary currents in the Philippine Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 7537 - 7548.
    Shaw, P. - T. (1991), The seasonal variation of the intrusion of the Philippine Sea water into the South China Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 821 - 827.
    Shaw, P. - T., and S. - Y. Chao (1994), Surface Circulation in the South China Sea, Deep-Sea Research I, 41, 1663 - 1683.
    Tang, T. Y., J. H. Tai, and Y. J. Yang (2000), The flow pattern north of Taiwan and migration of the Kuroshio, Continental Shelf Research, 20, 349 - 371.
    Wu, C. - R., P. - T. Shaw, and S. - Y. Chao (1999), Assimilating altimetric data into a South China Sea model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 29987 - 30005.
    Wu, C. - R. and Y. - C. Hsin (2005), Volume transport through the Taiwan Strait: A numerical study, Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences, 16, 377 - 391.
    Wu, C. - R., S. - Y. Chao, and C. Hsu (2007), Transient, seasonal and interannual variability of the Taiwan Strait current, Journal of Oceanography, 63, 821 - 833.
    Yang, Y., and C. - T. Liu (2003), Uncertainty reduction of estimated geostrophic volume transports with altimeter observations east of Taiwan, Journal of Oceanography, 59, 251 - 257.
    Yang, Y., C. - T. Liu, J. - H. Hu, and M. Koga (1999), Taiwan Current (Kuroshio) and impinging Eddies, Journal of Oceanography, 55, 609 - 617.
    Yaremchuk, M., and T. Qu (2004), Seasonal variability of the large-scale currents near the coast of the Philippines, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 844 - 855.
    Zhang, D., T. N. Lee, W. E. Johns, C. - T. Liu, and R. Zantopp (2001), The Kuroshio east of Taiwan: Modes of variability and relationship to interior ocean mesoscale eddies, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 1054 - 1074.
    Zhu, X. - H., H. Ichikawa, K. Ichikawa, and K. Takeuchi (2004), Volume transport variability southeast of Okinawa Island estimated from satellite altimeter data, Journal of Oceanography, 60, 953 - 962.

    Ch 4
    Centurioni, L. R., P. P. Niller, and D. - K. Lee (2004), Observations of inflow of Philippine Sea surface water into the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 113 - 121.
    Chu, T. - Y. (1974), The fluctuations of the Kuroshio current in the eastern sea area of Taiwan, Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica, 4, 1 - 12.
    Gilson, J., and D. Roemmich (2002), Mean and temporal variability in Kuroshio geostrophic transport south of Taiwan (1993 – 2001), Journal of Oceanography, 58, 183 - 195.
    Hsin, Y. - C., C. - R. Wu, and P. - T. Shaw (2008), Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Kuroshio East of Taiwan, 1982 - 2005: A numerical study, Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, C04002, doi: 10.1029/ 2007JC004485.
    Hwang, C., and R. Kao (2002), TOPEX/Poseidon-derived space-time variations of the Kuroshio Current: Applications of a gravimetric geoid and wavelet analysis, Geophysical Journal International, 151, 835 - 847.
    Johns, W. E., T. N. Lee, D. Zhang, R. Zantopp, C. - T. Liu, and Y. Yang (2001), The Kuroshio east of Taiwan: Moored transport observations from WOCE PCM-1 array, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 1031 - 1053.
    Kessler, W. S. (2005), The oceans, in Intraseasonal variability in the atmosphere-ocean climate system, edited by W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser, p. 175 - 212, Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK.
    Liang, W. D., T. Y. Tang, Y. J. Yang, M. T. Ko, and W. - S. Chuang (2003), Upper-ocean currents around Taiwan, Deep Sea Research II, 50, 1085 - 1105.
    Milliff, R. F., W.G. Large, J. Morzel, G. Danabasoglu, and T. M. Chin (1999), Ocean general circulation model sensitivity to forcing from scatterometer winds, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 11337 - 11358.
    Qu, T., and R. Lukas (2003), The bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current in the Pacific, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33, 5 - 18.
    Tang, T. Y., J. H. Tai, and Y. J. Yang (2000), The flow pattern north of Taiwan and migration of the Kuroshio, Continental Shelf Research, 20, 349 - 371.
    Wu, C. - R., H. - F. Lu, S. - Y. Chao (2008), A numerical study on the formation of upwelling off northeast Taiwan, Journal of Geophysical Research, In press .
    Wu, C. - R., T. Y. Tang, and S. - F. Lin (2005), Intra-seasonal variation in the velocity field of the northeastern South China Sea, Continental Shelf Research, 25, 2075 - 2083.
    Zhang, D., T. N. Lee, W. E. Johns, C. - T. Liu, and R. Zantopp (2001), The Kuroshio east of Taiwan: Modes of variability and relationship to interior ocean mesoscale eddies, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 1054 – 1074.

    QR CODE