本論文擬從進化論的角度探討維多利亞時期的文學作品如何挑戰人類中心主義思想。在此框架下，本文主要的研究文本為布拉姆·斯托克（Bram Stoker）的《德拉庫拉》（Dracula ）和H·G·威爾斯（H.G. Wells）的《莫洛博士島》（The Island of Doctor Moreau）。筆者聚焦查爾斯·達爾文（Charles Darwin）的進化論，考察在人類和非人類生物邊界的相互交織之下，闡明兩部小說中人類和非人的本體論之別實則沒有那麽大。人和其它生物並舉，讀者的視野在兩者的邊界間，因此對所有生命都産生更深刻的共情。本文亦展現了從人類中心主義剝離的傾向。

My intention in this thesis is to examine how literature uses evolutionary theory discourse to challenge the anthropocentric mindset from the Victorian period. This thesis will analyze two primary texts in this context: Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) and H.G. Wells’ The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896). This thesis mainly focuses on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. I am interested in investigating the permeability of the boundaries between humans and nonhumans and illustrating how the ontological divide between the two sides is closer than it may seem in these two novels. By juxtaposing the human and nonhuman species while seeing how pervious the boundaries between them are in these texts, our empathy towards all beings is increased. This thesis demonstrates a desire to depart from anthropocentrism.

Appleman, Philip. Darwin. 3rd ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
Beer, Gillian. Darwin’s Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Bergonzi, Bernard. The Early H.G. Wells: A Study of the Scientific Romances. University of Toronto Press, 1961.
Boddice, Rob. The Science of Sympathy: Morality, Evolution and Victorian Civilization. University of Illinois Press, 2016.
Bowler, Peter J. Charles Darwin: The Man and His Influence. Cambridge University Press,1996.
Butler, Samuel. God the Known and God the Unknown. Produced by Elliot S. Wheeler and David Widger, 2008. Project Gutenburg, http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2513/pg2513.txt.
Chamberlin, J. Edward, and Sander L. Gilman. Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress.Columbia University Press, 1985.
Darwin, Charles, et al. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex Charles Darwin.Princeton University Press, 1981.
Darwin, Charles. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: J. Murray, 1872.
Doyle, Arthur Conan. The History of Spiritualism. Read Books Ltd, 2011.
Fraser, Graham. “Solid Objects/Ghosts of Chairs: Virginia Woolf and the Afterlife of Things.”Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 43, no. 2, 2020, pp. 80–97.
Glendening, John. The Evolutionary Imagination in Late-Victorian Novels: An Entangled Bank. Ashgate, 2013.
Graff, Ann-Barbara. “'Administrative Nihilism': Evolution, Ethics and Victorian Utopian Satire.” Utopian Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, 2001, pp. 33–52.
Grosz, Elizabeth. Becoming Undone: Darwinian Reflections on Life, Politics, and Art. Duke University Press, 2011.
--- The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely. Allen & Unwin, 2004.
Helfand, Jessica. “Darwin, Expression, and the Lasting Legacy of Eugenics.”The MIT Press Reader, 11 Aug. 2020, https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/evolution-expression-and-the-lasting-legacy-of-eugenics/.
Hurley, Kelly. The Gothic Body: Sexuality, Materialism, and Degeneration at the Fin De siècle. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Huxley, Thomas Henry. Evolution and Ethics Delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre, May 18, 1893. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 1825-1895. Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature. London;
Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, 1863.
James, Scott M. An Introduction to Evolutionary Ethics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
James, Simon J. Maps of Utopia: H.G. Wells, Modernity, and the End of Culture. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Karschay, Stephan. Degeneration, Normativity and the Gothic at the Fin De Siècle. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Lankester, E R. Degeneration: A Chapter in Darwinism. Macmillan and Co, 1880.
Levine, George. Darwin and the Novelists: Patterns of Science in Victorian Fiction.
University of Chicago Press, 1991.
--- Darwin Loves You: Natural Selection and the Re-Enchantment of the World. Princeton University Press, 2008.
Luckin, Bill.“Revisiting the Idea of Degeneration in Urban Britain, 1830–1900.” Urban History, vol. 33, no. 2, 2006, pp. 234–252.
McLean, Steven.“Animals, Language and Degeneration in H.G. Wells' The Island of Doctor Moreau." The Undying Fire: The Journal of the H.G. Wells Society, vol. 1, 2002, pp. 43-50.
Maudsley, Henry. Body and Will: Being an Essay Concerning Will in Its Metaphysical, Physiological, and Pathological Aspects. D. Appleton, 1884.
Miller, Elizabeth. “Coitus Interruptus: Sex, Bram Stoker, and Dracula – Romanticism on the Net.” Érudit, Université De Montréal, 17 Nov. 2006,
https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ron/2006-n44-ron1433/014002ar/.
Page, Michael R. Literary Imagination from Erasmus Darwin to H.G. Wells: Science, Evolution, and Ecology. Routledge, 2017.
Payne, Mark. The Animal Part: Human and Other Animals in the Poetic Imagination. University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Pedlar, Valerie. The Most Dreadful Visitation: Male Madness in Victorian Fiction. Liverpool University Press, 2006.
Richter, Virginia. Literature after Darwin: Human Beasts in Western Fiction, 1859-1939. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Netíková, Klára. “T. H. Huxley's Evolution and Ethics: Struggle for Survival and Society.” E-Logos, vol. 26, no. 1, 2019, pp. 4–18.
Singer, Peter. The Expanding Circle: Ethics, Evolution, and Moral Progress. Princeton University Press, 2011.
Steinbach, Susie. Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Routledge, 2017.
Stephen, Leslie. The Science of Ethics. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Synder, E. E. “Moreau and the Monstrous:: Evolution, Religion, and the Beast on the Island. Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural, vol. 2, 2013, pp. 213–239.
Stoker, Bram. Dracula. Oxford University Press, 1990.
Tolle, Eckhart. A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life's Purpose. Penguin Books, 2008.
Tomaszewska, Monika. “Vampirism and the Degeneration of the Imperial Race – Stoker’s Dracula as the Invasive Degenerate Other.” Semantic Scholar, 2015, pp. 1–8.
Wells, H.G. The Island of Doctor Moreau. Penguin, 2005.
--- “Zoological Retrogression.” Gentleman’s Magazine, 1891, pp. 246-253.
Wells, Herbert George, et al. H. G. Wells: Early Writings in Science and Science Fiction.University of California Press, 1975.
West, Anna. Thomas Hardy and Animals. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Youngs, Tim. Beastly Journeys: Travel and Transformation at the Fin De Siècle. Liverpool University Press, 2014.